Testosterone deficiency

Testosterone deficiency is a deficiency of this sex hormone in the human body (both men and women).

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Causes testosterone deficiency

Testosterone is the main sex hormone, an androgen that determines the functioning of the male body. Testosterone is responsible for the virilization of boys, that is, masculinization, the appearance of male features in males. The complex of symptoms of male build and appearance are the results of testosterone activity. This hormone is responsible for a certain male body type, the growth of the boy's skeleton and muscles, the expansion of the shoulder girdle, the development of the penis, the appearance of body hair according to the male type, the emergence of a specific male timbre of the voice, an increase in the jaw, and so on. Testosterone is produced in men in the Leyding cells of the testes and in the adrenal cortex, but in smaller quantities and is related to the products of peripheral metabolism.

The activity of testosterone together with the hormones dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione, as well as derivatives of their activity, leads to the necessary tone of the central nervous system of a man, his subcortical areas, the centers of the autonomic nervous system. Such activity of the nervous system, caused by hormonal regulation, maintains the functioning of the sex glands in the correct mode, which is manifested in ensuring their copulative function.

In the female body, testosterone is produced in small quantities in the ovaries and adrenal cortex. In girls, testosterone causes androgenization processes, that is, the activation of male hormones, which cause changes in the female appearance according to the male type, as well as transformations in the functioning of the female body.

Also, the activity of testosterone in the body of both sexes - both male and female - leads to a strong anabolic effect in various tissues and organs of a person. This is manifested in the activation of protein synthesis and the growth of muscle tissue, kidneys, liver, uterus, and so on.

The causes of testosterone deficiency in men have different origins:

• Testicular dysfunction

If the testicles begin to function incorrectly, this can cause a testosterone deficiency in the male body. For example, dysfunctions occur as a consequence of various testicular injuries or surgical interventions. Removal of the testicles also leads to a decrease in testosterone levels in the male body.

Sometimes boys are born without testicles at all or with certain defects in these organs. It happens that the testicles are located incorrectly, that is, not in the scrotum. Such anomalies in the structure and development of a man affect the level of testosterone in the body, leading to its production in small doses, insufficient for the normal development of a boy and a man.

Inflammatory diseases suffered at different ages (for example, mumps and others) cause changes in testosterone production, leading to its deficiency.

• Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system

The pituitary gland and hypothalamus produce hormones that lead to the production of testosterone in the testicles. It happens that the amount of hormones produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus is insufficient. Such deviations cause a decrease in the functioning of the testicles, which leads to testosterone deficiency.

The production of hormones by the hypothalamus is disrupted due to a number of reasons, one of which may be the presence of genetic defects, for example, Kallmann syndrome.

A hypothalamus with a small mass is also unable to produce hormones in the required quantities to stimulate the testicles. Such hypothalamus mass deficiency is caused by various diseases, heavy physical exertion, psychological disorders, such as bulimia.

Impaired pituitary function also causes testosterone deficiency. There are congenital anomalies that cause the pituitary gland to produce low amounts of hormones. Various diseases of this organ, such as a pituitary tumor, also lead to decreased functioning.

Drug addiction, high doses of radiation, exposure to environmental toxins lead to communication defects between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and testicles, as well as disruption of their functioning. As a result, there is a decrease in testosterone production in the male body.

• Age-related changes in the body

At a certain age, testosterone production in men begins to gradually decrease. There is no specific, abrupt moment when this happens in the male body. The male sex glands – the testicles – do not reach a threshold when they stop functioning, and the man can no longer reproduce. The process of testosterone reduction in the male body is slow but constant.

With age, men experience a certain mutually influencing process. Aging of the body, which affects all functions and systems, including the testicles, hypothalamus and pituitary gland, leads to a decrease in testosterone production. It is necessary to take into account that the general level of health in a man decreases, poor health appears due to the development of various age-related diseases, which is another reason for the appearance of testosterone deficiency. But a decrease in the amount of testosterone in a man's body stimulates the aging process and negatively affects his health.

