Typhoid vaccination

Typhoid fever is an intestinal infection endemic in many developing countries. In recent years, typhoid fever epidemics have been observed in a number of CIS countries and in Central Asia. According to WHO, more than 500,000 people die from typhoid fever every year worldwide. People aged 5-19 are most often affected, so typhoid fever vaccination should be given to schoolchildren in endemic areas.

Since the 1980s, the resistance of the typhoid fever pathogen to chloramphenicol has increased sharply, making treatment more difficult and expensive (requiring the use of third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones); in recent years, there have been reports of its resistance to ciprofloxacin.

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Typhoid Vaccination: Characteristics of the Preparations

Typhoid vaccines registered in Russia

Vaccine	Content	Dosage
TIFIVAC - dry alcohol vaccine, Russia	Inactivated and lyophilized S. typhi strain 4446. In 1 ampoule - 5 billion microbial cells. Without preservative. Store at 2-8°	Adults 2 times subcutaneously: 0.5 ml, after 25-35 days - 1.0 ml, revaccination after 2 years - 1.0 ml.
VIANVAC - lipopolysaccharide liquid, Russia	Purified capsular vi-polysaccharide. In 1 dose for all ages (0.5 ml) 25 mcg Vi-antigen. Store at 2-8°	From the age of 3 years, one time subcutaneously. Revaccination - every 3 years.

Whole-cell typhoid vaccines have been used in schoolchildren and adults with an efficiency of 51-88%, but their use is limited by reactogenicity. The efficiency of polysaccharide vaccines reaches 70%, they provide immunity in 1-2 weeks, it is maintained for 2 years. A conjugate vaccine (with P. aeruginosa exotoxin) has been created, immunogenic in 90% of children aged 2-5 years. Vaccination against typhoid fever is carried out according to epidemiological indications from the age of 3-7 years (depending on the type of vaccine) and to persons from risk groups. Tourists traveling to Africa and Asia are also vaccinated.

Contraindications to typhoid vaccination

There is a wide range of contraindications to the use of the alcohol whole-cell vaccine. VIANVAC is not administered in case of hypersensitivity to the vaccine components, to pregnant women, or during an acute condition.

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Side effects and complications after typhoid vaccination

The dry alcohol vaccine is reactogenic, temperature >38.6°, infiltrate >50 mm are allowed in no more than 7% of those vaccinated. The general reaction appears after 5-6 hours and lasts up to 48 hours, local - up to 3-4 days. Shock rarely develops. Reactions to VIANVAC are rare: subfebrile temperature in 1-5% for 24-48 hours, headache.

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