List Analyzes – A
The analysis of urine and its decoding is an equally important stage in the examination of a nephrologic patient, as well as a physical examination, and in some cases even exceeds its diagnostic value.
To isolate polymorphic regions of DNA, bacterial enzymes are used - restriction enzymes, the product of which are restriction sites. Spontaneous mutations that occur in polymorphic sites make them resistant or, conversely, sensitive to the action of a specific restriction enzyme.
The detection of a large number of eosinophils in the secretion of the nasal cavity reflects the allergic reaction of the body to the introduction of allergens into the upper respiratory tract.
The study (analysis) of the vaginal discharge is performed to assess the nature of the microflora and to identify the inflammatory process, as well as to identify atypical cells and evaluate the production of sex hormones (the "hormonal mirror").
Investigation (analysis) of cerebrospinal fluid has an important diagnostic value for diseases of the central nervous system and meninges, such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), arachnoiditis (inflammation of the arachnoid membrane), syphilis of the brain, cerebral circulatory disorders, tumors, trauma.
Most of the findings can be made on the basis of an assessment of the appearance of the cerebrospinal fluid, its pressure, cytosis, protein level and glucose. If there is a suspicion of an infection of the CNS, it is necessary to carry out liquid culture.
For the diagnosis of syphilis, the most widely used serological methods that allow to detect immune disorders (the emergence of antisyphilitic antibodies) in the body of the patient in response to the multiplication of the causative agent of the disease.
The sensitivity of the ELISA method for the diagnosis of opisthorchiasis in the acute phase is close to 100%, in the chronic phase of the disease - to 70%, depends on the intensity of the invasion. IgM antibodies appear in the blood 1 week after infection, reach the maximum values after 1.5-2 weeks, and after 6-8 weeks their titer begins to decrease rapidly.
More sensitive serological diagnosis of aspergillosis is the detection of antigens (galactomann) aspergillus in the blood. Use latex test and ELISA method (more sensitive). The sensitivity of ELISA to galactomann is 50-60%, with repeated examination it reaches 90%, the specificity is 90-100%.
Alpha amylase belongs to the group of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of polysaccharides, including starch and glycogen, to simple mono- and disaccharides. The pancreatic and salivary glands are the richest in amylase.
The diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis is established based on the detection of the pathogen in feces or tissues (examine the biopsy) using special dyes. In the feces, Entamoeba hystolitica antigens (adhesin) can be detected by ELISA.
Ammonia - a product of protein metabolism, is formed in all tissues. The largest amount of ammonia (80%) is formed inside the intestines under the influence of bacteria.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a glycoprotein synthesized by the liver and provides 90% of the activity that inhibits trypsin in the blood.
Alpha fetoprotein - glycoprotein, produced by the yolk sac of the embryo. Alpha fetoprotein as a cancer marker has the following clinical applications: first, to detect and monitor primary hepatocellular carcinoma that occurs, as a rule, in the cirrhotic liver; second, to identify teratoblastoma of the testicle and, third, to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy for these diseases.
Alpha2-antiplasmin is the main fast-acting plasmin inhibitor. It suppresses fibrinolytic and esterase activity almost instantaneously. The mechanism of its action is based on the fact that it interferes with the adsorption of plasminogen on fibrin, thus reducing the amount of plasmin formed on the surface of the clot and thereby dramatically slowing down fibrinolysis.
Alkaline phosphatase is widely distributed in human tissues, especially in the intestinal mucosa, osteoblasts, the walls of the bile ducts of the liver, the placenta and the lactating mammary gland.
Specificity of tumor markers - the percentage of healthy individuals and patients with benign tumors, in which the test gives a negative result. The sensitivity of the oncomarker is the percentage of results that are truly positive in the presence of this tumor.
Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone - are formed in the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone is synthesized from cholesterol in the cells of the glomerular layer of the adrenal cortex.
The study on microalbuminuria is used to screen for kidney lesions, in particular diabetic nephropathy, which significantly reduces costs and improves the prognosis of terminal chronic renal failure.