• Clifelter syndrome

It happens that hereditary changes in a man's body that have a genetic origin, for example, Cliffelter syndrome, affect the production of testosterone.

In this syndrome, a certain gene contains a smaller number of Y chromosomes than is normal for males. For example, instead of the usual XYY chromosome configuration, there is an altered XXY configuration.

Such genetic abnormalities cause testosterone deficiency in the male body. The consequences of low testosterone levels include disorders of sexual development, insufficient virilization of boys, infertility and other diseases, such as osteoporosis.

• Kallmann syndrome

A disease that is genetically determined and manifests itself in the disruption of the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus. Accordingly, an insufficient amount of the above hormone reduces the production of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland. And the deficiency of the latter hormones in the body affects the reduced synthesis of testosterone in the testicles, as well as sperm.

• Down syndrome

People who have this genetic disorder experience low levels of testosterone in their bodies, in addition to other symptoms.

• Bulimia and anorexia

This is a mental disorder that is associated with an eating disorder. Usually, a manic desire to lose weight or fear of gaining extra pounds is found in women. But some men also suffer from similar deviations. Usually, the fight against excess weight results in a strict diet, which is replaced by uncontrolled overeating.

Then, in a fit of remorse, some men induce vomiting or take laxatives to quickly get rid of the food they have eaten.

It happens that in pursuit of slimness, men refuse normal amounts of food for a long time and eat minimally. Or, for similar purposes, they use exhausting, prolonged physical exercise and training.

Such unnatural experiments on oneself cause a deficiency of testosterone in the male body.

• Menopause and climacteric

As mentioned above, men do not have a specific age limit beyond which a sharp decline in sexual function occurs. However, in medical practice, the terms male menopause and male climax are used. This means that the amount of testosterone produced in men begins to gradually decrease from about the age of thirty-five. Such gradual, steady changes cause serious dysfunctions and diseases of the male body.

However, there are individual differences, where some men have normal testosterone levels even in old age. And in certain categories of the male population, testosterone levels begin to decline very early, much earlier than the norm, which leads to hormonal deficiency in the body.

• Taking medications that affect testosterone production, namely glucocorticoids, ketoconazole, and opioids. And taking medications called antiandrogens, which block testosterone production.
• The presence of bad habits, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, drug addiction, which lead to disruptions or complete destabilization of the hormonal system.
• Increased mental stress and strain.
• Constant stress caused by problems at work and in the family leads to exhaustion of the nervous system, which reduces the level of testosterone in the blood. Also, the inability to receive normal male pleasures affects the level of testosterone in the body in a similar way.
• Factors that are associated with an unhealthy lifestyle.

Long periods of abstinence, consumption of foods containing female hormones, ecologically unfavorable living conditions, office routine, little or no physical activity, or, on the contrary, too much of it, excess weight, and so on lead to a strong decrease in testosterone levels in the blood.

The causes of testosterone deficiency in women are as follows:

• Menopause and climacteric.
• When a woman enters menopause, the hormonal balance in the body changes. The amount of production of certain hormones (including testosterone) begins to decrease sharply, which leads to their deficiency.
• Kidney failure, in which the adrenal glands cannot produce enough testosterone.
• Down syndrome.
• Women, like men, with a similar disease are characterized by low levels of testosterone in the body.
• Taking certain medications can cause testosterone deficiency in women, namely glucocorticoids, opioids, and ketoconazole.
• Oophorectomy.

Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries. Since these female organs produce testosterone, the absence of one or both ovaries leads to testosterone deficiency in the female body.

When the ovaries are removed, a woman enters a premature period of menopause and climax, which is associated with the lack of production of sex hormones. At the same time, she has an increased risk of developing serious diseases such as osteoporosis, heart disease, etc.

• Adrenalectomy.

An adrenalectomy is a surgical procedure that removes one or both adrenal glands. Because the adrenal glands are responsible for producing testosterone, if they are absent, women will experience testosterone deficiency in the body.

