Diseases of the blood (hematology)

Eosinophilia

Eosinophilia is an increase in the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood of more than 450/μl. There are many reasons for an increase in the number of eosinophils, but allergic reactions or parasitic infections are most common. Diagnosis involves selective testing aimed at a clinically suspected cause. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying disease.

Diseases of eosinophils: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Eosinophils are granulocytes and are derived from the same precursor as monocyte-macrophages, neutrophils, and basophils. The exact function of eosinophils is unknown. As phagocytes, eosinophils are less effective than neutrophils in killing intracellular bacteria.

Ruptured spleen

Splenic rupture usually results from blunt abdominal trauma. Enlargement of the spleen due to fulminant Epstein-Barr virus infection (infectious mononucleosis or posttransplant pseudolymphoma) predisposes to rupture from minimal trauma or even spontaneous rupture. Significant impact (eg, motor vehicle accident) can rupture even a normal spleen.

Hypersplenism: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Hypersplenism is a syndrome of cytopenias due to splenomegaly. Hypersplenism is a secondary process that may be due to splenomegaly caused by a variety of reasons. Treatment is directed at the underlying disorder. However, if hypersplenism is the only, most severe manifestation of the disease (eg, Gaucher disease), splenic ablation by splenectomy or radiation therapy may be indicated.

Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly is almost always secondary to other diseases, of which there are many, as well as possible ways to classify them. Myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative diseases, storage diseases (eg, Gaucher disease), and connective tissue diseases are the most common causes of splenomegaly in temperate climates, while infectious diseases (eg, malaria, kala-azar) predominate in the tropics.

Spleen disease and bleeding disorders

In structure and function, the spleen resembles two different organs. The white pulp, consisting of the periarterial lymphatic membrane and germinal centers, functions as an immune organ. The red pulp, consisting of macrophages and granulocytes lining the vascular space (chords and sinusoids), functions as a phagocytic organ.

Senile purpura: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Senile purpura results in ecchymosis and is the result of increased vascular fragility due to damage to the connective tissue of the skin caused by chronic sun exposure and age.

Simple purpura: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Simple purpura is an increased formation of hematomas that occurs as a result of vascular fragility. Simple purpura is extremely common. The cause and mechanism of this pathology are unknown. It can manifest itself in various diseases.

Congenital hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Randu-Osler-Weber syndrome)

Congenital hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome) is a hereditary disease with a developmental disorder of blood vessels, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is detected in both males and females.

Rare diseases accompanied by bleeding disorders

Bleeding disorders may result from abnormalities in platelets, clotting factors, and blood vessels. Bleeding disorders of the blood vessels are caused by abnormalities in the vessel wall and usually present with petechiae and purpura, but rarely cause serious blood loss.

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