HPV type 56

There are a great many different forms of life on planet Earth. Some of these forms are so microscopic in size that they are simply impossible to see with the naked eye. For example, the extremely common papilloma virus, which can only be seen using a high-resolution microscope, since the size of its virion is on average only 30 nm. The papilloma virus (HPV) has more than 100 types (according to some sources, about 600), and, despite such small sizes, is not as harmless as it may seem at first glance. Some types of the virus, for example HPV type 56, can cause deadly oncological diseases in humans. And this is already a reason to learn more about the virus in order to prevent sad consequences in time.

HPV 56 is an oncogenic type of human papillomavirus. Although this strain, along with some others (HPV 30, 35, 45, 53, etc.), is considered a virus with an average oncogenic risk, it should not be treated carelessly. After all, the probability of developing cancer against the background of the papillomavirus remains quite high, and the longer the virus remains active in the body, the higher the risk of developing cancer.

We have answered the frequently asked question: is HPV type 56 dangerous? And since the answer is positive, there is a need to consider this type of virus in more detail in order to understand what it is, how it is transmitted to humans, how to diagnose its presence in the body and minimize the negative impact of the virus on human health.

[ 1 ], [ 2 ], [ 3 ]

Structure HPV type 56

Of the 600 HPV strains that are supposedly present in nature, more than 100 can affect the human body. Not all types of the virus are dangerous to humans, and many do not cause any abnormalities at all and have no external manifestations. But HPV type 56 does not belong to such safe types of the virus, and, despite the fact that for some time it may not manifest itself in any way, there is a risk that at some point the virus will become active and lead to pathological changes in the structure and functioning of the body's cells.

Regardless of the type and kind of virus, its virions are microparticles, the size of which can vary from 20 to 300 nm. HPV type 56 is one of the types of papilloma virus with the minimum size of virions. The diameter of the papillomavirus viral cell is about 30-55 nm, which allows it to easily penetrate through microdamages in human skin and mucous membranes. And since the mucous membrane has a looser structure, it is more likely that infection with the papillomavirus will occur when the mucous membranes come into contact, including during sexual contact, which is confirmed by numerous studies. In the latter case, there is a longer and closer contact, which increases the likelihood of infection.

A special feature of the papilloma virus is that its particles are not transmitted from animals to humans, i.e. the source of infection is always a person in whose body there is an active virus.

HPV virions are microparticles consisting of a core and a capsid (protein shell), but lacking the membrane shell characteristic of larger viruses. In order to survive and reproduce, such a viral cell requires a host cell, which changes its properties as a result of the active life of the virus.

The genotype or genome of HPV type 56 of medium oncogenicity is similar to strains of low and high oncogenic risk and is represented by a double-stranded circular DNA molecule. In other words, the papilloma virus belongs to DNA-containing viruses (in total, vertebrates, including humans, have 11 families of such pathogens), which most often cause various human diseases. In this case, the DNA of the virion is synthesized directly in the infected cell, using it as a kind of cocoon that provides protection and nutrition for new virions formed during the synthesis process. The process of cell replication or division takes place, as a result of which a daughter molecule with one copy of the DNA molecule is synthesized on the matrix of the mother molecule.

The HPV genome consists of 3 differentiated regions that perform specific functions: the early and late regions E and L, as well as the control region – LCR. The latter performs many functions, including replication of the viral genome, DNA transcription and cell transformation under the influence of oncoproteins E6 and E7 produced in oncogenic virions.

HPV type 56 is considered a virus with medium oncogenicity. This means that oncoproteins in such cells are produced in smaller quantities and additional conditions are required for them to cause deformation of the host cells (in most cases, this is significantly reduced immunity and a hereditary predisposition to cancer).

[ 4 ], [ 5 ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ], [ 8 ]

Life cycle HPV type 56

Despite the fact that papilloma virus cells have a very simple structure, they are a living microorganism that goes through a certain life cycle in its development. The virus itself cannot actively exist outside a living organism, so for full existence and reproduction it needs to penetrate a living cell, in this case, human epidermal cells.

Despite their microscopic size, HPV 56 and other types rarely penetrate deeper than the epidermis, so the host cells for the virions are the superficial cells of the skin and the epithelium of the mucous membranes - keratocytes. The life cycle of HPV is tied to the stages of development of the main cells of the epidermis. We are talking about the program of cellular differentiation of the host cell. Infection occurs when the papillomavirus virions reach the basal layer of the epidermis bordering the dermis, where young keratocytes are synthesized and actively divide. This choice is not accidental, because these keratocytes have great potential for differentiation and acquisition of specific functions.

