Stage 1 gastric cancer is localized or very limited in extent, with no distant metastases. At stage IA, the tumor is confined to the gastric mucosa or submucosa, and regional lymph nodes are not affected.
Stage 4 prostate cancer is not a single clinical situation. Stage IVA means the cancer has spread to the regional pelvic lymph nodes (N1), but there are no distant metastases (M0). Stage IVB indicates the presence of distant metastases (M1) – for example, to non-regional lymph nodes, bones, or internal organs.
The prognosis for colorectal cancer depends primarily on how far the tumor has spread at diagnosis. According to current data from the US SEER program for 2016-2022, the 5-year relative survival rate for colorectal cancer overall is 65.4%.
Stage 3 liver cancer is a locally advanced disease, but in the case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to the TNM system, this does not necessarily mean the presence of distant metastases.
Tamoxifen is one of the main drugs used in endocrine therapy for hormone-dependent breast cancer. It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and blocks the effects of estrogen on breast cells.
The prognosis for this disease is usually very good, and immediate surgery is not required for everyone. Current guidelines from the European Association of Urology consider active surveillance as the standard approach for eligible patients with low-risk prostate cancer and a life expectancy of more than 10 years.
Pancreatic cancer with liver metastases is considered metastatic disease—stage IV. For exocrine pancreatic cancer, the presence of any distant metastasis is designated as M1 according to the TNM staging system; the stage is then assigned as IV, regardless of the size of the primary tumor and the status of regional lymph nodes.
Stage 3 prostate cancer is non-metastatic prostate cancer: regional lymph nodes are not affected (N0), there are no distant metastases (M0), but the disease is classified as a high stage due to high PSA, local tumor spread, or very aggressive histology.
There is no single, universal treatment protocol for colorectal cancer for all patients. Current clinical guidelines first differentiate between colon and rectal cancer, determine the stage of the disease, assess the feasibility of complete tumor removal, and examine its biological characteristics.
