Osteoid osteoma: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Osteoid osteoma is a benign tumor up to 1.5 cm in diameter with a characteristic clinical and radiological picture, consisting of osteoid and weakly calcified primitive bone beams located in vascularized osteogenic tissue.

The tumor accounts for 2-3% of all primary skeletal neoplasms and 12% of benign bone neoplasms. It is most often detected at the age of 10-30 years.

Patients with osteoid osteomas complain of pain in the affected segment of the limb, which intensifies at night. A positive effect from NSAIDs is noted. The intensity of pain increases over time, lameness (if the tumor is localized in the bones of the pelvis and lower limbs), and soft tissue hypotrophy of the affected limb are added. With intra-articular localization, signs of reactive synovitis and limitation of joint function are detected.

Osteoid osteoma is most often found in short and long tubular bones, pelvic bones, tarsus and vertebrae. Radiographs and CT scans reveal an asymmetrically located locally thickened area of sclerotic bone with a clearing area up to 1.5 cm in diameter. Scintigraphy reveals regional hypervascularization (155% on average) and hyperfixation of the radiopharmaceutical (270% on average). Differential diagnostics include metaphyseal fibrous defect, primary chronic osteomyelitis, and foci of bone tissue necrosis in dystrophic processes. Surgical treatment includes marginal resection of the pathological focus.

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