Oncogenic types of the virus are quite integrated into the host cell genome, changing its properties and behavior. Such cells are prone to uncontrolled reproduction and cause dysplastic processes in the skin and mucous membranes, which with a certain probability can develop from benign to malignant. At the same time, the virus cells do not begin replication (division) immediately after penetrating the epidermis. They maintain the genotype by simply forming a small number of copies of chromosomal DNA regions with a corresponding set of genes (amplification). This is the so-called incubation period of the virus, which can last from 2 weeks to several years.

During the process of maturation and differentiation, more mature keratinocytes are displaced into the spinous (subbasal) layer and higher to the skin surface. Protein synthesis and replication of HPV virions occur when infected keratinocytes are in the subbasal layer. Using nutrients and proteins of the host cell, virions are able to multiply. As a result, we observe unplanned division of the host cell, and an increase in the number of such divisions as the virus multiplies gives rise to and develops tumor processes that the weakened immune system is unable to cope with.

Malignization (malignancy of cells) under the influence of HPV type 56 usually occurs if the body cannot cope with the virus on its own for 6-12 months and this leads to chronic virus carriage, which significantly weakens the human immune system. And weak immunity is one of the main conditions for the activation of the virus and the development of malignant diseases.

On the other hand, strong immunity will facilitate the elimination (removal) of viral particles from the body even before they can integrate into the genome of human cells.

To understand how HPV 56 is transmitted from person to person, you need to know that the small size of the papillomavirus virions allows them to penetrate any microdamage on the skin. And even if no damage on the skin is visible externally, this does not mean that there is none at all and the path for the virus is closed. A study of the skin and mucous membranes under a microscope shows that during the day a person receives many microdamages (micro-tears, scratches, punctures), which he does not even suspect, so contact with an infected person is potentially dangerous.

Any damage to the integrity of human skin is a direct path into the body for the papilloma virus of any type of oncogenicity. Usually, we are talking about several types of HPV at the same time, which simultaneously or separately penetrated the human body.

For HPV type 56, the most typical route of infection is sexual, i.e. virions are transmitted during sexual contact through small lesions on the delicate mucous membrane of the external or internal genitals that occur during sexual intercourse. But this does not mean that other possible routes of infection should be discarded, for example, transmission of the virus from mother to fetus during the latter's passage through the birth canal or contact infection if there was a breach in the integrity of the skin at the site of contact.

However, the probability of contracting the virus during sexual contact is much higher, and this must be remembered, especially if we are talking about a virus that can cause cancer. It is important to understand that the penetration of the virus into the body does not mean illness, because in many cases the human body is able to cope with the virus on its own, not allowing it to be active and multiply.

There are certain factors that increase the risk of developing cancer when exposed to HPV 56 or another oncogenic strain. These factors include:

• weak immunity or weakened for one reason or another (immunosuppression),
• immunodeficiency states, such as immunosuppression in patients with HIV infection,
• the presence of sexually transmitted infections that suppress local immunity,
• a lack of vitamins and microelements in the body, which increases the permeability of the skin and reduces its resistance to infections,
• genetic or hereditary predisposition, when there have already been cases of oncology in the family,
• pregnancy (due to the restructuring of the woman's body, it becomes more sensitive to the effects of negative factors),

In addition, there are factors that can weaken the body's protective functions at the level of the central nervous system. These are overwork, constant stress, bad habits (smoking, drug and alcohol use), and taking psychoactive drugs.

As for the probability of HPV infection, it is higher in those people whose lifestyle can be called questionable. Casual sexual relations with different sexual partners, inattention to one's health and lack of general and intimate hygiene skills contribute not only to HPV infection, but also to the spread of the virus between people.

[ 9 ]

Symptoms

It is difficult to say when HPV will make itself known after it has entered the human body. Much depends on the state of the immune system. That is why the incubation period of the virus is so ambiguous, and only 10 out of 100 people experience symptoms of the disease. At the same time, the influence of the above-mentioned risk factors is great. The body of the remaining 90% copes with the virus on its own within a couple of years.