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Symptoms testosterone deficiency

Symptoms of testosterone deficiency in men are more pronounced than in women, since this hormone is the main male sex hormone. Symptoms of testosterone deficiency in the male body can be divided into several groups:

1. Vegetative-vascular disorders:
   • increased heart rate,
   • the appearance of hot flashes,
   • occurrence of cardialgia,
   • the appearance of anemia,
   • the appearance of increased sweating.
2. Endocrine system disorders:
   • the emergence of obesity,
   • the appearance of gynecomastia – growth of the mammary glands,
   • reduction of hair on the face, pubic area and underarms.
3. Musculoskeletal disorders:
   • the occurrence of osteoporosis and a decrease in the overall level of bone density,
   • the appearance of pain in the bones,
   • decrease in overall muscle mass,
   • decrease in physical strength.
4. Psycho-emotional disorders:
   • a tendency to frequent mood swings,
   • the emergence of a tendency to frequently become depressed,
   • the occurrence of rapid fatigue,
   • feeling of constant fatigue,
   • the appearance of memory impairments,
   • the occurrence of various sleep disorders, the appearance of insomnia,
   • low level of creative productivity,
   • inability to concentrate for long periods of time.
5. Trophic disorders:
   • the appearance of dry skin,
   • the appearance of wrinkles.
6. Genitourinary and sexual disorders:
   • decreased libido, decreased sensations during orgasm,
   • the appearance of accelerated ejaculation,
   • the occurrence of erectile dysfunction,
   • reduction in the number of involuntary erections,
   • the appearance of frequent urges to empty the bladder,
   • decrease in the size of the testicles.

Symptoms of testosterone deficiency in women are less pronounced than in men, since this hormone is not the main female sex hormone. Signs of testosterone deficiency in the female body are as follows:

1. Decreased libido, that is, lack of desire to have sex.
2. Insensitivity of the genitals and other erogenous zones during sex and the inability to experience pleasure during sexual intercourse.
3. Menstrual cycle disorders manifested by the absence of regularity in menstrual bleeding.
4. Increased sweating of the body.
5. Increased dryness of the skin and the appearance of wrinkles.
6. Increased dryness and fragility of hair.
7. The appearance of constant fatigue and rapid exhaustion.
8. Decreased overall performance and physical strength.
9. The appearance of memory and attention disorders.

Forms

Testosterone deficiency in men

Testosterone deficiency in men can be caused by genetic disorders, age-related changes, or general conditions that affect the amount of testosterone in the blood.

Age-related decrease in testosterone is considered a normal physiological phenomenon. This process occurs after thirty-five years, closer to forty years. At the same time, there is a smooth, gradual, but constant decrease in the level of testosterone in the blood, on average, in the amount of one to two percent per year. All middle-aged and elderly men experience the process of a slow decrease in testosterone, but there are cases when the amount of this hormone drops sharply to a level below the norm.

Experts believe that if there are no symptoms characteristic of testosterone deficiency in the body, there is no point in even conducting tests and, even more so, prescribing treatment. There is an opinion that in the absence of these symptoms, therapy may be ineffective.

But when symptoms of testosterone deficiency appear, drug therapy must be used. Because low testosterone levels, much lower than normal, significantly affect the deterioration of men's health. At the same time, treatment of this problem will necessarily lead to an improvement in the patient's condition.

Testosterone deficiency in the body occurs when its amount decreases to 300 nanograms or less per deciliter of blood. With such a problem, men's quality of life significantly worsens, as a large number of ailments and diseases appear. Some representatives of the stronger sex notice constant fatigue and decreased work capacity, decreased physical strength, constant mood swings, a tendency to depressed states, poor sleep or insomnia, decreased or absent sexual desire, erectile dysfunction and ejaculation, and so on. But only two-thirds of men who have such problems seek help from specialists.

It happens that representatives of the stronger sex have symptoms of testosterone deficiency, but they do not pay attention to these signs and, therefore, do not receive timely treatment.

