Diseases of the blood (hematology)

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (acute lympholeukemia)

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common cancer in children, also affects adults of all ages. Malignant transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of abnormally differentiated, long-lived hematopoietic progenitor cells leads to the appearance of circulating progenitor cells, replacement of normal bone marrow by malignant cells, and potential leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system and abdominal organs.

Acute leukemia

Acute leukemia occurs when a hematopoietic stem cell undergoes malignant transformation into a primitive, undifferentiated cell with an abnormal lifespan. Lymphoblasts (ALL) or myeloblasts (AML) exhibit abnormal proliferative capacity, displacing normal bone marrow and hematopoietic cells, inducing anemia, thrombocytopenia, and granulocytopenia.

Leukemias

Leukemias are malignant tumors of the leukocyte lineage with involvement of the bone marrow, circulating leukocytes and organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes in the pathological process.

Secondary erythrocytosis (secondary polycythemia): causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Secondary erythrocytosis (secondary polycythemia) is erythrocytosis that develops secondarily due to the influence of other factors. Frequent causes of secondary erythrocytosis are smoking, chronic arterial hypoxemia and tumor process (tumor-associated erythrocytosis). Less common are hemoglobinopathies with increased affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen and other hereditary disorders.

True polycythemia: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

True polycythemia (primary polycythemia) is an idiopathic chronic myeloproliferative disease characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis), an increase in hematocrit and blood viscosity, which can lead to the development of thrombosis.

Myelofibrosis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Myelofibrosis (idiopathic myeloid metaplasia, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia) is a chronic and usually idiopathic disease characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, and anemia with the presence of immature and teardrop-shaped red blood cells.

Essential thrombocythemia.

Essential thrombocythemia (essential thrombocytosis, primary thrombocythemia) is characterized by an increase in the number of platelets, megakaryocytic hyperplasia, and a tendency to bleeding or thrombosis. Patients may complain of weakness, headaches, paresthesia, bleeding; examination may reveal splenomegaly, as well as digital ischemia.

Myeloproliferative diseases: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Myeloproliferative disorders are characterized by abnormal proliferation of one or more hematopoietic cell lines or connective tissue elements. This group of diseases includes essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X): causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Langerhans cell granulomatosis; histiocytosis X) is a proliferation of dendritic mononuclear cells with diffuse or focal organ infiltration. The disease occurs primarily in children. Disease manifestations include pulmonary infiltration, bone lesions, skin rash, and liver, hematopoietic, and endocrine dysfunction.

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (disseminated eosinophilic collagenosis; eosinophilic leukemia; Löffler's fibroplastic endocarditis with eosinophilia) is a condition defined by peripheral blood eosinophilia greater than 1500/μL continuously for 6 months with organ involvement or dysfunction directly related to the eosinophilia, in the absence of parasitic, allergic, or other causes of eosinophilia. Symptoms are variable and depend on which organs are dysfunctional. Treatment begins with prednisone and may include hydroxyurea, interferon a, and imatinib.

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