List Analyzes – I
Isoferments of lactate dehydrogenase are contained in tissues in a strictly defined ratio, that is, each tissue, including blood, has a characteristic spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes.
The total iron content in the human body is approximately 4.2 g. About 75-80% of the total amount of iron is a part of hemoglobin, 20-25% of iron is reserve, 5-10% are part of myoglobin, 1% is contained in respiratory enzymes, catalyzing respiration processes in cells and tissues.
Iodine is a trace element present in nature in trace amounts. In drinking water, the content of iodine is insignificant, so the bulk of this trace element enters the human body with food. The highest concentration of iodine in seafood (approximately 800 mcg / kg); especially rich in iodine seaweed.
Kidney blood flow is the volume of blood passing through the kidneys per unit time (1 min). In physiological conditions, the kidneys receive 20-25% of the volume of circulating blood, i.e. The value of renal blood flow in a healthy person is 1100-1300 ml / min.
To measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the clearance of substances is used, which in the course of transport through the kidneys are only filtered without undergoing reabsorption or secretion in the tubules, dissolve well in water, freely pass through the pores of the basal glomerulus membrane and do not bind to plasma proteins. Such substances include inulin, endogenous and exogenous creatinine, urea.
Phagocytosis is the absorption by the cell of large particles visible in a microscope (for example, microorganisms, large viruses, damaged cell bodies, etc.). The process of phagocytosis can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, the particles bind to the surface of the membrane. In the second phase, the actual absorption of the particle and its further destruction occur.
The main factor determining the concentration of IGFR I in the blood serum is age. The concentration of IGFR I in the blood increases from very low values (20-60 ng / ml) at birth and reaches peak values (600-1100 ng / ml) during puberty.
Insulin is a polypeptide whose monomeric form consists of two chains: A (of 21 amino acids) and B (of 30 amino acids). Insulin is formed as a product of proteolytic cleavage of the insulin precursor, called proinsulin.
In rickets, the amount of phosphorus released in urine increases 2-10 times in comparison with the norm. The most pronounced phosphaturia in so-called phosphate diabetes.
Phosphorus in the body is contained in the inorganic (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium phosphates) and organic (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.) compounds. Phosphorus is necessary for the formation of bones and cellular energy metabolism. Approximately 85% of all phosphorus in the body is in the bones, most of the rest is inside the cells, and only 1% is in the extracellular fluid.
For the detection of antibodies to influenza viruses, DSC or ELISA is used. When RBC study is carried out at the beginning of the disease (1-2 days) and after 5-7 days, the diagnostic is considered to increase antibody titer no less than 4 times when examining paired sera.
Epstein-Barr virus is a virus from the herpes group, has a tropism for B-lymphocytes, persistently persists in the host cells as a latent infection. It is widely distributed throughout the world.
Antibodies IgM to parvovirus B19 are detected in 90% of patients 4-7 days after clinical manifestations of the disease. The number of antibodies gradually increases reaching a maximum by 4-5 weeks, and then decreases. Antibodies IgM IgM to parvovirus B19 can persist in the blood for 4-6 months after the disease.
Elevated protein in the urine is diagnosed as proteinuria: it is a pathological phenomenon that requires consultation of a doctor and a number of additional examinations.
Elevated levels of hemoglobin in the blood are found in every third person. Let's look at the causes of increased hemoglobin, the methods of its normalization and possible consequences for the body.
Cystic fibrosis (cystic fibrosis) is a fairly common disease. Cystic fibrosis is inherited by autosomal recessive type, it is detected in 1 of 1500-2500 newborns. Due to early diagnosis and effective treatment, the disease is no longer considered to be inherent only in childhood and adolescence.
Significant progress in hematological studies has been associated in recent years with the use of modern immunological methods and automated means for analyzing and sorting cells of peripheral blood and bone marrow - flow cytometers.
Assignment of an immunogram to a urological patient means that the attending physician assumes the presence of disturbances in the immune system. Repeated bacterial, viral, fungal infections, allergic manifestations, systemic diseases can be signs of these disorders, which are characterized by a number of syndromes (infectious, oncological, allergic, autoimmune, lymphoproliferative).
Immunoglobulin M refers to the γ-globulin fraction and make up about 5% in it. They are the first to be developed in response to an acute infection, carrying out antibacterial immunity.
Immunoglobulin G is the main component of the γ-globulin fraction of blood serum. They make up the bulk of all Ig (80%), are the most important effectors of humoral immunity.