Oncogenic HPV types, including HPV 56, primarily affect the human reproductive system. Both women and men can become infected with the virus equally if there are microdamages on the skin or mucous membrane. The number of people infected with the virus during sexual intercourse is especially high.

[ 10 ]

HPV type 56 in men

But the impact of the papilloma virus on the male and female reproductive systems is ambiguous. HPV 56 does not cause cancer in males, but it, although infrequently, can cause health-threatening or life-threatening conditions. Such a specific symptom as genital warts (condylomas), characteristic of HPV, is extremely rare in males.

Even less frequently, HPV type 56 is detected in men with bowenoid papulosis, which is characterized by the appearance of erythematous spots, papules and plaques affecting the skin of the genitals. However, doctors believe that this disease, which is a precancerous condition, is provoked by the papilloma virus, namely its oncogenic strains.

In isolated cases, Bowen's disease may develop against the background of HPV 56 infection, i.e. intraepidermal cancer with its characteristic bright red neoplasms with jagged edges, including on the skin of the penis. Bowenoid papulosis and Bowen's disease are usually associated with highly oncogenic viruses, and in particular HPV types 16 or 18, but in the presence of risk factors, active reproduction of HPV 56 can also lead to such consequences. Whether to test this theory on your own experience, everyone decides for themselves.

With a noticeably weakened immune system, one can expect the virus to spread beyond the intimate area. Soft to the touch growths in the form of flesh-colored papillae may appear in the anal area, in and around the armpits, on the neck, chest, hands and feet. There is also a risk of the virus penetrating the urethra, and if specific growths form in it, problems with urination are possible.

The appearance of new growths on the skin is not accompanied by painful sensations, although sometimes men may complain of itching (usually in the intimate area). Minor pain and bleeding may occur when condylomas are damaged, which most often occurs during sexual intercourse or hygiene procedures.

The symptoms described above can be considered precancerous conditions, since any neoplasms are a consequence of the activation of the virus. And although HPV type 56 itself does not provoke cancer, in the presence of risk factors, benign growths can develop into malignant ones. Therefore, the connection between HPV 56 and cancer should not be rejected, even though in practice such cases are very few, and it is difficult to establish which of the oncogenic strains detected in the patient is responsible for the development of cancer.

[ 11 ], [ 12 ], [ 13 ]

HPV type 56 in women

The situation is even less attractive with women infected with the oncogenic virus. The risk of external symptoms of infection in the form of warts and condylomas is significantly higher (8 out of 10 patients). Moreover, HPV 56 in women significantly reduces local immunity, which causes the development of bacterial, fungal and some types of viral infections, for which the conditions of the female vagina are an optimal environment for habitat, development and reproduction.

It is not surprising that many symptoms of the activation of papillomavirus infection are similar to the manifestations of many diseases of the female intimate sphere:

• pain during intercourse,
• pain in the lower abdomen,
• bloody discharge after sexual intercourse,
• itching in the intimate area,
• pain and burning during urination.

But the most striking symptom of the papillomavirus is the appearance of specific pointed growths in the anal area and on the genitals (clitoris, labia minora and labia majora, vaginal folds, which the doctor sees during a gynecological examination on the chair). Such growths can have a color from flesh-colored to pink or brown. They have a soft texture and a stalk, which attaches to the skin, can merge into groups and grow quite quickly. In this case, growth can occur in two directions: above the surface of the skin and inside it, which creates problems when removing them.

All this is very unpleasant and can create certain difficulties in intimate life, but they do not pose a danger to a woman's life. Another thing is that dysplastic processes in the epithelium with a decrease in immunity and accumulation of damaged cells can acquire critical proportions. Dysplasia of the uterus or its cervix is already considered a precancerous condition and can, under certain circumstances (for example, with a genetic predisposition or a long course), develop into uterine cancer.

Again, the risk of such an outcome is higher when infected with HPV strains of a highly oncogenic type, but even a virus of moderate oncogenicity, under certain circumstances, can cause dysplasia and, later, uterine cancer.

[ 14 ], [ 15 ], [ 16 ], [ 17 ], [ 18 ]

HPV 56 and fibroids

Such common female pathologies as erosion and its successor, cervical dysplasia, are quite often associated with the human papilloma virus. Another popular disease of the female reproductive system is uterine myoma. Therefore, many women have a fair question: is there a connection between the papilloma virus and the formation of a benign tumor called myoma.

