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Bone tumors in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment
Last reviewed: 20.11.2021
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Bone tumors account for 5-9% of all malignant neoplasms of childhood.
Histologically, bones consist of several types of tissues: bone, cartilaginous, fibrous and hematopoietic. Accordingly, bone tumors can have a different origin and differ in a significant variety.
Classification of bone tumors in children
Below is a modern histological classification. It covers all benign and malignant bone tumors in children and adults.
Bone-forming tumors.
- Benign:
- osteoma;
- osteoid-osteoma and osteoblastoma.
- Intermediate:
- aggressive osteoblastoma.
- Malignant:
- osteosarcoma.
Cartilaginous.
- Benign:
- chondroma;
- an endochondroma;
- osteochondroma;
- chondroblastoma;
- chondromixoid fibroid.
- Malignant:
- chondrosarcoma
- Giant cell (osteoclastoma).
- Circle cell tumors.
- Ewing's sarcoma.
- Primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
- Malignant bone lymphoma.
- Vascular tumors.
- Other connective tissue tumors.
- Other tumors.
- Tumor-like processes.
- The solitary bone cyst.
- Aneurysmal bone cyst.
- Metaphyseal fibrous defect.
- Eosinophilic granuloma.
- Fibrous dysplasia.
- A brown tumor with hyperparathyroidism.
- Gigantocellular (reparative) granuloma.
The biology of bone tumors has characteristic features that are taken into account when staging and choosing the tactics of treatment.
Spindle-shaped cell sarcomas form solid structures with citriptugal growth. Peripheral departments are the most immature part of these tumors. Tumor cells and components of surrounding tissues can form a pseudocapsule. An important sign of malignancy is the ability of tumor cells to penetrate through the pseudocapsule and form new foci in the surrounding tissues. High-grade sarcomas can form foci that are not associated with the underlying tumor.
There are three ways of local growth of bone tumors:
- growth with compression of normal tissue;
- direct destruction of normal tissue;
- bone resorption by reactive osteoclasts.
To the most frequent malignant tumors of bones is attributed to osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma.
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