Testosterone deficiency in middle-aged and elderly men leads to the following diseases: osteoporosis, endocrine disorders, anemia, obesity, kidney disease, hypertension, cardialgia, shortness of breath, prostatitis, and so on.

Testosterone deficiency in boys and adolescents, caused by childhood illnesses or genetic disorders, leads to insufficient virilization, that is, insufficient formation of the adolescent according to the male type. There is decreased hairiness according to the male type, the adolescent's figure acquires female contours, the width of the shoulders decreases, the amount of muscle mass decreases, the fat layer is distributed over the body according to the female type, the mammary glands increase, the timbre of the voice acquires female intonations, the type of behavior shifts towards female manifestations. In addition, bone fragility and a tendency to osteoporosis increase, endocrine and vegetative-vascular disorders are observed, anemia occurs, serious forms of acne appear, sexual desire and erectile function decrease, infertility may occur, physical strength decreases, mental instability is observed, a tendency to depression appears, and so on.

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Testosterone deficiency in women

Testosterone is the main hormone that affects female libido. Normal amounts of testosterone in the female body contribute to the emergence of sexual desire in women. Research that has been conducted in this area has found a clear relationship between the level of testosterone in the blood and the level of sexual desire, as well as normal genital sensitivity and the frequency of sex.

Testosterone deficiency in women significantly reduces libido, which leads to a loss of desire to have sex, as well as a decrease in overall genital sensitivity and pleasure during sex. A complete lack of orgasm is possible with low testosterone levels.

Testosterone plays an important role in the maturation of the follicle in the ovaries. In adolescent girls, the male hormone testosterone is transformed into the female hormone estrogen in the cells of the maturing egg, which affects the development of the mammary glands during this period. During puberty, the amount of testosterone in the body of girls increases, which is associated with the number of transformations that must occur in the girl's body.

If the amount of testosterone is reduced, then such a violation can lead to infertility of a girl and a woman. Insufficient testosterone levels can lead to a lack of estrogens in girls, which will affect the insufficient formation of their secondary sexual characteristics.

Testosterone is also responsible for the normal functioning of the bone marrow and sebaceous glands, as well as for the development of skeletal bones. Low testosterone levels in the female body affect the strength of bones and their sufficient level of development.

Increased emotional tone of a woman and a good mood are associated with a normal amount of testosterone in the blood. A reduced level of testosterone affects the deterioration of mood and well-being, increases mood swings towards depressive states. A woman with a testosterone deficiency feels constant lethargy and rapid fatigue.

There is also low resistance to stress factors and minimal mental stability.

Testosterone deficiency in women also results in a decrease in overall muscle mass and a reduction in physical strength.

Diagnostics testosterone deficiency

There are diseases for which it is recommended to check the level of testosterone in the body:

1. The formation of large enlargements in the sella turcica area, as well as existing facts of the effect of radiation on the sella turcica area, as well as the presence of other diseases of the sella turcica area.
2. Severe weight loss caused by HIV infection.
3. Taking medications from the groups of glucocorticoids, opioids, and ketoconazole.
4. The presence of end-stage renal failure.
5. Conducting a hemodialysis procedure, namely extrarenal blood purification, which is used in acute and chronic forms of renal failure.
6. The presence of moderate to severe obstructive diseases in the body.
7. History of infertility.
8. The presence of osteoporosis or bone fractures due to minor injuries.
9. History of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

There are also other symptoms that require testing the amount of testosterone in the blood:

