List Diseases – F
Diaphyseal fractures of the forearm include fractures of both bones or isolated injuries to the ulna and radius. According to the level of integrity violation, fractures of the upper, middle and lower thirds of the forearm bones are distinguished.
Wrist bone fractures account for 1% of all fractures of the rest of the skeleton. The scaphoid bone is most often affected, then the lunate bone, and much less often all other wrist bones.
A fracture of the maxilla usually follows one of the three typical lines of least resistance described by Le Fort: upper, middle and lower. They are commonly called Le Fort's lines (Le Fort, 1901).
A fracture of the olecranon process most often occurs as a result of a direct mechanism of injury (for example, a fall on the elbow), but can also occur with indirect violence - an avulsion fracture from a sharp contraction of the triceps muscle or from a fall on the hand with the arm extended at the elbow joint.
Fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus are very common, especially in older people. They account for half of all humeral fractures.
Scapula fractures account for 0.3-1.5% of all skeletal bone injuries. The fracture line can pass through various anatomical formations of the scapula. In this regard, fractures of the body, spine of the scapula and its angles are distinguished.
Fractures of the radius in a typical location are very common, accounting for 12% of all skeletal bone injuries.
Fractures of the scaphoid bone usually occur when falling on an outstretched arm, with support on the hand. Usually the bone breaks into two parts of approximately the same size, only when the tubercle is fractured does a significantly smaller fragment break off.
The humerus is classified as a long tubular bone, with proximal and distal ends, and the body of the humerus between them.
Pain and limitation of function indicate damage to the elbow joint.
Particular attention is paid to this bone because the first metacarpal bone is located separately from the others, is very mobile, and is involved in adduction, abduction, and opposition of the first finger. In functional terms, it is equated to the other four fingers.
A fracture of the fibula (or fracture of the lateral fibula) is an injury to the lower part of the tibia (in anatomical terms, this is the fibula) in the thigh or lower leg.
Femur fractures account for 1 to 10.6% of all skeletal bone injuries. They are divided into proximal, diaphyseal, and distal fractures.
Fracture of the coronoid process of the ulna is rare. The cause of occurrence, as a rule, is an indirect mechanism of injury - a fall on an extended arm or a sharp contraction of the shoulder muscle, which causes a fragment of the coronoid process to break off.
Metacarpal bone fractures account for 2.5% of all skeletal bone injuries. It should be noted that the mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, and type of displacement of the first metacarpal bone injuries differ from fractures of the second to fifth metacarpal bones, so there is a need to consider these nosological forms separately.
There are two types of fracture-dislocations of the forearm bones: Monteggia and Galeazzi. In the first case, there is a fracture of the ulna in the upper third with a dislocation of the head of the radius. In the second case, there is a fracture of the radius in the lower third with a dislocation of the head of the ulna.