Medicines for vomiting and diarrhea

Vomiting and diarrhea are those "enemies" of a person that arise always unexpectedly and not in time, changing plans, crushing aspirations, breaking graphs. But in fact, we should be grateful to our body, because he warns us about toxins that get into us and harm our health, and tries to get rid of them. Once in this situation, you need to assess your own condition on your own. If these two symptoms are not complicated by high fever, pain, then you can try to cope with the problem yourself. For this, there are numerous medications.

[1]

Indications of the medicines for vomiting and diarrhea

Indications for the use of medications for vomiting and diarrhea are these symptoms that have arisen against the background of overeating, consumption of fatty and fried foods, mild food poisoning, stress or fear, medication, climate change, pregnancy. Such ailments last no more than three days, are not accompanied by temperature, do not deteriorate over time. Severe vomiting, continuous diarrhea, especially the presence of blood in feces, fever, severe weakness indicate either serious poisoning or infections such as salmonella and dysentery and do not leave time for experiments, but require immediate medical intervention.

Release form

Drugs for diarrhea and vomiting have a different form of release. These are powders, tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, and gels. Such a variety of forms is created for the convenience of application to both adults and children.

Powders from diarrhea and vomiting can be in the form of metered portions in bags (smecta, polyphepan) or simply in jars (polysorb, atoxyl). Before use, they are diluted with water according to the instructions. Most of all in the pharmaceutical market of tablets from vomiting and diarrhea (tsiprol, tsiprovin, flaprox, activated charcoal, ofloxacin, phthalazole, nystatin, imodium, uzara, etc.).

[2], [3], [4], [5]

Alternative remedies for vomiting and diarrhea

In addition to numerous drugs designed to eliminate diarrhea and vomiting and are sold in pharmacies, during the existence of mankind, many recipes have been collected by which people have treated themselves. Through centuries of observations of the effects of individual herbs and fruits on the digestive organs, we have been given effective alternative remedies for vomiting and diarrhea. It, first of all, astringent, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory substances. A well-known and popular remedy is pomegranate. Its crust must be dried, crushed. A liter of boiling water is sufficient for a tablespoon of raw materials. Give an hour to brew and can take a spoonful three times a day before eating.

Several black pepper peas, potato starch, dried blueberries, bark of oak, sage, St. John's Wort, walnut partitions, althea root - here is a small list of means that can stop an unpleasant process.

[6], [7], [8], [9]

Pharmacodynamics

All antidiarrhoeal drugs are divided into several groups, depending on the principle of action. From this, their pharmacodynamics also depends:

• antimicrobial agents (ciprofloxacin, furazolidone, phthalazole, enterol, sulgin, nystatin), each of which has its own mechanisms aimed at the destruction of pathogens;
• enterosorbents (activated carbon, sorbex, smect, enterosgel, atoxyl, polysorb) bind toxic substances and remove them from the body;
• anti-peristaltic agents (loperamide, imodium, Uzara, loflatil) slow the intestinal motility, thereby increasing the passage time of the intestinal contents and reducing the urge to defecate;
• probiotics (latsidofil, enterol, subalin, mutaflor, linex) are made of living organisms, produce substances that oppose pathogenic organisms, promote the normalization of metabolic processes and digestion;
• other anti-diarrheal agents, a special place among them is occupied by racecadotril - triggers a mechanism that reduces excessive production of water in the intestine and electrolytes.

Antiemetic drugs are of three types, depending on the effect on different parts of the nervous regulation: blocking serotonin (granisetron), dopamine (domperidone) receptors, dopamine and choline receptors (thiethylperazine). If vomiting is accompanied by diarrhea, then it is a question of toxic vomiting, caused by the accumulation of toxins or drugs. In this case, antiemetic drugs are not recommended to take, because together with vomiting and feces, the body gets rid of the harmful substances that have affected it. They are more appropriate in case this condition is caused by diseases of the digestive system or by taking certain therapeutic drugs. The decision to prescribe antiemetics can only be taken by a doctor.

[10], [11],

Pharmacokinetics

Each of the described drugs has its own pharmacokinetics. When choosing this or that remedy, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the instruction in order to have an idea of how it behaves when it gets into our body. Antimicrobial drugs are divided into several groups:

• fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin) - have a high bioavailability, a half-life of 4-8 hours, are excreted mainly by the kidneys;
• sulfanilomides (phthalazole) - absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract slowly, maximally concentrating in the intestine;
• intestinal antiseptics (nifuroxazide, intetriks) - are absorbed mainly in the intestine, are excreted with the feces.

Enterosorbents - are excreted from the body in unchanged form with feces, but their long reception disturbs absorption of other microelements, including calcium.

Antiperistalsis - absorbed in the digestive tract half of the dose received, it is valid for 24 hours, it is excreted in urine and feces.

Probiotics - are not absorbed from the lumen of the intestine and do not penetrate into the systemic bloodstream.