It should be said that the causes of the formation of such a tumor have not yet been fully studied, but a relationship has been found between tumor growth and the production of female hormones. There are no mentions of HPV in connection with myoma in scientific literature, i.e. the papilloma virus is not considered one of the factors provoking the appearance or growth of a tumor. In addition, myoma is a neoplasm in the muscular layer of the organ, while the papilloma virus parasitizes mainly in the epidermal layer.

[ 19 ]

Pregnancy with HPV type 56 in women

We have already noted that pregnancy is one of the risk factors for infection and activation of the papilloma virus in a woman's body. Hormonal imbalance and decreased general immunity lead to increased sensitivity of the expectant mother's body to various infections. Among them is the popular papillomavirus, which can enter a woman's body both during pregnancy and before it, becoming active against the background of weakened body defenses.

It is important to understand that the presence of the virus in a woman's body is not an obstacle to conception and bearing a child, but the formation of specific growths on the genitals and their growth can create problems. Condylomas can be damaged during childbirth and cause bleeding, the risk of infection of the child with the papillomavirus increases during passage through the birth canal, there is a risk of the neoplasm becoming malignant.

And that's not all. Genital warts can spread to the anus and urethra, which will interfere with normal urination and defecation, which are already impaired in pregnant women.

Multiple condylomas reduce the elasticity of the walls of the internal reproductive organs of a woman, which can cause bleeding during intercourse and the process of childbirth. In particularly severe cases, it is even necessary to resort to a cesarean section to avoid complications during childbirth.

Infection of a baby with papillomavirus during passage through the birth canal entails breathing problems in the postnatal period. Most often, papillomas are found and grow in the child's oropharynx, which can make it difficult for the baby to breathe.

[ 20 ], [ 21 ], [ 22 ], [ 23 ]

Diagnostics

Viruses are microscopic pathogens that parasitize the cells of a living organism. But it may take quite a long time for cellular changes to be visible externally. During the long incubation period, a person may not even suspect infection, and even after the first symptoms appear, doubts may remain, because some manifestations of the disease are very nonspecific.

HPV type 56 is one of the oncogenic types of the papilloma virus, which, although rare, under certain circumstances can cause the development of cancer (in most cases, oncology of the reproductive system). But even a small risk still remains a risk that cannot be ignored. And the sooner the pathogen of a dangerous disease is detected, the more opportunities there are to avoid it or at least slow down the pathological process.

A characteristic symptom of the presence of HPV viral particles in the body is the appearance of peculiar growths on the skin and mucous membranes in the form of warts, papillomas and condylomas. The latter are also called genital warts, the appearance of which is highly likely to indicate the introduction of a dangerous type of virus into the body's cells.

But even a specialist cannot determine the type of virus by eye, so before making any conclusions about the presence or absence of cancer, you need to undergo a special examination at a medical institution or a certified laboratory.

A patient can detect rashes on the body without the help of a doctor, it is more difficult to notice rashes localized on the genitals and internal genital organs in women. In men, the presence of the virus is usually detected by specific rashes on the penis (genital warts, plaques, unusual neoplasms of a bright color). Usually, men consult a urologist, andrologist or venereologist precisely because of their appearance.

But it is important not only to state the presence of the virus, but also to determine its type, and for this you need to take an HPV test. At the same time, conventional serological studies (blood tests for antibodies and antigens) in this case are ineffective. The material for analysis for the papilloma virus in men is usually a smear or scraping from the affected area of the genital organ, as well as from the anus, where modified particles can be found.

In women, a physical examination and collection of material for laboratory testing (a vaginal smear for cytology or a Pap test, which is taken during an examination on a gynecological chair or colposcopy) is performed by a gynecologist.

Analysis for HPV type 56 is carried out in the same way as analysis for other types of papilloma virus. Cytological and histological studies help to assess the presence and prevalence of atypical cells that have changed their shape and properties under the influence of the virus, as well as to identify cells that have undergone malignancy. But the type of virus can only be determined using special studies. These methods are: Southern blot, dot blot, reverse blot, labeled probes, non-radioactive hybrid capture (Daigen test), PCR analysis.

In this case, the most accurate result (about 95%) with a minimum number of pathologically modified cells is given by PCR analysis, while with sufficient prevalence of the process, the most accessible, easy to perform and therefore quite widespread is the Daigen test. Both studies allow not only to identify the oncogenicity of the virus, but also to calculate the concentration of the virus in the tissues of the genitals.

