In the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia, it is important to determine its type: metabolic, renal or mixed. The metabolic type involves increased synthesis of uric acid, a high level of uricosuria with normal or increased clearance of uric acid.

Excessive atrophy of the alveolar processes usually occurs as a result of diffuse damage to the periodontium by an inflammatory-dystrophic process known as periodontosis or periodontitis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) includes a wide range of characteristic clinical and biochemical parameters.

Neurosis (neurotic disorder)is a mental condition characterized by a variety of symptoms such as anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, and physical symptoms, excluding organic or physiological causes.

Although 1,2-dioxyethane (ethanediol-1,2) is classified as the third toxicity class out of four in terms of its negative impact on the body, ethylene glycol poisoning leads to very serious consequences and can result in death.

Estrogen deficiency in a woman's body can cause quite serious disorders. Estrogen is a subclass of steroid hormones produced by the follicular apparatus of the ovaries in women.

Essential thrombocythemia (essential thrombocytosis, primary thrombocythemia) is characterized by an increase in the number of platelets, megakaryocytic hyperplasia, and a tendency to bleeding or thrombosis. Patients may complain of weakness, headaches, paresthesia, bleeding; examination may reveal splenomegaly, as well as digital ischemia.

Espondia (Espundio) (Synonym: Brazilian mucocutaneous leishmaniasis). American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis has several nosological forms, the causative agents of which belong to the L. brasiliensis complex. The most severe form is Brazilian leishmaniasis (espondia), in which in 80% of cases, in addition to skin ulcers at the site of introduction of the pathogen, extensive lesions of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, larynx, as well as cartilage of soft tissues and even bones occur.

Pemphigus of the esophagus is one of the varieties of bullous diseases of the mucous membrane and skin, which is the most severe disease of all known malignant dermatoses.