Blood chemistry

The study of blood is one of the most important indicators of the working capacity of the body, which doctors use the vast majority of specialties to recognize all sorts of problems. Biochemical blood analysis will not only allow us to see the true picture of pathology, but also will show information about the patient's health in general. Biochemistry is used, perhaps, in all medical fields - this is the most common research method of all known.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Indications for the appointment of a biochemical blood test

Biochemical examination of blood can be used practically for any diseases, with suspicion of pathology, and also for preventive purposes to exclude pathological conditions. Absolute indications for biochemical examination are:

• assessment of metabolic processes, working capacity of the liver and kidneys;
• inadequate nutrition, impaired digestion of food, diseases of the digestive organs;
• oncological neoplasms;
• inflammatory and atrophic changes in the tissue structure of the liver;
• inflammatory reactions and infectious processes, rheumatoid, system-wide pathologies;
• traumatic and burn injuries;
• musculoskeletal diseases, osteoporosis;
• intoxication of the body, toxicosis;
• heart failure, heart attacks;
• diabetes mellitus, all stages of obesity, endocrine disorders (malfunctions of thyroid, adrenal, pituitary);
• condition before and after medications;
• pre-postoperative condition;
• Pregnancy, preparation for conception, etc.

Preparation for biochemical analysis of blood

24 hours before taking blood for biochemical analysis, it is advised to refuse to drink alcohol-containing beverages, and to exclude smoking 1-1.5 hours before the analysis.

Blood is given on an empty stomach, very soon after the morning awakening. After the last meal takes at least 10-12 hours: food is also equated with tea, coffee, juices and other drinks, as well as chewing gum. You are allowed to drink clean water.

Before going to the laboratory it is important to protect yourself from excessive nervous and physical overload. For this reason, just before taking blood, it is recommended to sit down on a chair and calm down.

Blood for the study can be taken from the elbow vein, in an amount of 5-6 ml. If the patient takes any medicinal medications, then he must definitely notify the laboratory worker about this.

As a rule, the result can be reached the next day after the analysis, but some research indicators are made longer: you will have to wait up to 4-5 days.

Biochemical blood test for pregnancy

Biochemical examination of blood is used, as a rule, twice for the period of gestation: at the very beginning, when the pregnant woman becomes registered, and also at the 30th week of gestation. After viewing the results of the examination, the doctor will be able to give a real assessment of the functional capacity of organs and body systems. Among other things, with the help of biochemical examination, there is the possibility of determining the shortage of trace elements (calcium, iron, phosphorus, sodium, etc.). Such an analysis is extremely important for assessing the potential of the organism of a future mother.

The basic indicators of the study of blood composition are:

• the number of total protein in the bloodstream, the characteristic of the protein metabolism;
• indicators of fat metabolism (estimation of the number of phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and fatty acids);
• indicators of carbohydrate metabolism (the amount of sugar in the blood);
• level of enzymes in the body (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and pancreatic amylase);
• pigment index (bilirubin content);
• number of nitrogenous substances;
• the amount of microelements required for normal health of the organism.

Thanks to biochemical analysis, it is possible to correct the level of substances in the body in time, so that pregnancy proceeds without complications, and the future child develops fully and on time.

[6], [7], [8], [9]

Decoding of biochemical blood test

The principle of deciphering is the definition and evaluation of qualitative and quantitative components of the material. It is important to pay attention to the purpose of each component of the blood and its effect on other components.

Next, we will present a table of biochemical blood tests, indicating the norm of indicators in adult patients and children.

Indicators of biochemical blood analysis are indicated in the most popular units of measurement, although different clinical institutions can use different reference values, which must be discussed with the doctor in advance.

The table shows:

• norm of indicators of biochemical analysis of blood in adults (male and female);
• the norm of biochemical analysis of blood in children.