• Decreased libido – sexual desire – in men and women.
• Diagnosis of primary or secondary hypogonadism.
• Various disorders of sexual function in men – decreased potency, serious manifestations of male menopause.
• Severe menstrual cycle disorders in women, such as oligomenorrhea or anovulation.
• Existing chronic prostatitis in men.
• Serious skin rashes in the form of acne - pimples, red pimples in men and women.
• Manifestation of osteoporosis in both sexes.
• Existing severe baldness in men.
• Symptoms of obesity in both sexes.
• Testicular tumors that develop in men.
• A diagnosis of under-functioning of the pituitary gland, which leads to growth failure – hypopituitarism – in both sexes.
• Genetic disorders in boys, such as Klinefelter syndrome, which lead to disruption of sexual development.
• Decreased levels of albumin in the body, which has the function of binding sex hormones.
• The release of a certain amount of undigested starch with feces, which is accompanied by increased intestinal peristalsis - amylorrhea in women.
• Benign formations in the muscular layer of the uterus - uterine fibroids in women.
• For polycystic ovary syndrome in women.

Testosterone deficiency is diagnosed in a laboratory setting. To take a test to determine testosterone levels, you need to give blood from a vein, which is placed in a test tube. At the same time, the patient's data is registered, which indicates his last name, first name, middle name, gender and age. If by this time the patient is already undergoing hormonal treatment, then it is indicated which hormonal drugs he is taking. The results of the tests can usually be found out in a few hours.

A blood test to determine testosterone levels is performed on blood serum. It must be taken on an empty stomach, from seven to eleven o'clock in the morning, when the testosterone level in the blood is at its maximum. Before taking the test, you must limit yourself to:

• in smoking - do not smoke cigarettes one hour before the procedure,
• in stressful situations and worries,
• in physical activity and training,
• various other factors that influence fluctuations in testosterone levels.

Testosterone levels are also affected by the use of certain medications, such as hormonal medications and medications containing barbiturates. These medications increase testosterone levels. Testosterone levels are reduced by taking cardiac medications, such as glycosides, such as digoxin; neuroleptics, such as phenothiazine; diuretics, and alcoholic beverages.

Therefore, it is necessary to exclude alcohol consumption and the above-mentioned medications 24 hours before the test. The exceptions are those medications that are used in courses or are indicated for vital necessity, the intake of which cannot be interrupted. In any case, before taking the test, you should consult a doctor about the medications you are taking.

It is known that the level of testosterone in the body increases in the morning, and in the evening it decreases. Also, different seasons affect the amount of testosterone in the blood. For example, in the fall, the maximum testosterone content in the body is observed. Therefore, you need to consult with specialists about the optimal time to undergo an analysis to determine the level of testosterone.

Testosterone levels decrease with a vegetarian diet, as well as with therapeutic fasting and elevated temperatures.

When analyzing testosterone test data, total and calculated free testosterone levels are taken into account. These parameters are determined by calculating the level of total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin.

It is known that the minimum level of testosterone in the body is not constant for all men and depends on some factors. For example, ethnicity and geographic location affect the minimum level of testosterone in a person. But official medicine has established the lowest threshold of testosterone in a man's body, below which special hormonal treatment is required. So, the minimum level of total testosterone in a man is considered to be 12 nmol / l or 346 ng / dl, and free testosterone - 250 lmol / l or 72 lg / ml. With a level of total testosterone defined as 8 nmol / l or 231 lg / ml and free testosterone - 180 nmol / l or 52 lg / ml, hormonal treatment must be used.

It is worth considering that repeated tests to detect testosterone levels show a normal amount of testosterone in thirty percent of cases. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that fifteen percent of healthy young men experience a decrease in testosterone levels below the normal level during the day. Therefore, in order to exclude diagnostic errors, repeated tests must be carried out.

In men, the normal level of total testosterone is considered to be 2.6 – 11 ng/ml. The level of free testosterone in men under twenty years of age is 0.2 – 42.5 lg/ml; from twenty to fifty-nine years – 6.6 – 30 lg/ml, and over sixty years – 4.9 – 21.6 lg/ml.

In women, the normal testosterone level is considered to be 0.7 – 3 nmol/l. The amount of testosterone increases during ovulation and decreases during menopause. The best time for women to take testosterone tests is the sixth or seventh day of the cycle.

