Groprinosin

Groprinosin, also known as inosine pranobex, is an immunomodulatory and antiviral drug. It contains the active substance inosine pranobex, which is a synthetic complex of inosine with dimethylamino-2-propanol and p-acetamidobenzoic acid.

Inosine pranobex stimulates the immune system by enhancing the activity of leukocytes, including macrophages and natural killer cells. This helps to increase the body's resistance to viral infections. In addition, the drug increases the production of interferon, which enhances the antiviral properties of the immune system.

Indications Groprinosina

1. Treatment of viral infections:

   • Groprinosin is often used as an antiviral drug to treat various viral infections such as influenza, the common cold, herpes, chickenpox, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

2. Acute and chronic hepatitis:

   • The drug is effective in the treatment of acute and chronic forms of hepatitis of various genotypes, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

3. Immunomodulation:

   • Groprinosin can be used to strengthen the body's immune system, which helps fight various infections and increases its protective functions.

4. Prevention of relapse:

   • In some cases, groprinosin may be prescribed to prevent recurrence of viral infections, especially in chronic cases of the disease.

Release form

Groprinosin (inosine pranobex) is usually available as tablets for oral administration.

Pharmacodynamics

1. Immune System Booster: Inosine pranobex increases the activity of immune system cells such as natural killers, monocytes and lymphocytes. This helps the body fight viruses, bacteria and other pathogens more effectively.
2. Increased synthesis of interferon: Inosine pranobex stimulates the synthesis of interferon, which plays an important role in protecting the body from viral infections. This mechanism helps speed up the immune system's response to a viral attack.
3. Antioxidant action: Groprinosin has the ability to reduce oxidative stress in the body, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals.
4. Anti-inflammatory action: The drug also has anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce inflammatory responses in the body.

Pharmacokinetics

1. Absorption: Inosine pranobex is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Peak concentrations are usually reached 1-2 hours after administration.
2. Distribution: The drug has a wide distribution in the body. It can penetrate the placental barrier and be excreted in breast milk.
3. Metabolism: Inosine pranobex undergoes minimal metabolism. It is primarily metabolized to inosine and pranobex. The metabolites generally have no pharmacological activity.
4. Elimination: Groprinosin is excreted primarily via the kidneys as unchanged drug and its metabolites. Dose adjustment may be necessary in patients with impaired renal function.

Dosing and administration

Directions for use:

1. Oral administration: Groprinosin is usually taken by mouth.
2. Timing: To minimize possible stomach irritation, it is recommended to take the tablets after meals.
3. Chewing: Tablets should be swallowed whole, without chewing, with a sufficient amount of water.

Dosage:

The dosage of Groprinosin depends on the age, weight and clinical situation of the patient, as well as the severity and type of infection.

1. For adults and children over 12 years old:

   • The general recommended dose is 50 mg per kg of body weight per day.
   • This dose is usually divided into 3-4 doses. For example, for an adult weighing 70 kg, the total dose would be about 3500 mg per day, which can be divided into 4 doses of 875 mg each.

2. For children aged 3 to 12 years:

   • The dose is also 50 mg per kg of body weight per day, divided into several doses.
   • For precise dosing and adaptation to the individual needs of the child, consultation with a pediatrician is recommended.

Course of treatment:

• The duration of treatment depends on the type and severity of the infection, but Groprinosin is usually taken until symptoms disappear plus a few days after to prevent relapse.
• When treating herpes, the course can be from 5 to 14 days, depending on the doctor's recommendations.

Use Groprinosina during pregnancy

The use of Groprinosin during pregnancy is not recommended due to the lack of sufficient clinical data to support its safety for pregnant women and the fetus. Inosine pranobex has not been extensively studied in pregnant women, so the potential risks to the developing child remain unclear.

Recommendations for pregnant women:

1. Consultation with a doctor: Before starting any treatment, especially during pregnancy, it is important to consult with a doctor. The doctor will be able to assess the possible risks and benefits of using Groprinosin in each individual case.
2. Alternative treatments: Your doctor may suggest other, safer treatments for viral infections during pregnancy that do not pose potential risks to the health of the mother and fetus.
3. Precautions: If the use of Groprinosin is still necessary for medical reasons, it is important to strictly follow the doctor's recommendations and regularly visit medical institutions to monitor your health.

Contraindications

1. Known individual intolerance: People with known individual intolerance to inosine pranobex or any other components of the drug should avoid its use.
2. Nephrolithiasis: Groprinosin should be used with caution in patients with a history of kidney stone formation as it may predispose to urinary tract stone formation.
3. Acute renal failure: The use of Groprinosin may be contraindicated in patients with acute renal failure due to the risk of accumulation of metabolites and deterioration of renal function.
4. Pregnancy and breastfeeding: The safety of Groprinosin during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been established. Therefore, its use during these periods should be carried out only according to strict medical indications and under the supervision of a physician.
5. Childhood: The use of Groprinosin in children requires special attention and should be carried out under the supervision of a pediatrician.

Side effects Groprinosina

1. Gastrointestinal disorders: May include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, heartburn and, less commonly, appetite disturbances.
2. Neurological reactions: May include headache, dizziness, insomnia, or drowsiness.
3. Allergic reactions: Allergic reactions such as skin rash, itching, redness of the skin or angioedema may occur.
4. Elevated liver enzymes: Some patients may experience temporary elevations in liver enzymes in the blood.
5. Other reactions: Various non-specific reactions may occur, such as fatigue, increased or decreased blood pressure, changes in taste.
6. Rare side effects: In rare cases, more serious side effects may occur, such as kidney or blood dysfunction, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.

Overdose

1. Allergic reactions: Increasing the dose of the drug may increase allergic reactions such as skin rash, itching, angioedema or even anaphylaxis.
2. Autoimmune reactions: Overdose may cause an exaggerated immune response, leading to autoimmune reactions such as autoimmune thyroiditis or other autoimmune diseases.
3. Hepatotoxicity: Overdose may increase the risk of developing hepatotoxicity, manifested by elevated liver enzyme levels, jaundice, hepatitis and other liver disorders.
4. Other side effects: Other side effects may include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, high blood pressure, joint and muscle pain, arrhythmia and other cardiovascular disorders.

Interactions with other drugs

1. Medicines that increase uric acid levels: Groprinosin may increase uric acid levels in the blood, so caution may be needed when combined with other medications such as allopurinol or aspirin preparations used to treat gout or rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Drugs affecting renal function: Since Groprinosin is excreted primarily via the kidneys, combination with other drugs affecting renal function may require dose or frequency adjustment.
3. Drugs that cause myelosuppression: Groprinosin may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of other drugs, such as cytotoxic drugs used in oncology.
4. Drugs affecting the immune system: Groprinosin may enhance immune responses, so its combination with other immunomodulatory drugs may lead to an increased effect.
5. Drugs affecting the central nervous system: Groprinosin can cause headaches and other neurological symptoms, so its combination with other drugs affecting the central nervous system, such as sedatives or antidepressants, may require caution.