Groprinosin

Groprinosin, also known as inosine pranobex, is an immunomodulatory and antiviral drug. It contains the active substance inosine pranobex, which is a synthetic complex of inosine with dimethylamino-2-propanol and p-acetamidobenzoic acid.

Inosine pranobex stimulates the immune system, increasing the activity of white blood cells, including macrophages and natural killer cells. This helps increase the body's resistance to viral infections. In addition, the drug enhances the production of interferon, which enhances the antiviral properties of the immune system.

Indications Groprinosina

1. Treatment of viral infections:

   • Groprinosin is often used as an antiviral drug to treat various viral infections such as influenza, colds, herpes, chickenpox and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

2. Acute and chronic hepatitis:

   • The drug is effective in the treatment of acute and chronic forms of hepatitis of various genotypes, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

3. Immunomodulation:

   • Groprinosin can be used to strengthen the body's immune system, which helps fight various infections and increases its protective functions.

4. Relapse prevention:

   • In some cases, groprinosin may be prescribed to prevent relapses of viral infections, especially in chronic cases of the disease.

Release form

Groprinosin (inosine pranobex) is usually produced in the form of tablets for oral administration.

Pharmacodynamics

1. Immune system stimulation: Inosine pranobex increases the activity of immune system cells such as natural killers, monocytes and lymphocytes. This helps the body more effectively fight viruses, bacteria and other pathogens.
2. Increasing interferon synthesis: Inosine pranobex stimulates the synthesis of interferon, which plays an important role in protecting the body from viral infections. This mechanism helps speed up the immune system's response to a viral attack.
3. Antioxidant action: Groprinosin has the ability to reduce oxidative stress in the body, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals.
4. Anti-inflammatory effect: The drug also has anti-inflammatory effects, which may help reduce inflammatory reactions in the body.

Pharmacokinetics

1. Absorption: Inosine pranobex is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Peak concentration is usually achieved 1-2 hours after administration.
2. Distribution: The drug has a wide distribution in the body. It can cross the placental barrier and be excreted into breast milk.
3. Metabolism: Inosine pranobex undergoes minimal metabolism. It is mainly metabolized to inosine and pranobex. Metabolites usually do not have pharmacological activity.
4. Excretion: Groprinosin is excreted mainly through the kidneys in the form of unchanged drug and its metabolites. In patients with impaired renal function, dose adjustment may be required.

Dosing and administration

Method of application:

1. Oral administration: Groprinosin is usually taken orally.
2. Time of administration: To minimize possible stomach irritation, it is recommended to take the tablets after meals.
3. Chewing: The tablets should be swallowed whole, without chewing, and with plenty of water.

Dosage:

The dosage of Groprinosin depends on the age, weight and clinical situation of the patient, as well as the severity and type of infection.

1. For adults and children over 12 years old:

   • The general recommended dose is 50 mg per kg body weight per day.
   • This dose is usually divided into 3-4 doses. For example, for an adult weighing 70 kg, the total dose would be about 3500 mg per day, which can be divided into 4 doses of 875 mg each.

2. For children aged 3 to 12 years:

   • The dose is also 50 mg per kg of body weight per day, divided into several doses.
   • For accurate dosing and adaptation to the individual needs of the child, consultation with a pediatrician is recommended.

Course of treatment:

• The duration of treatment depends on the type and severity of the infection, but usually Groprinosin is taken until symptoms disappear, plus a few more days after to prevent relapses.
• When treating herpes, the course can range from 5 to 14 days, depending on the doctor’s recommendations.

Use Groprinosina during pregnancy

The use of Groprinosin during pregnancy is not recommended due to the lack of sufficient clinical data confirming its safety for pregnant women and the fetus. Inosine pranobex has not been widely studied in pregnant women, so the potential risks to the developing baby remain unclear.

Recommendations for pregnant women:

1. Consultation with a Doctor: Before starting any treatment, especially during pregnancy, it is important to consult a doctor. The doctor will be able to assess the possible risks and benefits of using Groprinosin in each specific case.
2. Alternative treatments: Your doctor may suggest other, safer treatments for viral infections during pregnancy that do not pose a potential risk to the health of the mother and fetus.
3. Compliance with precautions: If, for medical reasons, the use of Groprinosin is still necessary, it is important to strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations and regularly visit medical institutions to monitor your health.

Contraindications

1. Known individual intolerance: People with a known individual intolerance to inosine pranobex or any other components of the drug should avoid its use.
2. Nephrolithiasis: Groprinosin should be used with caution in patients with a history of kidney stones, as it may promote the formation of urinary tract stones.
3. Acute renal failure: The use of Groprinosin may be contraindicated in patients with acute renal failure due to the risk of accumulation of metabolites and deterioration of the kidneys.
4. Pregnancy and breastfeeding: The safety of Groprinosin during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been established. Therefore, its use during these periods should only be carried out according to strict medical indications and under the supervision of a physician.
5. Childhood: The use of Groprinosin in children requires special attention and should be carried out under the supervision of a pediatrician.

Side effects Groprinosina

1. Gastrointestinal disorders: May include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, heartburn, and less commonly, appetite disturbances.
2. Neurological reactions: May include headache, dizziness, insomnia, or drowsiness.
3. Allergic reactions: Allergic reactions in the form of skin rash, itching, redness of the skin or angioedema are possible.
4. Increased liver enzyme activity: Some patients may experience a temporary increase in liver enzyme activity in the blood.
5. Other reactions: Various nonspecific reactions may occur, such as fatigue, increased or decreased blood pressure, changes in taste.
6. Rare side effects: In rare cases, more serious side effects may occur, such as impaired renal function or hematopoiesis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.

Overdose

1. Allergic reactions: Increasing the dose of the drug may increase allergic reactions such as skin rash, itching, angioedema or even anaphylaxis.
2. Autoimmune reactions: Overdose may cause an increased immune reaction, leading to autoimmune reactions, such as autoimmune thyroiditis or other autoimmune diseases.
3. Hepatotoxicity: Overdose may increase the risk of hepatotoxicity manifested by elevated liver enzyme levels, jaundice, hepatitis and other liver disorders.
4. Other undesirable effects: Other undesirable effects are possible, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, high blood pressure, joint and muscle pain, arrhythmias and other cardiovascular disorders

Interactions with other drugs

1. Medicines that increase uric acid levels: Groprinosin can increase uric acid levels in the blood, so may need to be combined with other medications, such as allopurinol or aspirin preparations used to treat gout or rheumatoid arthritis. Caution.
2. Medicines affecting kidney function: Since Groprinosin is excreted primarily through the kidneys, combination with other drugs affecting kidney function may require dose or frequency adjustment.
3. Medicines causing myelosuppression: Groprinosin may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of other drugs, such as cytotoxic drugs used in oncology.
4. Medicines affecting the immune system: Groprinosin may enhance immune responses, so its combination with other immunomodulatory drugs may lead to an increased effect.
5. Medicines affecting the central nervous system: Groprinosin may cause headaches and other neurological symptoms, so its combination with other drugs affecting the central nervous system, such as sedatives or antidepressants, may require caution.