Cancer (oncology)

This category covers cancer with symptoms, causes, diagnostics, treatment options, and prevention basics.

Diagnosis of liver cancer: what tests and studies confirm the diagnosis

Liver cancer diagnosis is usually based not on a single test, but on a sequence of studies: risk assessment → ultrasound → multiphase computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging with contrast → biopsy if necessary → tumor staging.

The first signs of stomach cancer: what symptoms can actually appear at the beginning

Early-stage stomach cancer often causes no noticeable symptoms at all. If signs do appear, they are usually nonspecific: discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, indigestion, a feeling of fullness after eating, feeling full quickly even with small amounts of food, mild nausea, loss of appetite, or heartburn.

Breast cancer genes: BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and other inherited mutations

Breast cancer can be linked to inherited gene changes, but most cases are not hereditary. The CDC and the National Cancer Institute estimate that approximately 5-10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary and are associated with pathogenic gene variants passed down through families.

Consequences of prostate cancer: what are the dangers of the tumor itself and what complications are possible after treatment?

The consequences of prostate cancer depend primarily on the stage and biological aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the chosen treatment.

Causes of colorectal cancer: why it occurs and what factors actually increase the risk

Colorectal cancer occurs due to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in the cells lining the colon or rectum, causing them to lose normal control over growth, division, and death. However, in most patients, a single, specific cause cannot be identified that "causes cancer."

Early Symptoms of Liver Cancer: The First Signs to Look Out For

Early-stage liver cancer often causes no noticeable symptoms at all. This is especially true for hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common primary liver cancer in adults. Therefore, the absence of pain, jaundice, weakness, or other complaints does not rule out a small tumor.

Stage 4 stomach cancer: what the diagnosis means, how it is treated, and what is the prognosis?

Stage 4 gastric cancer most often means that the disease has spread beyond the stomach and regional lymph nodes, with distant metastases (M1). Metastases can occur in the liver, peritoneum, distant lymph nodes, lungs, and other organs.

Trastuzumab for breast cancer: who is it prescribed for, how it works, and how effective is it?

Trastuzumab is a targeted anticancer drug for HER2-positive breast cancer. It is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the HER2 receptor on the surface of tumor cells, suppressing associated growth signals and promoting immune destruction of cells with high HER2 expression. It is not a traditional chemotherapy.

Urine in prostate cancer: what changes are possible and can a urine test detect a tumor?

In early prostate cancer, urine is usually normal. It doesn't have a characteristic "cancer" color, odor, or composition that would identify the tumor. Localized prostate cancer is usually asymptomatic, and urinary changes often occur with tumor enlargement or local spread of the disease.

Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors: What Really Increases Your Risk and What You Can Change

Risk factors for colorectal cancer are conditions, body characteristics, and exposures that make you more likely to develop colorectal cancer.

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