The Daigen test and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method are the most common methods for determining oncogenic types of the papilloma virus. They are completely painless and non-traumatic, and do not require labor-intensive preparation.

Requirements for preparation for the analysis:

• refrain from taking antibiotics and antiviral drugs 3 days before the procedure for collecting biomaterial,
• during this time, you should refrain from using such products for intimate hygiene (we are talking about contraceptive gels, ointments, etc.), and it is better to abstain from sexual intercourse altogether,
• On the eve of the analysis, deep hygienic procedures in the intimate area are not performed to avoid distortion of the results.

Contraindications for the analysis in women are the period of menstruation and 2-3 days after it.

Decoding the analysis for HPV 56 or another type of papilloma virus is the work of specialists. But each patient, having received the results of the tests in hand, has the right and wants to know at least the basic criteria for assessing the presence and concentration of the virus of the type being studied in the body.

When neoplasms are detected in the genital area, especially in the cervix, doctors immediately prescribe a test to detect oncogenic types of the virus. At the same time, for each type of virus, there is a separate reagent that allows you to detect the DNA of the virus and calculate its concentration. A positive test result indicates that a particular type of virus has been detected in the body, for example, HPV type 56, and a negative one means that the person is not infected, which, however, does not exclude the presence of other types of papillomavirus.

A positive PCR test result may have the following variants:

• + - weakly positive, which indicates a small amount of detected viral DNA (either we are talking about a “fresh” infection, or the immune system is holding back the spread of the virus, or we are dealing with the gradual elimination of the virus from the body with good immunity or the effectiveness of antiviral treatment),
• ++ - moderately positive at a higher concentration of viral particles, when virions have the ability to multiply against the background of weakened immunity,
• +++ - clearly positive, indicating high viral activity and a significant risk of cell malignancy.

The results of the Daigen test can be interpreted as follows:

• Lg in the range from 1 to 3 indicates a low concentration of viral particles,
• Lg from 3 to 5 indicates a clinically significant concentration of the virus,
• Lg over 6 indicates a high concentration of virions and their increased activity.

If the test form contains the note “DNA not detected”, this means that the human papillomavirus is absent or the concentration of virions is too low for its detection by this research method.

But having received the test results in hand a week later, do not jump to conclusions. Only a specialist doctor can make a final diagnosis. In addition, there is a certain percentage of results that are called false positive and false negative, which is due to improper preparation for the analysis, improper storage of the biomaterial, its contamination, incompetence of the specialist who conducted the analysis, which is highly sensitive. In this case, you will have to undergo a repeat examination after a few months using one or another HPV diagnostic method.

[ 24 ], [ 25 ], [ 26 ], [ 27 ], [ 28 ]

Treatment

Making a final diagnosis and prescribing the appropriate treatment is entirely within the competence of the specialist doctor. But having received the test results in hand, a person tends to panic when he sees incomprehensible signs, numbers, words on the form.

Reason usually gives way to panic when it comes to human health, and this is the truth of life. But the HPV type 56 does not mean that the patient has cancer. There are other types of the virus that are more likely to cause cancer, and even then the percentage of cases remains low.

So what should you do if the tests reveal HPV type 56? Don't panic, but see a doctor and follow his instructions. You shouldn't consider yourself a doctor without having the appropriate medical education and prescribe various medications and procedures to yourself, and especially try on your body what the great-aunt of the neighbor from the first floor recommended.

Most readers know that viruses have one unpleasant feature: it is impossible to remove them from the body or destroy them with medicines, like bacteria with antibiotics. Only the body itself can cope with such insidious pathogens with the help of a strong immune system. For this reason, treatment of the papilloma virus will primarily consist of maintaining and increasing immunity, deactivating the virus, as well as eliminating the negative consequences of the pathogen's presence in the body (papillomas, condylomas, dysplasia, cancerous tumors).

Treatment of the consequences of HPV type 56 infection is usually performed surgically. On the advice of a doctor and the patient's desire, as well as depending on the type and prevalence of external symptoms, various methods can be selected: surgical removal of neoplasms, laser treatment, cryotherapy, chemodestruction, radio wave method, electrocoagulation. If malignant cells are detected, preference is given to surgical removal of tissues with atypical cells followed by histological examination of the biopsy. In severe cases, the uterus is removed to save the patient's life.

