List Analyzes – T
The increase in serum bilirubin concentration above 17.1 μmol / l is called hyperbilirubinemia. This condition can be a consequence of the formation of bilirubin in amounts exceeding the ability of a normal liver to excrete it; liver damage that disrupts the excretion of bilirubin in normal amounts.
If one or several links of the antioxidant system are deficient, tissues lose protection from the action of free radicals, which leads to damage to tissues and organs and the development of the disease.
Thyroxin-binding globulin binds the bulk of T3 (80%) (the remaining 20% are transported by albumin and prealbumin - 10% each) and T4 (75%). 10% of T4 binds albumin, 15% of prealbumin.
Congenital hypothyroidism may be due to aplasia or hypoplasia of the thyroid gland in newborns, a deficiency of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, and a deficiency or excess of iodine during intrauterine development.
To determine the content of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum, use RIA, ELISA and immunofemiluminescent analysis. The latter method is based on the use of monoclonal antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone and the enhancement of chemiluminescence, its sensitivity is two orders of magnitude greater than the sensitivity of RIA and one order of magnitude - ELISA.
The determination of antibodies to the microsomal fraction of the thyroid gland is used to diagnose autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism, in which the level of antibodies in the blood rises. Antibodies to thyroid microsomes form immune complexes on the cell surface, activate complement and cytotoxic lymphocytes, which leads to cell destruction and the formation of an inflammatory process in the thyroid gland.
Thyroglobulin, the precursor of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, is used as a marker of tumors in the thyroid gland, and in patients with a distant thyroid gland or treated with radioactive iodine, to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.
Thrombin time is the time required to form a fibrin clot in the plasma when thrombin is added to it. It depends only on the concentration of fibrinogen and the activity of thrombin inhibitors (ATIII, heparin, paraproteins) and assesses both the phase of blood coagulation - the formation of fibrin, and the state of natural and pathological anticoagulants.
Theophylline inhibits phosphodiesterase, increases the level of cAMP in cells, is an antagonist of adenosine receptors in the lungs, which causes bronchi to expand. Of the group of xanthines, theophylline is the most effective bronchodilator.
Mature T-lymphocytes are responsible for the reactions of cellular immunity and carry out immunological surveillance of antigenic homeostasis in the body. They are formed in the bone marrow and differentiate in the thymus, where they are divided into effector (T-lymphocyte-killers, delayed-type hypersensitivity T-lymphocytes) and regulatory (T-lymphocytes-helper cells, suppressor T-lymphocytes) cells.
CD20-lymphocytes are cells of humoral immunity, responsible for the synthesis of antibodies. They are formed in the bone marrow from the stem cells, where the first stages of differentiation take place. According to modern ideas, the development of B-lymphocytes passes from the stem cell stage to the early and late predecessors and, finally, to the mature cell.
Maintaining CBS with maintaining a stable pH of the arterial blood is carried out by homeostatic mechanisms, which are based on the physico-chemical properties of blood and tissues, as well as physiological processes occurring in the lungs, kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract (GI tract).
The trial according to Zimnitsky allows to study the concentration function of the kidneys. The patient remains in the normal diet, but takes into account the amount of liquid drunk.
The reaction of inhibition of migration of leukocytes allows one to assess the ability of T-lymphocytes to produce lymphokines in response to antigenic stimulation. This test evaluating the functional activity of T-lymphocytes can be used to diagnose immunological failure (reaction with mitogens), hypersensitivity (allergies) of delayed type (reaction with a specific antigen or allergen).
The Nechiporenko trial is one of the ways to determine the inflammatory disease of the genitourinary and renal system. Virtually all chronic, and even more acute forms of such diseases suggest a method such as the Nechiporenko test.
The complement system consists of 9 consecutively activated components and 3 inhibitors. This system plays an important role, especially with inflammation and the development of resistance to infectious agents.
The test of Reberg-Tareev allows to judge the glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption in the kidneys. The test is based on the fact that creatinine is filtered only by the glomerulus, is not practically absorbed and secreted by the tubules in a small amount.
The average volume of erythrocyte - MCV (mean corpuscular volume) is measured in femtolitra (fl) or cubic micrometers. In hematological analyzers, MCV is calculated by dividing the sum of cell volumes by the number of red blood cells
The mean concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocyte (MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) is the indicator of the saturation of red blood cells by hemoglobin. In the hematology analyzers, MCHC is determined automatically. This parameter can also be calculated by the formula: Hb (g / dl) × 100 / Ht (%).
The Addis-Kakovsky test is a very old but effective way of counting the number of red blood cells - erythrocytes, as well as leukocytes, cylinders ("fused" with protein elements) in the urine.