Tetracycline hydrochloride

Tetracycline hydrochloride is an antibacterial drug for systemic use. Included in the subgroup of systemic tetracycline antibiotics.

A therapeutic drug mainly affects the body by inhibiting the processes of protein binding within the ribosomes of bacterial cells. The effect of the drug covers a wide range of different microbes. Along with this, the drug demonstrates bacteriostatic activity (when using standard dosage portions of the drug). [1]

Indications Tetracycline hydrochloride

It is used for therapy with such diseases of an inflammatory and infectious nature:

• pneumonia with bronchitis, a subacute form of septic endocarditis and purulent pleurisy;
• gonorrhea ;
• dysentery of amoebic or bacterial type;
• angina, whooping cough or scarlet fever;
• tularemia, psittacosis, brucellosis and typhoid fever of a relapsing or typhus type;
• infection in the area of the urethra and bile ducts;
• purulent meningitis;
• having a purulent form of damage to the subcutaneous layer with the epidermis;
• cholera.

In addition, it can be used to prevent the development of infections after surgery.

Release form

The release of the drug is realized in the form of tablets - 10 pieces inside the cell plate. Inside the box there are 1 or 2 such plates.

Pharmacodynamics

Antibiotics from the tetracyclines subgroup have a wide range of therapeutic effects. They have an effect on gram-positive flora - streptococci, clostridia, staphylococci (also those that produce penicillinase), listeria with pneumococci and anthrax rods.

E. Coli, Klebsiella, Gonococcus, Shigella with Bordetella, Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae are isolated from the representatives of the gram-negative flora, amenable to the influence of the drug. In addition, the drug acts on rickettsia, spirochetes with leptospirosis and bacteria that cause psittacosis and trachoma. [2]

Tetracycline hydrochloride does not show activity or acts very weakly against serrations, proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, acid-resistant microbes, most of the strains of bacteroid Fragilis, influenza virus, measles and poliomyelitis, as well as mycotic bacteria.

There are data on the anti-choleric effect of drugs.

Pharmacokinetics

When used orally, the drug is absorbed at high speed inside the gastrointestinal tract (by 75-77%). At the same time, food decreases absorption. The drug is also well synthesized with plasma protein.

The drug is distributed at high speed within most fluids, including bile with pleural effusion, ascitic from synovial fluid, and discharge from the paranasal sinuses. Cumulates inside neoplasms, spleen and liver cells, as well as teeth; crosses the placenta and is excreted in breast milk. Reaches therapeutic values after 2-3 days.

It is excreted through the kidneys with the help of CF, as well as with feces (through the kidneys and together with bile - by 60%); synthesis with blood protein - 65%; the term of half-life under normal conditions is 6-11 hours, and in persons with anuria - 57-108 hours.

In disorders of renal secretion, the blood level of tetracycline may increase.

Dosing and administration

The medication is taken 1 hour before or after 2 hours after a meal; tablets should be taken with plain water.

The size of the portion and the duration of the therapeutic cycle are selected by the attending physician, taking into account the picture of the disease. The course should continue for at least another 3 days after the signs of pathology have passed.

Infections of an infectious type associated with the action of β-hemolytic streptococcus must be treated within a period of at least 10 days.

Single serving size 0.2 g (2 tablets) taken at 6 hour intervals. In the case of a severe infection, the dose can be increased to 0.5 g with application at 6-hour intervals. A maximum of 2000 mg of the drug can be used per day.

• Application for children

Tetracycline hydrochloride can be prescribed in pediatrics only to persons over 12 years of age.

Use Tetracycline hydrochloride during pregnancy

The medicine is not prescribed during pregnancy; can be used exclusively in the presence of vital indications, which are determined by the attending doctor.

If you need to take drugs during hepatitis B, breastfeeding is canceled for the period of therapy.

Contraindications

Among the contraindications:

• strong personal intolerance to the elements of the medication;
• SLE;
• diseases in the kidney / liver area, accompanied by severe functional impairment;
• use in combination with retinol or retinoids.

