List Analyzes – A
Antibodies to smooth muscle (AGM) are antibodies to the protein actin or non-actin components (tubulin, vimentin, desmeline and skeleton) and appear in response to damage to the hepatocytes. Antibodies to smooth muscle are detected by indirect immunofluorescence.
Antibodies to single-stranded DNA are detected both in rheumatic diseases and in other somatic and infectious diseases. Nevertheless, most often an increase in their titer is observed in systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma, especially in active and malignant forms.
Antibodies to the vascular endothelium are often found in vasculitis, especially with Kawasaki disease. It is suggested that antibodies to the endothelium may damage endothelial cells through complement dependent cytolysis or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae are unicellular fungi, commonly known as "baker's yeast." Antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae of class IgG and IgA are directed against the oligomannan epitope of mannan (phosphopeptidomannan) of the yeast cell membrane.
Protein kinase-3 is a neutral serine protease localized in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Antibodies to protein kinase-3 are most characteristic for Wegener's granulomatosis, in which they are detected in 30-99% of patients.
Antinuclear factor - antibodies to the whole nucleus. This is a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that react with different components of the nucleus. Determination of antibodies to nuclear antigens in serum is a test for systemic diseases of connective tissue.
Myeloperoxidase is a protein with a molecular weight of 59,000, which is one of the main factors that ensure bactericidal protection of a person. Antibodies to myeloperoxidase of neutrophils may appear in vasculitis
Serological diagnosis is based on the detection of titer of antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in serum. The most widely used method was ELISA.
To identify autoantibodies of IgG class to insulin in serum, ELISA is used. Long-term insulin therapy usually causes an increase in the number of circulating antibodies to the injected insulin preparation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Antibodies to liver-specific lipoprotein are determined by the method of indirect immunofluorescence. Hepatic-specific lipoprotein (LSP) is a heterogeneous material from hepatocyte membranes, containing 7-8 antigenic determinants, some of them are hepatic-specific, others are nonspecific.
Glucamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a membrane enzyme of pancreatic β cells. Antibodies to GAD - a very informative marker for the diagnosis of pre-diabetes, as well as identifying individuals at high risk of disease (sensitivity 70%, specificity 99%).
Antibodies to extracted nuclear antigens (ENA) are complexes of soluble ribonucleoproteins. Antibodies against various nuclear antigens are an important diagnostic feature for monitoring and diagnosing various rheumatic diseases.
Antibodies to double-stranded (native) DNA are highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus. There is a strong correlation between the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus and the titer of antibodies to double-stranded DNA in serum.
Anticardiolipin antibodies - antibodies to phospholipids (cardiolipin - di-phosphatidylglycerol) of cell membranes, the leading indicator of the presence of antiphospholipid minedrom in patients. Antibodies to cardiolipin are the main fraction of antibodies to phospholipids.
The protein, which enhances the bactericidal action of neutrophils, is a membrane protein of neutrophils and monocytes. Its main function is to bind endogenes of bacteria. Antibodies to this protein are most often found in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a glycoprotein, which is present mainly in the lungs and in small amounts in the brushing of the epithelium of the proximal tubules of the kidneys, the endothelium of the blood vessels and the blood plasma.
Renin, which enters the blood from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys, cleaves the angiotensinogen decapeptide angiotensin I, which, in turn, under the influence of the ACE, two amino acids are cleaved and angiotensin II is formed. Angiotensin II has two main functions: it stimulates the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex and causes a reduction in peripheral blood vessels.
DHEA - the main androgen (more precisely, their predecessor), produced by the adrenal glands. Most of DHEA is rapidly modified by the addition of sulfate, about half of DHEA is sulfated (formed by DHEAS) in the adrenal glands, and the remainder in the liver.
The main representatives of androgens in the female body are testosterone, androstenedione and DHEAS. Androgens stimulate the growth of hair on the pubic and axilla, increase libido and affect the size of the clitoris and large labia. Androgens modulate the production of gonadotropins in the anterior pituitary gland.
The secret of the prostate (prostate gland) is obtained after vigorous massage of the prostate (prostate gland).