Pentrox

Pentrox is a substance used to perform general anesthesia.

The methoxyflurane component increases the pain threshold in volunteers, and in addition, it is an effective pain reliever for most people who need analgesia in urgent cases (for example, dislocations with fractures, dental surgery, changing the dressing in the burn area and for postoperative pain relief). [1]

Inhalation of small volumes of methoxyflurane vapor causes pain relief. [2]

Indications Pentrox

It is used for trauma-related pain in conscious individuals with stable hemodynamic parameters. It is also prescribed to relieve pain during short-term operations (for example, changing or applying a surgical dressing).

Release form

The release of the therapeutic element is made in the form of an inhalation liquid - inside a container with a volume of 3 ml, 10 containers each, equipped with an inhaler, inside the box.

Pharmacodynamics

The introduction of methoxyflurane can cause the development of drowsiness, but disturbances in the rhythm of the heartbeat are usually not observed. Methoxyflurane has a rather weak effect on myocardial function. When using small anesthetic dosages, a slight decrease in blood pressure values may occur, against which bradycardia develops. [3]

In addition, with a decrease in blood pressure, a decrease in heart rate indicators and a weakening of cardiac output are possible.

Pharmacokinetics

Inside the body, methoxyflurane is converted. 50-70% of the drug dosage is absorbed, and then metabolic processes develop with the formation of free oxalic and fluoric acids, as well as dichloroacetic and dichloromethoxyacetic acids. Free oxalic and fluoric acids can provoke renal dysfunction.

Methoxyflurane is more sensitive to metabolic processes than other methylethyl ethers of the halogen type, and has a higher tendency to diffuse into adipose tissues. The active element of the drug is released at a low rate from such a reservoir, after which it undergoes transformations for several days.

About 20% of the absorbed substance is excreted along with the exhaled air; oxalic with fluoric acid and organic fluorine are excreted in the urine (about 30% of the absorbed portion).

Testing has shown that obese people need less time to obtain blood fluoride Cmax values than people with normal weight and the elderly.

Dosing and administration

6 ml of the substance should be used per day (administered through an inhaler). To obtain an analgesic effect, it is required to use the minimum effective dosage.

The intermittent steam inhalation procedure is performed at a concentration in the range of 0.2-0.7%.

A maximum of 15 ml of medication is allowed per week. The therapy should not be continued for a longer period.

• Application for children

There is no information regarding the use of the medication in pediatrics, which is why Pentrox is not prescribed for children.

Use Pentrox during pregnancy

It is forbidden to use methoxyflurane during pregnancy, as this can weaken the renal function in a woman, as well as cause disruption of the functioning of the NA and respiratory depression in the infant.

For the period of therapy, it is necessary to stop breastfeeding.

Contraindications

The main contraindications:

• severe intolerance to fluorinated anesthetics;
• instability of the CVS function;
• use for local anesthesia;
• head injury;
• weakened renal function or failure of the kidneys;
• respiratory depression;
• loss of consciousness;
• a history of side effects associated with the use of drugs.

Side effects Pentrox

Often there are such side symptoms: vomiting, drowsiness, retrograde amnesia and odor intolerance, and in addition, headaches, nausea, cough, polyuria, fever and dizziness.

Occasionally, hyperthermia or non-specific hepatitis develops.

Bronchial spasms, bradycardia, heart attack, laryngospasm, respiratory depression and a decrease in blood pressure are observed. In addition, renal failure develops, an increase in serum creatinine or urea values, potentiation of the secretion of oxalates along with urine and an increase in serum inorganic fluoride. Muscle relaxation and pallor are also possible.

Overdose

The development of signs of poisoning can occur with the use of dosages prescribed for anesthesia.

After the end of the procedure for using methoxyflurane, the patient must be examined in order to identify such manifestations as pallor, drowsiness and muscle relaxation. If, due to an overdose, there is increased urination, you must immediately replenish the loss of fluid with electrolytes.

Interactions with other drugs

There is information that the administration of the anesthetic methoxyflurane together with tetracycline causes fatal nephrotoxicity.

There is a possibility that Pentrox can potentiate the negative effect on the kidneys when using other medications, including antibiotics with established nephrotoxic effects (this includes kanamycin and cephaloridin with gentamicin, as well as colistin, amphotericin B and polymyxin B). With further use, the portion of substances with a narcotic effect must be reduced.

Storage conditions

Pentrox must be stored in a place protected from the penetration of small children, sunlight and moisture. Temperature indicators - no more than 30 ° С.

Shelf life

Pentrox is allowed to be used within a 2-year period from the date of sale of the pharmaceutical product.

Analogs

The analogs of the medicine are the medicines Sevoran and Halothane with Foran, as well as Isoflurane and Sevoflurane.