In liver cancer, surgery can be one of the most effective treatments and, in properly selected patients, is performed with potentially curative intent.
Stage 3 gastric cancer is locally advanced cancer without distant metastases. The tumor may deeply invade the stomach wall, spread to adjacent organs, and/or affect a significant number of regional lymph nodes. However, at stage III, there are no distant metastases to the liver, lungs, bones, or other organs—this is M0. Stage III is subdivided into IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC.
Early-stage breast cancer often causes no noticeable symptoms at all. Therefore, the absence of pain, a lump, or external changes does not rule out the disease, and screening mammography can detect some tumors even before symptoms appear.
The main early sign of prostate cancer is often the absence of any symptoms. Localized prostate cancer typically does not cause pain, urinary problems, or deterioration in well-being.
There is no single routine blood test that can reliably confirm or rule out colorectal cancer. For asymptomatic individuals, screening methods are used: primarily the fecal occult blood immunoassay (FIT), molecular stool tests, and endoscopic examinations.
Gastric cancer with liver metastases is called metastatic gastric cancer, or stage IV (M1). The tumor cells originated in the stomach and spread to the liver; therefore, the liver lesions are not primary liver cancer but metastases from gastric cancer and retain the biological properties of the original.
Stage 2 stomach cancer is a potentially curable disease. At stage II, the tumor has already grown deeper into the stomach wall and/or spread to regional lymph nodes, but there are no distant metastases (M0).
"Hormonal prostate cancer" is an unofficial term for a specific histological type of tumor. It typically refers to hormone-sensitive, or androgen-sensitive, prostate cancer: its growth is fueled by male sex hormones—primarily testosterone and dihydrotestosterone—via the androgen receptor.
Early colorectal cancer is a tumor of the colon or rectum detected before significant spread. However, the term requires clarification: in modern endoscopic literature, early colorectal cancer most often refers to a T1 tumor that has already penetrated the muscularis mucosa but remains within the submucosa.
Liver cancer with lung metastases means that the primary liver tumor has spread beyond the liver and formed secondary lesions in the lung tissue. In the case of hepatocellular carcinoma—the most common primary liver cancer—the presence of distant metastases corresponds to category M1 and stage IVB in the TNM staging system.