Indicators	Men's	Women	Children under 14 years old
Transaminases: ALT	Up to 37 units per liter	Up to 31 units / liter	Up to 30 units per liter
Transaminases: ACT	Up to 45 U / L	Up to 35 U / L	Up to 35 U / L
Glutamintransferase ggt	Up to 55 units per liter	Up to 40 U / L	Up to 45 U / L
Total protein	From 60 to 85 g / l	From 60 to 85 g / l	From 45 to 75 g / l
C-reactive protein	Up to 0.5 mg / l	Up to 0.5 mg / l	Up to 0.5 mg / l
Chol (cholesterol)	3.5 to 5.5 mmol / liter	3.5 to 5.5 mmol / liter	3.5 to 7.5 mmol / liter
Iron	From 11 to 31 μmol / l	9 to 30 μmol / l	9 to 22 μmol / l
Sugar (glucose)	From 3.8 to 6.3 mmol / l	From 3.8 to 6.3 mmol / l	From 3.8 to 5.3 mmol / l
Urea	From 2.8 to 7.2 mmol / l	From 2.8 to 7.2 mmol / l	From 1.8 to 6.2 mmol / l
Alkaline phosphatase (alkp)	From 30 to 130 units / liter	From 30 to 110 units / liter	Up to 350 U / L
PTI	From 78 to 142%	From 78 to 142%	From 78 to 142%
Total bilirubin (tbil, bil)	From 8.5 to 20.5 μmol / l	From 8.5 to 20.5 μmol / l	Up to 250 μmol / l
Lactate dehydrogenase (ldh)	Up to 250 U / L	Up to 250 U / L	Up to 295 U / L
Leukocytes (wbc)	4.5 to 10 * 3 / μL	4.5 to 10 * 3 / μL	4.5 to 13 * 3 / μL
ESR	6 to 12 mm / h	8 to 15 mm / h	From 4 to 12 mm / h
Fibrinogen	2 to 4 g / l	Up to 6 g / l	1.2 to 3 g / l
Creatinine	62 to 120 μmol / l	From 55 to 95 μmol / l	50 to 100 μmol / l
Seromucoid (serogloid)	From 0.22 to 0.28 g / l	From 0.22 to 0.28 g / l	From 0.13 to 0.20 g / l
Creatine	From 13 to 53 μmol / l	From 27 to 71 μmol / l	From 76 to 114 μmol / l
Lipoprotein HDL	From 1.7 to 3.5 mmol / l	From 1.7 to 3.5 mmol / l	From 1.7 to 4.5 mmol / l
Lipoproteins of LDL	From 1.8 to 4.9 mmol / l	From 1.8 to 4.9 mmol / l	From 1.8 to 4.9 mmol / l
Amylase (amyl)	From 25 to 125 units / liter	From 25 to 125 units / liter	From 25 to 125 units / liter
Phosphorus	From 0.87 to 1.45 mmol / l	From 0.87 to 1.45 mmol / l	From 1.45 to 1.78 mmol / l
Antistreptolysin	Up to 200 U / L	Up to 200 U / L	Up to 200 U / L
Chlorine	From 98 to 107 mmol / l	From 98 to 107 mmol / l	From 98 to 107 mmol / l
Erythrocytes	4.1-5.6 10 * 12 / L	3.8-5.2 10 * 12 / L	3.9-5.1 10 * 12 / L
Triglycerides	From 0.4 to 1.8 mmol / l	From 0.4 to 1.8 mmol / l	0.5 to 2 mmol / L
Bilirubin Indirect	1 to 8 μmol / l	1 to 8 μmol / l	Up to 210 μmol / l
Bilirubin Straight	1 to 20 μmol / l	1 to 20 μmol / l	Up to 40 μmol / l
Uric acid	From 210 to 420 μmol / liter	150 to 350 μmol / liter	150 to 350 μmol / liter

Protein Fractions:

• albumin from 56.5 to 66.5%;
• globulins from 33.5 to 43.5%;
• α1-globulin from 2.5 to 5%;
• α2-globulin from 5.1 to 9.2%;
• β-globulins from 8.1 to 12.2%;
• γ-globulins from 12.8 to 19%.

Indicators of disproteinemic tests:

• Veltman sample values from 0.4 to 0.5 ml of calcium solution (5-7 tubes);
• indicators of the mercury sample from 1.6 to 2.2 ml of mercury dichloride;
• thymol test from 0 to 5 units. SH.

The index of atherogenicity (the ratio of high and low density cholesterol) is up to 3 units.

The quantitative thrombin in the blood depends on the prothrombin, which normally should be from 78 to 142% (according to Kvik).

[10], [11], [12]

The term of the biochemical blood test

Every client of a laboratory research facility should know that the results of a biochemical analysis can not be valid for a long time, because blood indicators constantly undergo certain changes. The duration of the biochemical blood test can be from 10 to 14 days.

The definition of each value requires a certain period of time. In most situations in the clinic or in the laboratory where blood is being sampled for the examination, the patient can get all the information about when to come for the results. Biochemistry of blood is carried out for a maximum of 4-5 days, but more precise terms can be found directly in the laboratory.

Do not forget that the storage of results is limited. Therefore, if the patient already has a laboratory form on his hands, then he can immediately come to a doctor for a consultation. If the visit is delayed, then after a while the result can be invalidated, and the doctor will insist on his retaking.

Biochemical analysis of blood is a very common type of research, it can be taken in almost any laboratory or clinic. However, each medical institution has its own set of reagents and its computing systems, so the norms of reference values may differ slightly. When you receive the results you need to make sure that the laboratory letterhead indicates the normative indicators of a particular laboratory center - it will be easier for you and your doctor to understand the indicative changes.