It is important to understand that long-term relapse, much less complete cure, cannot be achieved by simply removing neoplasms. The fact is that it is difficult for a doctor to control the effectiveness of the procedure without being able to determine whether all infected cells were removed during the procedure. Relapse of the disease is observed in approximately half of the cases. Sometimes, in the absence of positive dynamics, it is necessary to resort to different methods of HPV treatment sequentially, but ideally, all of them should be combined with drug antiviral and immunostimulating therapy.

Complex treatment gives the highest possible percentage of long-term relapses, when the virus is present in the body in an inactive state, does not multiply, and therefore does not pose a danger. At the same time, you will have to maintain your immunity at its best throughout your life, because, having felt a weakness, the virus is reactivated, which will be externally visible by new rashes and dysplastic processes.

Antiviral drugs prescribed for HPV have a complex effect: they have a detrimental effect on the virus, prevent its spread and stimulate the immune system. Such drugs are available in the form of injections, tablets, ointments, suppositories, etc., which are used both locally and systemically. The most popular drugs for the human papilloma virus are Isoprinosine, Cycloferon, Allokin-alpha, Panavir and some others.

Antiviral drugs can be dispensed in pharmacies both without a special prescription (over the counter) and by prescription. In any case, before purchasing a drug in a pharmacy, it is worth consulting a doctor about the drugs recommended in a particular case.

Immunostimulants in our time will not hurt almost any of us, and especially those whose external manifestations indicate the presence of a virus, which in turn indicates a weak immune system. These can be herbal preparations (extract of echinacea, rhodiola rosea, eleutherococcus, ginseng, etc.), as well as specialized medications (Likopid, Immunomax, Immunofan, Longidaza, etc.). But again, a doctor's consultation will not be superfluous in this case.

As for the removal of neoplasms by folk methods and special preparations, you should be very careful here. Firstly, incorrect use of methods and means can provoke injury to healthy tissues. Secondly, it will certainly not be possible to get rid of the virus or deactivate it in this way, because by removing only external local signs it is impossible to have a detrimental effect on the virus, the virions of which can remain in other tissues that are no different from healthy ones.

Only comprehensive treatment and maintaining immunity at its best will help slow the spread of the virus and reduce the risk of cancer due to HPV 56 or another oncogenic type to a minimum.

Prevention HPV type 56

Is it possible to reduce the risk of infection of those who do not yet have a dangerous and insidious "neighbor" in their body? This is possible if you are selective in choosing sexual partners, ideally stopping at one healthy one. If your loved one is diagnosed with the virus, then during sexual intercourse it is worth using protection (condoms) and strictly observing personal hygiene, especially after intercourse.

The requirement to maintain hygiene will not be superfluous for single people, and expectant mothers can be advised to treat the virus at the stage of pregnancy planning. If the infection occurred during pregnancy, it is imperative to inform the attending physician about it. This will not protect the woman from the virus, but it can save the baby growing in her womb from this fate.

Those who have the virus in their body or have its external manifestations should take care of their loved ones. You should not hide the problem, because ignorance does not relieve responsibility, and a loved one can become infected with the virus without even suspecting it. Specialized contraceptives, such as condoms and certified antiviral lubricants, will help prevent this situation.

Another effective method of preventing viral infections is vaccination, although in our country there is currently only a vaccine against highly oncogenic types of the virus (types 16 and 18, which most often cause cervical cancer). But perhaps in the future it will be possible to protect against HPV type 56, which is a virus of moderate oncogenicity, in this way.

[ 29 ], [ 30 ], [ 31 ], [ 32 ], [ 33 ]

Forecast

The papilloma virus type 56 is a medium-risk oncological disease virus, so it rarely causes cancer and usually in the presence of predisposing factors or several types of the virus at the same time, including highly oncogenic ones. The prognosis of the disease is favorable in most cases, because in almost 90% of patients the immune system deactivates the virus on its own within a year.

Among the remaining patients, the percentage of those who developed cancer due to HPV is extremely low. At the same time, there are only a few patients with the virus type 56 among them. But this is not a reason to treat such a dangerous disease carelessly, especially since timely treatment helps to reduce the risk of oncology to almost zero.

And yet, people have long known that most diseases are easier to prevent than to treat the disease itself and its consequences. This folk wisdom is the best fit for the problem of the papilloma virus. And it has become a problem due to the high prevalence of HPV.

[ 34 ], [ 35 ], [ 36 ], [ 37 ]