Waxy casts are a special type of urinary cast, which are small tubular structures found during microscopic examination of urine sediment as part of a urinalysis.
Thyroid cytology is the examination of cells obtained from a thyroid nodule using a fine needle. In clinical practice, this almost always refers to fine-needle aspiration cytology of the nodule rather than "whole-gland cytology."
Urine sediment microscopy is part of an extended urine analysis that looks for cells, casts, crystals, microorganisms, and other formed elements in the sample.
The phrase "clostridia in stool" is not a diagnosis in itself. It can mean many different things: the detection of a specific bacterial species, the discovery of a toxigenic strain, carriage without disease, the result of a commercial microbiota analysis, or a confirmed intestinal infection.
In modern clinical practice, the term "clostridia test" most often refers not to a search for all Clostridia bacteria in general, but to a stool test for Clostridioides difficile, a bacterium previously called Clostridium difficile.
A throat cytology examination is a microscopic evaluation of cells obtained from the mucosa of the oropharynx, tonsils, soft palate, posterior pharyngeal wall, or adjacent areas using a brush, spatula, or swab.
