Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Chronic myelogenous leukemia in children

The incidence of chronic myelogenous leukemia is 0.12 per 100,000 children per year, i.e. Chronic myeloid leukemia accounts for 3% of all leukemias in children. The juvenile type of chronic myelogenous leukemia usually appears in children up to 2-3 years old and is characterized by a combination of anemic, hemorrhagic, intoxication, proliferative syndromes.

Leukemia in children

Leukemia is a common name for malignant tumors originating from the hematopoietic cells, which account for about 1/3 of all oncological morbidity in children. Oncological morbidity (leukemia, lymphomas and solid tumors) in Russia is about 15 cases per year per 10,000 children and adolescents, which in absolute figures is more than 15,000 children newly infected per year.

Tumors of the liver in children

Among malignant tumors, hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma are most common. Several congenital anomalies are known in which there is an increased risk of liver tumors: hemihypertrophy, congenital renal agenesis or adrenal gland syndrome, Wiedemann-Bekuit syndrome (organomegaly, omphalocele, macroglossia, hemihypertrophy), mekkel diverticulum. Below are listed the diseases in which the risk of liver tumors is also increased.

Germogenigen cell tumors

Germogenogenous cell tumors originate from pluripotent germ cells. Disturbance of the differentiation of these cells leads to the emergence of embryonic carcinoma and teratoma (embryonic line of differentiation) or choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor (extraembryonic pathway of differentiation).

Retinoblastoma in children

Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant neoplasm in pediatric ophthalmology. It is a congenital tumor of embryonic retinal structures, the first signs of which appear at an early age. Retinoblastoma can occur sporadically or be inherited.

Neuroblastoma

The term "neuroblastoma" was introduced by James Wright in 1910. At present, neuroblastoma is understood to be an embryonic-type tumor originating from the progenitor cells of the sympathetic nervous system. One of the important differential diagnostic characteristics of the tumor is increased production of catecholamines and excretion of their metabolites with urine.

Classification of soft tissue sarcomas

Histologically, soft tissue sarcomas are extremely heterogeneous. Below are variants of malignant sarcomas and histogenetically corresponding to them types of tissues. Soft-tissue sarcomas are also referred to as extra-osseous tumors from bone and cartilaginous tissue (extraossar osteosarcoma, mixedoid and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma).

Soft tissue sarcomas in children

Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of malignant tumors originating from primitive mesenchymal tissue. They account for about 7-11% of all malignant neoplasms of childhood. Half of the soft tissue sarcomas are represented by rhabdomyosarcoma. Along with rhabdomyosarcoma, most often children develop synovial sarcomas, fibrosarcomas and neurofibrosarcomas.

Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing's sarcoma is the second most frequent tumor of bones in childhood. The peak of incidence falls on the second decade of life. The incidence of children under 15 years of age is 3.4 per 1,000,000 children. Boys get sick more often.

Osteosarcoma in children

Osteosarcoma is a high-grade primary bone tumor consisting of spindle-shaped cells and characterized by the formation of an osteoid or immature bone tissue.

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