Pharmacokinetics of antiemetics from the type of blockers:

• serotonin receptors - binding to plasma proteins is 65%, half-life is from 3 to 6 hours, excreted from the body with urine and feces;
• dopamine - a bioavailability of 80%, the maximum concentration in the blood plasma from half an hour to two, is excreted through the kidneys in 3-5 hours;
• dopamine and holinoretseptory - well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, after 2-4 hours as much as possible concentrates, half-period of excretion by the kidneys - 12 hours.

Each specific drug has its own pharmacokinetic features, which can be found in the instructions.

[12], [13], [14], [15], [16],

Dosing and administration

The average therapeutic dose of fluoroquinolones 200-500 mg per day in one or two receptions, abundantly washed with water. The course of treatment is from one week to two. The method of administration and dose of sulfonamides depends on the pathogen (daily dose of 1-6 g). Antimicrobial agents, such as nifuroxazide, are taken at a frequency of 6 hours for 200 mg, other drugs in this group may have other doses, so it is absolutely necessary to follow the instructions.

Enterosorbents are taken between meals and washed down with plenty of water. Usually activated carbon at a time you can drink up to 3 tablets, within a day not more than 10. The recommended single dose of sorbex is 2-4 capsules up to 3 times a day.

Method of using anti-peristaltic drugs: initially 2 capsules (imodium), after each liquid excrement, even on the capsule, but not more than 8 pieces per day; the first day of taking Uzar is 5 tablets, from the second day - on a tablet in 3-6 hours.

There are a lot of probiotics, so we list the most popular ones.

Lactobacillus: spasmolac - capsule twice a day for a month; lactobacterin - in an ampoule or 5 tablets twice a day for 2-3 weeks, washed down with milk or sour-milk products.

Other probiotics: Linex - 2 capsules three times a day until the condition improves; yogurt - 1-2 capsules with meals three times a day a month; Biolact - one stick 2-3 times.

Remedies for vomiting and diarrhea for children

Vomiting and diarrhea in children can be caused not only by food poisoning, but also by such formidable diagnoses as meningitis, pathologies of the central nervous system, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, ingestion of foreign objects into the food tract, intestinal infection, allergy, teething. Therefore, taking responsibility for self-medication is a big risk for parents. It is best to consult a specialist who takes into account all the nuances of symptoms: body temperature, the presence of pain, the consistency of stool, their odor, the cyclicity of vomiting, the nature of vomit. Before the doctor establishes a diagnosis, only enterosorbents and paracetamol are allowed at high temperature.

Remedies for vomiting and diarrhea, used for children by doctors:

• antiemetic: tserukal, motilium, motilac;
• sorbents: activated carbon, sorbex, smecta, eterosgel, atoxyl;
• antiviral drugs and antibiotics for intestinal infections: anaferon, arbidol, amoxicillin, amoxiclav, suprax;
• antihistamines, hormones for the treatment of allergies: tavegil, suprastin,;
• antispasmodics: no-spa, papaverine;
• rehydration preparations: glucosolan, regidron;
• probiotics: linex, hilak forte;
• antacids, hydrochloric acid blockers in the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract: alugastrin, gestid, lobe.

It is necessary to adhere to a diet, provide the child with an abundant drink, give up fatty and fried foods, rice, oatmeal, and low-fat soups are desirable.

[21], [22]

Remedies for diarrhea and vomiting in an adult

Adults not less than children are susceptible to various intestinal infections. This is confirmed by about a dozen deaths from botulism that occurred in the summer period of this year. The source of the disease was dried fish, which men like to eat with beer. But if the symptoms of poisoning are not so fast and heavy, they are not accompanied by fever, fever, respiratory disturbance, or clouding of consciousness, then adults can be treated with diarrhea and vomiting, following this pattern:

• sorbents for the removal of toxins (polyphepan, smect, activated carbon, sorbex), delineating their reception for 2 hours with other medicines;
• drugs that reduce the production of intestinal mucus (diclofenac, salazopidizin);
• in the presence of temperature, antipyretic agents (ibuprofen, paracetamol, nimesil, analgin);
• increase the amount of fluid consumed to avoid dehydration, take a solution of the rehydron, galactin. Appropriate prepared salt solution of vomiting and diarrhea (per liter of boiled water, a teaspoon of salt and 5 tablespoons of sugar);
• antidiarrhoeal preparations (imodium, londium);
• dietary meals (soups, mashed potatoes, rice, other porridges on the water);
• enzyme preparations (festal, mezim, creon, soluzim);
• if necessary, antibiotics and antiviral drugs only as directed by the doctor;
• infusions of medicinal herbs (chamomile, St. John's wort, oak bark, cherry fruit).

