When the analysis of a man's ejaculate reveals the absence of spermatozoa, it is called azoospermia. The causes of this disorder may be different: from primary and secondary gonadal insufficiency (cryptorchidism, degeneration of testicular tubule epithelium, hyporchidism, etc.).

Traumatic displacement of the atlas due to a fracture of the odontoid axinus can occur both anteriorly and posteriorly. Anterior displacements are much more common. The severity of this injury depends on the degree of displacement of the first cervical vertebra and, consequently, the nature of the spinal cord injury. The injury occurs with an indirect mechanism of violence, most often as a result of a fall on the head.

Following the discovery of the molecular basis of X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, descriptions of male and female patients with normal CD40L expression, increased susceptibility to bacterial but not opportunistic infections, and, in some families, an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern appeared. In 2000, Revy et al. published the results of a study of such a group of patients with hyper-IgM syndrome, which revealed a mutation in the gene encoding activation-inducible cytidine deaminase (AICDA).

Autonomic nervous system disorder (ANSD), also known as autonomic nervous system dysfunction (ANSD), is a disruption in the normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Vegetative disorders in the extremities are an obligatory companion of the pathology of the peripheral nervous system and are often encountered in suprasegmental vegetative disorders. They are manifested by vascular-trophic-algic syndrome as one of the forms of vegetative dystonia syndrome.

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disease that is caused by congenital defects in Fas-mediated apoptosis. It was described in 1995, but since the 1960s a disease with a similar phenotype has been known as CanaLe-Smith syndrome.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by antibodies that react with red blood cells at temperatures of 37 C (warm antibody hemolytic anemia) or temperatures < 37 C (cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia).

Autoimmune disorders occur in women 5 times more often than in men and peak during reproductive age. Thus, these disorders are most common in pregnant women.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of the disease, which is obviously associated with increased stimulation of the immune system by newly created artificial antigens, with which the human body had no contact during the process of photogenesis.