Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Bone tumors in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Bone tumors account for 5-9% of all malignant neoplasms of childhood. Histologically, bones consist of several types of tissues: bone, cartilaginous, fibrous and hematopoietic. Accordingly, bone tumors can have a different origin and differ in a significant variety.

Tumors of the brain in children

Tumors of the brain in children in comparison with adults have a number of features. First of all, this is the high frequency of infratentrally located formations (2/3, or 42-70%, of brain tumors in children) with a predominant lesion (up to 35-65%) in the structures of the posterior cranial fossa. Among the nosological forms, the frequency is dominated by astrocytomas of different degrees of differentiation. Medulloblastoma, ependymoma and gliomas of the brain stem.

Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphogranulomatosis) in children

Hodgkin's lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease, lymphogranulomatosis) is a malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue that has a specific granulomatous histological structure. The disease occurs in all age groups, except for children of the first year of life; at the age of 5 years is rare. Among all the lymphomas in children, Hodgkin's disease is about 40%.

How are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treated?

Initial treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is carried out through a peripheral catheter, central vein catheterization is performed under general anesthesia concurrently with diagnostic procedures. Obligatory monitoring of biochemical indicators for the timely detection of metabolic disorders.

Diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

A key element in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is the production of a tumor substrate. Standard surgical biopsies of the tumor are performed to obtain a sufficient amount of material. The character of the tumor is verified on the basis of cytological and histological examination with evaluation of morphology and immunohistochemistry, based on cytogenetic and molecular analysis.

Classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are tumors from lymphoid cells of different histogenetic affiliation and degree of differentiation. The group includes more than 25 diseases. Differences in the biology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are due to the characteristics of the cells that form them. It is the constituent cells that determine the clinical picture, the sensitivity to therapy and the long-term prognosis.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Children

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are the collective name of a group of systemic malignant tumors of the immune system originating from cells of the extraosthenal lymphoid tissue.

How is acute myeloblastic leukemia treated?

In modern hematology, leukemia therapy, including acute myeloblastic therapy, must be performed in specialized hospitals according to strict programs. The program (protocol) includes a list of necessary for diagnostic studies and a rigid schedule for their conduct. After the completion of the diagnostic stage, the patient receives the treatment prescribed by this protocol, with strict observance of the timing and order of the elements of therapy.

Acute myeloblastic leukemia

Acute myeloblastic leukemia accounts for one-fifth of all acute leukemia in children. The prevalence of acute myelogenous leukemia in the world is approximately the same and is 5.6 cases per 1,000,000 children.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a group of clinically heterogeneous clonal malignant neoplasms from lymphocyte precursor cells, usually having certain genetic and immunophenotypic characteristics. Secondary anomalies of cell differentiation and / or proliferation lead to increased production and accumulation of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and infiltration of lymph nodes and parenchymal organs. In the absence of treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia quickly becomes a fatal disease.

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