Syrups from vomiting and diarrhea

In addition to the tablet form of drugs, there are others that have become very popular, especially in children because of the pleasant taste qualities - these are syrups and suspensions. Another advantage of this form is the ability to manipulate the dosage. An example of a syrup used in the case of vomiting and diarrhea as an antispasmodic and a drug blocking the production of hydrochloric acid is a no-spasm. It is prescribed for children under 6 years. To a child up to 3 months, 1 ml is given every 6-8 hours, up to 6 months 1-2 ml at the same frequency, up to a year - 2 ml, up to 2 years - a teaspoon of the drug with an interval of 6-8 hours, up to 6 years - 2 spoons with the same interval.

Suspension from vomiting and diarrhea

To suspensions from vomiting and diarrhea, enterofuril is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Before use, it is shaken and using a measuring spoon with a volume of 5 ml is measured: for children from a month to six - half a spoon (2.5 ml) 2-3 times a day, the next age group up to 2 years - the same, but more often 3-4 times, up to 7 years - a spoon 3 times a day, children older and adults - also 5 ml 3-4 times a day. The duration of therapy is not more than a week. Unfortunately, flavors and flavor additives of this form of medicine are able to cause a side reaction - allergy is a lack of suspensions. Other drugs in the suspension are erysefuril, enterofuril, motilium.

Gels for vomiting and diarrhea

Another modern dosage form is gels or pastes. The following gels for vomiting and diarrhea are known and popular among patients: Enterosgel and phosphalogel. To receive the gel is squeezed into a spoon and washed down with a lot of water.

Enterosgel - the spectrum of its action is very wide. These are liver diseases, gastrointestinal tract, allergies, intoxications, skin pathologies, intestinal dysbiosis, diarrhea. Therapy lasts from a week to two. Enterosgel bred in time with food or other medications. The daily dose for adults is 45g in three doses, for children it depends on age: up to 3 years - 5g twice a day, 3-5 years - three times, 5-14 years - 10 g 3 times a day.

Use of the medicines for vomiting and diarrhea during pregnancy

Not all drugs designed to combat diarrhea can be used during pregnancy. So, in this period do not prescribe fluoroquinolones, but in the instructions for sulfanilomides, antifungal drugs, intestinal antiseptics, enterosorbents there is no such warning. Individual anti-peristaltic drugs are not recommended in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy or are encouraged to exercise caution when used. In any case, resorting to taking this or that drug during pregnancy, you first need to study the instructions.

Contraindications

Virtually all drugs for vomiting and diarrhea, there are contraindications to the use, as warned by the instruction. So, fluoroquinolones are not prescribed for pregnancy and lactation, atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, liver and renal insufficiency, individual intolerance of the drug components. Some of them are not indicated in the treatment of children under 16 years old. Sulfanilamides are contraindicated in acute hepatitis, Based's disease, pathologies of the circulatory system. Some intestinal antiseptics are not recommended for women in the position (intetriks) or only if the potential benefit exceeds the risk of complications (lecor).

Enterosorbents are prohibited for ulcers of digestive organs and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Drugs that inhibit intestinal peristalsis (loperamide) are contraindicated in children under 5 years pregnant in the first trimester of pregnancy, nursing mothers, patients with ulcerative and pseudomembranous colitis.

Probiotics are not used in case of individual intolerance.

[17], [18]

Side effects of the medicines for vomiting and diarrhea

Antimicrobial agents can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, allergies, increased activity of hepatic samples, hypovitaminosis group B (sulfonamides), the development of hepatitis (intestinal antiseptics). Enterosorbents with prolonged use can cause constipation. Against the background of taking anti-peristaltic drugs, there may be increased fatigue, insomnia, discomfort in the abdomen, and rarely intestinal obstruction.

[19], [20]

Overdose

An overdose of any of the drugs described above will lead to side effects, which the instruction warns. Preparations containing lactose and sucrose in case of an overdose may pose a danger to people with diabetes mellitus because of a jump in blood sugar level.

[23]

Interactions with other drugs

Investigating the interaction of drugs for the treatment of vomiting and diarrhea with other drugs, we came to the conclusion that sorbents reduce the effectiveness of treatment with medications, displaying together with toxins and components of drugs. Simultaneous use of antacids to neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach with fluoroquinolones reduces the effect of the latter. Sulfanilomides strengthen the action of antidiabetic, anticonvulsants, reduce the effectiveness of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Antihistamines potentiate the action of tranquilizers, hypnotics, sedatives. Antibiotics are detrimental to probiotics.

[24], [25], [26]

Storage conditions

Any dosage forms aimed at treating vomiting and diarrhea, like other medications, require an air temperature not exceeding +25 ⁰ C, absence of moisture and bright light. Capsules of probiotics with live microorganisms are stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of +4 ⁰ C.

[27], [28], [29], [30], [31],

Shelf life

The maximum shelf life of drugs used to treat vomiting and diarrhea is 4 years (nifuroxazide, furazolidone), most others are stored for 2 years.

[32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37]