Side effects Tetracycline hydrochloride

Usually, the drug is tolerated without complications (when administered in the recommended portions). The main side effects:

• pericarditis;
• nausea, constipation, anorexia, xerostomia, discomfort or pain in the abdominal area, heartburn, vomiting, glossitis or stomatitis;
• ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract, dysphagia, esophagitis, proctitis, gastritis, intestinal dysbiosis, hepatotoxic effect, pseudomembranous-type colitis and staphylococcal enterocolitis;
• hoarse voice and throat pain;
• unsteadiness of gait, photophobia, headaches and dizziness; prolonged use causes an increase in the level of ICP (vomiting, visual changes, headaches and swelling in the optic nerve), hearing impairment and transient vision loss;
• thrombocytopenia or neutropenia, eosinophilia, hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis and Moshkovich disease;
• nephritis, acute renal failure, azotemia, vaginitis and hypercreatininemia;
• Quincke's edema, TEN, maculopapular rashes, anaphylactoid symptoms, epidermal hyperemia, photosensitivity, urticaria and anaphylaxis;
• bronchial spasm.

Overdose

Signs of poisoning include vomiting with nausea. The use of extremely high dosages of drugs causes hematuria and crystalluria. The severity of the above side symptoms (for example, manifestations of intolerance) may be potentiated.

Tetracycline hydrochloride has no antidote. Symptomatic actions are performed.

Interactions with other drugs

Fe salts, ingested substances of Zn, Ca, Mg, Al, bismuth (among them bismuth subsalicylate) and other drugs that contain these cations (this includes antacids, magnesium-containing laxatives and sucralfate), Na bicarbonate, colestipol with cholestyramine and kaolin-pectin, when combined with tetracycline, form chelates (having no activity). Also, the connection with these drugs reduces the absorption of tetracycline.

Therefore, it is necessary to abandon the use of the medication with the described drugs, didanosine (the composition contains additional components containing Mg and Ca) and quinapril (the composition contains Mg carbonate). If such a combination is necessary, tetracycline should be used with the longest possible time interval (2 hours before or after 4-6 hours after the introduction of these drugs).

Strontium ranelate can lead to a decrease in serum tetracycline, which is why this combination must be avoided. During treatment with tetracycline hydrochloride, it is necessary to stop using strontium ranelate.

When administered together with tetracycline, serum levels of lithium and digoxin may increase.

When used with methysergide and ergotamine, the likelihood of ergotism increases.

As an antibiotic of the bacteriostatic type, the drug can disrupt the bactericidal effect of other antibiotics (cephalosporins, penicillins and β-lactam antibiotics). Because of this, this combination is not used.

The combined use of drugs with erythromycin or oleandomycin causes a synergistic effect.

Indirect anticoagulants, including phenindione with warfarin and antithrombotic agents.

Tetracycline is capable of potentiating the activity of these drugs, slowing down their intrahepatic metabolic processes, and reducing the plasma prothrombin level - it is necessary to carefully monitor the PTV values and, if necessary, reduce the dosage of anticoagulants.

Use with atovaquone leads to a decrease in its plasma values.

Administration with methoxyflurane can cause nephrotoxic effects (for example, increased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen values) and acute renal failure (sometimes fatal).

When administered with methotrexate, its toxic activity may increase; because of this, this combination must be used with caution. If such a combination is required, the toxicity level must be constantly monitored.

Retinoids (isotretionin, acitretin, and tretionin (acne therapy)) with retinol can lead to a benign increase in ICP, which is why they cannot be used with tetracycline. To prevent the development of this disorder during acne therapy with retinoids, the interval should be observed after using tetracycline.

The introduction of a medication against the background of the use of hormonal contraception causes a weakening of their influence (unplanned conception) and an increase in the number of breakthrough bleeding. Because of this, during the period of drug use and for another 7 days from the end of the treatment cycle, non-hormonal contraception should be used.

Use with diuretics should be done with caution, as with dehydration, the likelihood of nephrotoxicity increases.

When combined with hypoglycemic substances (insulin and sulfonylurea derivatives, including gliclazide with glibenclamide), their antidiabetic activity is potentiated.

Chymotrypsin increases the duration of circulation and the blood level of tetracycline.

The drug must be used with caution in conjunction with hepatotoxic drugs.

Antibacterial drugs, including tetracycline, are capable of weakening the drug effect of BCG and the oral typhoid vaccine. Because of this, vaccinations should not be given during the period of antibiotic use.

In the case of using the medicine with food, dairy products and milk, the absorption of tetracycline is impaired.

Storage conditions

Tetracycline hydrochloride must be stored at a temperature not exceeding 25 ° C.

Shelf life

Tetracycline hydrochloride can be used within a 36-month term from the date of manufacture of the medicinal substance.

Analogs

Analogs of the drug are Tetracycline with Polcortolone TS and Oletetrin with Tetracycline ointment.