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Treatment testosterone deficiency

Treatment of testosterone deficiency in men is carried out by prescribing hormone replacement therapy. Drugs that contain testosterone are used as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs.

Monotherapy is an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction. However, using testosterone alone tends to increase sexual desire rather than restore erection. During such therapy, men experience an increase in sexual activity, they think and fantasize about sex more often, erotic stimuli have an effect more often, and the number and duration of erections at night increases.

Hairiness also increases in areas of the body that depend on androgen levels. There is an increase in muscle mass and a decrease in adipose tissue. At the same time, bone mineral density increases.

Monotherapy with testosterone preparations affects mood improvement. There are surges of energy and feelings of psychological comfort and satisfaction with life. In some cases, monotherapy with testosterone affects visual perception, verbal memory and free speech.

It can be said that treatment with testosterone drugs in men helps maintain secondary sexual characteristics, activates sexual functioning, improves well-being and mood, maintains the necessary level of bone mineral density, that is, corrects the main symptoms of testosterone deficiency.

With monotherapy, a satisfactory treatment result is an increase in testosterone levels to an average level within the normal range.

The following testosterone medications are used to treat testosterone deficiency in men:

1. Medicines for intramuscular injections.
2. Subdermal preparations.
3. Transdermal preparations.
4. Oral medications in the form of tablets.
5. Buccal tablets.

A brief description of the use of testosterone preparations is as follows:

Intramuscular injection drugs

There are three groups of injectable testosterone preparations:

• short-acting drugs - testosterone propionate,
• medium-acting drugs - testosterone enanthate, testosterone cypionate, sustanon,
• Long-acting drugs - testosterone undecanoate and testosterone buciclate.

The drugs used are testosterone enanthate and testosterone cypionate, which are similar in their pharmacological manifestations. The drugs are administered weekly, the usual daily dose is 100 mg. Every two or three weeks, 200-300 mg of the drug is used. The maximum amount of testosterone is observed after five days, but returns to its normal level after ten to fourteen days.

The advantages of these drugs are their low cost, as well as the ability to achieve a high amount of testosterone in the blood. The disadvantages of this group of drugs include the appearance of pain at the injection site, as well as constant visits to the doctor for repeated injections.

A new drug, testosterone undecanoate (Nebido), has recently been created, which allows for a lasting effect from its use. After two initial doses of 1000 mg have been administered with a six-week break, other injections should be given every twelve weeks. It happens that the breaks between injections can be increased to fourteen weeks, due to the fact that the level of testosterone in the blood is normalized.

Subdermal testosterone medications or subcutaneous testosterone implants

One of the earliest treatments for testosterone deficiency was to implant testosterone pellets under the skin. When testosterone preparations were invented for intramuscular injections, this form of testosterone treatment lost its relevance. However, in some countries, such as the UK and Australia, these preparations are still available for use.

Subcutaneous implants are testosterone hormone that is pressed into a cylindrical shape. Three to six cylinders are injected at a time, each containing twenty grams of testosterone. The drug is injected under local anesthesia using a trocar through a small incision in the skin into the subdermal fat layer of the anterior abdominal wall. For six months, the drug provides the body with the necessary amount of testosterone. For example, the drug Testopel is injected subcutaneously at a dose of 1200 mg every six months.

This method of treating testosterone deficiency has side effects associated with the displacement and expulsion of pellets, the formation of bruises and various hematomas at the site of implantation, as well as the possibility of infection.

Transdermal preparations

The transdermal form of drugs that increase testosterone levels is represented by patches and gels. In order for the effect of these drugs to be stable, they must be used every day. With this method of increasing testosterone, its daily dose is five to ten grams of the substance. The patches are attached to the body or directly to the scrotum to have close access to the testicles.

The advantages of these drugs are that they provide a constant level of testosterone in the body during the use of the drugs.

Side effects of using patches include irritation at the site of application. Such side effects are not observed when using gels.

It is possible that the daily dose of the drug should be doubled due to the peculiarities of absorption of the active substance into the patient's skin.

