Bone osteoma: causes, surgical removal

The pathogenetic division of osteomas is as follows:

• solid osteomas, which are particularly strong and dense;
• spongy osteomas with a corresponding spongy structure;
• Brain-like osteomas, consisting of relatively large cavities, with a medullary component inside.

Solid formations include osteophytes - these are specific bone layers located along the circumference (hyperostosis), on one convex part of the bone (exostosis) or inside the bone tissue (endostosis).

Solid formations are often found in the area of the skull, on the pelvic bones.

According to the etiologic factor, these types are distinguished by osteome:

• Hyperplastic, which arise directly from bone tissue (osteoid osteoma, simple osteoma of bone);
• heteroplastic, which arise from connective tissue (osteophytes).

Osteomas are always single. Multiple formations are typical of Gardner's syndrome, a disease in which adenomatous polyps combine with osteoma of the cranial bones and cutaneous neoplasms. The syndrome belongs to the group of family polyposis with an autosomal dominant type of inheritance.

• Osteoid osteoma of bone  occurs in the zone of diaphysis of long tubular bones. Most often, the tibia suffers, less often - flat bones, vertebrae. If the pathology is localized near the growth zone, bone growth can be stimulated, which in childhood can cause asymmetry in the support apparatus. In addition, the symptomatology associated with the compression of the peripheral nerves is often manifested.
• Spongy bone osteoma has a porous structure resembling a sponge. Neoplasm is permeated with a network of vessels and contains a lot of lipid and connective tissue. The primary localization of spongy osteoma is tubular bone. A distinctive feature of this pathology is the ability to separate from the bone element with a strong growth.
• The osteoma of the skull bone in many cases develops in the region of the lower jaw - on the posterior surface, or on the jaw branch, below the molars. Such a tumor is round or oval, with a smooth surface and distinct cortical contours. The sizes of education can be different: in neglected cases, the osteoma displaces nearby tissues, causing asymmetry and violation of muscle function.
• The osteoma of the frontal bone  is most common. With a significant increase in the tumor, the person swells (without pain), breathing may become difficult. Patients are often concerned about headaches and visual impairments. The tumor usually has sizes from 2 to 30 mm, sometimes - more. Affected bone tissue can become inflamed, which becomes a direct indication for surgical intervention.
• Osteoma of the occipital bone is considered a rare pathology. The disease is not accompanied by painful symptoms and is detected mainly by accident - using an X-ray. In some patients, the tumor manifests itself by increasing sensitivity to external irritants, dizziness and general discomfort associated with the creation of pressure on the inner ear. Occipital osteoma does not break the structure of bone tissue, developing from the cranial arch.
• Osteoma of the parietal bone can be represented by osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma. Osteoblastoma is large in size and prone to further enlargement. The dark bone is more often affected in children, not accompanied by a certain symptomatology. However, tumors with a similar location must be removed, in view of the danger of their localization.
• Osteoma of the temporal bone in most cases is concerned only because of the existing aesthetic defect, since other signs of pathology usually do not appear. With large sizes of education, patients can complain of constant headaches.
• The osteoma of the latticed bone refers to benign diseases of the cranial bones. It is located at the center between the facial bones and comes into contact with many of them. The trellis bone itself participates in the formation of the nasal cavity and orbits, therefore, when the size of the formation is large, difficulties can arise not only with nasal breathing, but also with visual function.
• The osteoma of the femur is most often an osteoid tumor consisting of osteoblasts, the vasculature and directly the bone tissue. Such a tumor has a central zone of mineralization, or vascular-fibrous boundaries, and can appear on any part of the hip bone.
• The osteoma of the tibia may have a hard, spongy or combined structure, but most often this tumor is dense, like an ivory. In its structure there are no bone marrow cells. Among all tumors affecting long tubular bones, the most common tumor is the femur. The second place in the frequency of incidence is osteoma of the tibia, and the third - the osteoma of the fibula. The listed pathologies are often manifested by lameness, painful sensations in a state of rest (for example, during a night rest), muscular atrophy. Some patients experience repeated fractures of the extremities.
• Osteoma of the ilium is diagnosed relatively rarely, since at small sizes it does not show itself as a clinical symptomatology. Pelvic bone tumors in women can significantly complicate the course of labor.
• Osteoma of the calcaneus can develop at almost any age. This is one of the varieties of osteoma, which, in view of the specific localization, almost immediately reveal themselves as a marked symptomatology. Patients complain of severe pain while walking and standing, which often significantly worsens the quality of life. Education on the heel includes cartilaginous cells and grows on the bone surface.
• Osteoma of the metatarsal bone in most patients occurs without symptoms, and only when the size of the pathological focus is significant, pain can be disturbed after or during exercise. Also there is a deformation of the metatarsal bone, which can to some extent create discomfort to the patient.
• The osteoma of the pubic bone refers to the pelvic formations and is relatively rare. Pathology is not characterized by a clear symptomatology and is found by accident - with radiography or computed tomography.
• The osteomal of the ischium is a center of rounded configuration with even, clearly defined sclerotized borders. A dense zone of rounded shape is found along the lower margin, as well as thin banded periosteal stratifications. A similar bone defect refers to rare benign pathologies.
• Osteoma of the humerus is common, but it has some difficulties with identification. So, on the roentgenogram the formation has a similarity to a healthy ordinary bone, or it appears as a small thickening. The accuracy of the diagnosis depends on the qualifications of the medical specialist.
• The osteoma of the head of the humerus with a relatively large size can be accompanied by pain in the upper part of the shoulder - for example, with passive movements. On examination, the broken configuration of the shoulder joint can be detected. To clarify the diagnosis, x-rays are prescribed in two projections: in the anteroposterior direction, and also in the axial direction, in which the rays pass from the top downwards through the axillary fossa.
• The osteoma of the radius can be located on any part of the bone tissue, but most often this pathology is represented by osteoid osteoma. In most cases, the disease has no clear symptoms and does not bother the patient with pain or other uncomfortable sensations.