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Bone tumors in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

 
, medical expert
Last reviewed: 20.11.2021
 
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Bone tumors account for 5-9% of all malignant neoplasms of childhood.

Histologically, bones consist of several types of tissues: bone, cartilaginous, fibrous and hematopoietic. Accordingly, bone tumors can have a different origin and differ in a significant variety.

Classification of bone tumors in children

Below is a modern histological classification. It covers all benign and malignant bone tumors in children and adults.

Bone-forming tumors.

  • Benign:
    • osteoma;
    • osteoid-osteoma and osteoblastoma.
  • Intermediate:
    • aggressive osteoblastoma.
  • Malignant:
    • osteosarcoma.

Cartilaginous.

  • Benign:
    • chondroma;
    • an endochondroma;
    • osteochondroma;
    • chondroblastoma;
    • chondromixoid fibroid.
  • Malignant:
    • chondrosarcoma
  • Giant cell (osteoclastoma).
  • Circle cell tumors.
    • Ewing's sarcoma.
    • Primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
    • Malignant bone lymphoma.
  • Vascular tumors.
  • Other connective tissue tumors.
  • Other tumors.
  • Tumor-like processes.
    • The solitary bone cyst.
    • Aneurysmal bone cyst.
    • Metaphyseal fibrous defect.
    • Eosinophilic granuloma.
    • Fibrous dysplasia.
    • A brown tumor with hyperparathyroidism.
    • Gigantocellular (reparative) granuloma.

The biology of bone tumors has characteristic features that are taken into account when staging and choosing the tactics of treatment.

Spindle-shaped cell sarcomas form solid structures with citriptugal growth. Peripheral departments are the most immature part of these tumors. Tumor cells and components of surrounding tissues can form a pseudocapsule. An important sign of malignancy is the ability of tumor cells to penetrate through the pseudocapsule and form new foci in the surrounding tissues. High-grade sarcomas can form foci that are not associated with the underlying tumor.

There are three ways of local growth of bone tumors:

  • growth with compression of normal tissue;
  • direct destruction of normal tissue;
  • bone resorption by reactive osteoclasts.

To the most frequent malignant tumors of bones is attributed to osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma.

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