Oral medicinal products in the form of tablets

There are three groups of oral agents, which differ in their chemical structure:

• seventeen-alpha-alkylated androgens – methyltestosterone, fluxymesterone, oxymetholone,
• drugs similar to dihydrosterone - mesterolone,
• preparations containing natural testosterone molecules - testosterone undecanoate.

The drug testosterone undecanoate (andriop) has good absorption. But due to the rapid metabolism and excretion of the drug by the liver, it is impossible to optimally maintain a sufficient level of testosterone in the body.

There are testosterone derivatives that are resistant to liver enzymes, such as seventeen-alpha-alkylated - melyltestosterone and others. But these drugs are not recommended for use due to their toxic effect on the liver.

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Buccal tablets

Buccal tablets are absorbed in the oral cavity and placed above the upper lip. For example, the drug striant is prescribed for use in a dose of thirty mg three times a day. Other drugs are prescribed for use twice a day. These drugs are well suited for patients who need testosterone administration for a short period of time and who have had adverse reactions to transdermal drugs.

Side effects of the medications include changes in taste sensations and irritation of the mucous membrane of the gums. Side effects of using the medication also include the possibility of testosterone being transferred to the partner with saliva.

When prescribing drug therapy for testosterone deficiency, complications may arise, such as the presence of contraindications. In these cases, it is necessary to resort to rapid discontinuation of the drug, therefore, at the late stage of testosterone deficiency, it is recommended to use drugs with a short period of action, namely oral, buccal and transdermal drugs.

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Prevention

Prevention of testosterone deficiency in healthy men consists of the following actions:

• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, namely, refusing to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs.
• Eat organic food, try to avoid foods grown with hormones.
• Avoid exhaustion by dieting and refusing normal amounts of food.
• Do not overeat and maintain a normal weight.
• Avoid intense and strenuous physical activity.
• Maintain constant good physical fitness, avoid physical inactivity, and engage in regular exercise.
• Avoid stress and being in groups with an unhealthy psychological atmosphere. Seek psychological help in a timely manner when conflicts arise at work and in the family. Engage in auto-training and other types of psychological training.
• Lead a full emotional and sexual life, have hobbies and outlets, fully and regularly rest and restore physical and emotional strength.
• Change your place of residence from an ecologically unfavorable one to a place with an acceptable level of ecological cleanliness.

For men who have a history of diseases that can lead to decreased testosterone levels, it is necessary to engage in regular treatment and prevention of underlying diseases.

When entering the age of thirty-five to forty years, when the level of testosterone in men begins to gradually decrease, it is necessary to monitor the appearance of symptoms characteristic of testosterone deficiency. And if even minimal manifestations begin to be detected, it is necessary to contact specialists for appropriate treatment.

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Forecast

The prognosis for testosterone deficiency in boys with timely treatment is favorable. In this case, the adolescent body is formed according to the male type, secondary male sexual characteristics are sufficiently developed, and a male type of behavior and response is formed. Treatment with testosterone drugs, which was started in a timely manner, helps prevent many diseases and deviations from the normal functioning of the body that occur with testosterone deficiency. First of all, this concerns the occurrence of osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, genitourinary disorders, the occurrence of sexual dysfunctions, reproductive disorders and endocrine diseases.

In the presence of genetic diseases, such as Kallmann syndrome, continuous use of hormonal therapy helps to restore lost reproductive functions. However, treatment should be started early, even before adolescence.

The prognosis for testosterone deficiency in age-related changes is considered favorable if treatment is started in time. Testosterone levels can be increased to normal with modern medicine and maintained by periodic use of medications.

Since testosterone deficiency affects the body's metabolic processes, eliminating this problem leads to an improvement in conditions such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, prostatitis, etc. Early treatment of testosterone deficiency helps prevent osteoporosis.

Eliminating testosterone deficiency has a beneficial effect on maintaining sexual function, improving the quality of life of men and women, and ensuring a good level of well-being and mood.