Catarrhal gastritis: antral, superficial, focal, diffuse, acute, chronic, erosive

The inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa is catarrhal gastritis. Let's consider the features of the disease, its types, symptoms, diagnostic and treatment methods.

About 85% of people face digestive system diseases, most of them are gastritis. The pathological process caused by excessive consumption of fried, fatty or spicy foods is a catarrhal form of gastritis. Very often, the disease occurs due to mild food poisoning or poor nutrition. The stomach is the most vulnerable part of the digestive system, many processes occur in it, for example: mechanical mixing of food, its chemical breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

The pathological process mostly affects the internal walls of the stomach, that is, its mucous membrane. The mucous membrane is involved in the production of protective mucus and gastric juice. Digestion is a delicate biochemical process with its own pH acidity norm and gastric juice environment. High acidity is observed in the initial sections of the stomach, and low acidity is observed at the junction of the organ with the small intestine.

In a healthy person, the gastric juice produced by glands of different organs has different properties. For example, the pH of the esophagus is neutral, and that of the duodenum is alkaline. Unpleasant sensations that occur with gastritis, for example, heartburn, are a sign of a violation of the acid-base balance in one of the sections of the gastrointestinal tract. Such deviations in acid balance are the basis for inflammation with low or high acidity.

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Epidemiology

Simple food gastritis (catarrhal) is the most common pathology of the digestive tract. Epidemiology indicates that about 30-50% of the adult population suffers from this disease. The frequency of inflammatory changes in the gastrointestinal tract increases with age. According to the latest statistics, every year the number of gastritis among the population of the Earth increases by 1.5%.

The pattern of disease development is also related to socioeconomic factors. For example, if the disorder is caused by H. Pylori infection, then normal sanitary conditions and a higher level of education of the population allow to minimize the spread of the disease. This also applies to other factors causing pathology.

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Causes catarrhal gastritis

The main causes of catarrhal gastritis are related to a violation of the diet. The disease occurs in the presence of the following factors:

• Overeating.
• Eating foods that are too hot, cold, rough or fatty.
• Poor chewing.
• Food poisoning.
• Dry food.
• Bad habits (smoking, alcoholism).
• Frequent stress and past infections.
• H. pylori infection.
• Genetic predisposition.
• Long-term use of medications.

Poor quality products or poor cooking can also provoke the disease. The pathological condition occurs with individual intolerance to certain products that cause severe irritation of the stomach. This is observed with influenza infections, typhoid, diphtheria and other infectious diseases.

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Risk factors

Gastroenterologists identify risk factors for gastrointestinal inflammation, let's look at the main ones:

• Unbalanced diet. Eating coarse food, such as plant foods, for a long period of time causes mechanical trauma to the mucous membrane of the esophagus and stomach. Despite the fact that the wound is small, caustic gastric juice corrodes the damaged tissue, causing inflammation.
• Taking medications on an empty stomach. Before taking any medication, you must read the instructions for its use. Gastritis, as a complication of the underlying disease, will significantly worsen the patient's condition.
• Food poisoning caused by spicy food or alcohol. This results in the mucus produced by the stomach being unable to cope with the intense impact of irritants. This causes damage to the internal walls, i.e. the mucous membrane.
• Severe stress and emotional experiences have a negative impact on the entire body and the endocrine system in particular. This manifests itself as gastritis, which can develop into an erosive form and ulcer. This is observed with frequent colds and infectious diseases that undermine the immune system.

Catarrhal inflammation may be associated with the consumption of spoiled products, which are a source of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. By minimizing the effects of the above factors, you can minimize the risk of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the body as a whole.

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Pathogenesis

The mechanism of development of inflammation of the gastric mucosa is based on its irritation. Pathogenesis may be associated with the use of poor-quality products, medications or nutritional disorders. In some cases, stress and nervous experiences cause symptoms of the disorder.

The severity of the disease symptoms depends on the factors that provoked it. As a rule, no more than 2-3 days pass from the onset of the disease to the appearance of its first signs. The catarrhal form of the disease occurs in more than 50% of the world's population. Schoolchildren and students who violate the diet, refusing to eat a full meal, are most susceptible to it.

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Symptoms catarrhal gastritis

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa is characterized by a variety of symptoms. Symptoms of catarrhal gastritis most often manifest as painful sensations in the solar plexus. Discomfort increases after eating, drinking, or taking medications that are highly aggressive to the mucosa. The pain may increase between meals, accompanied by belching, heartburn, flatulence, and vomiting. Symptoms of the disorder also depend on the level of acidity.

Increased acidity:

• Diarrhea.
• Long-term pain in the solar plexus that goes away after eating.
• Heartburn after sour foods.
• Increased flatulence.
• Belching.
• Nausea.

Low or zero acidity:

• Heaviness in the stomach after eating.
• Belching up rotten eggs.
• Bad taste in the mouth.
• Stomach rumbling.
• Morning sickness.
• Strong unpleasant odor from the mouth.
• Problems with stool.

If the above symptoms are left untreated, the disease will become chronic. In this case, the patient will suffer from frequent exacerbations. Pain in the solar plexus will become constant and may intensify both during prolonged fasting and after eating. Aerophagia, heartburn, metallic taste in the mouth, thirst, increased salivation, dyspepsia and general malaise are signs that catarrhal gastritis has become chronic.

If vomiting with blood clots occurs or the vomit is dark in color, this indicates an erosive form of the disorder. The inflammatory process in the mucous membrane is so advanced that the stomach constantly suffers from bleeding. They are manifested by black feces, tinnitus, severe dizziness and other pathological symptoms.

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First signs

According to medical observations, the first signs of catarrhal gastritis make themselves known a couple of hours after the inflammation develops. As a rule, these are stabbing and cutting pains in the upper abdomen, heaviness in the epigastric region, nausea, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, frequent belching and heartburn.

If the disease becomes severe, then the symptoms described above are accompanied by a sharp increase in temperature and severe nausea. After a while, nausea is accompanied by vomiting, and the vomit may contain bile. The patient complains of severe abdominal pain, increased weakness, dizziness, profuse salivation and sweating. A gray coating appears on the tongue, and an unpleasant sour smell comes from the mouth.

If the above symptoms are left untreated, the disease becomes chronic. The patient suffers from bowel movements, is prone to constipation and has problems with appetite. Even a light meal provokes severe paroxysmal pain. The disorder is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. This form of inflammation cannot be completely cured. Therapy is aimed at maintaining normal well-being.

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Stages

Inflammatory lesions of the inner lining of the stomach have certain subtypes. Let's consider the main stages of catarrhal gastritis:

• Simple (the most common).
• Corrosive – occurs due to aggressive liquids (alkali, acid).
• Phlegmonous - the mucous membrane thickens greatly due to the large number of leukocytes.
• Fibrinous - due to an infectious lesion, fibrin films appear on the stomach lining.
• Hypertrophic - characterized by abundant cystic and adenomic lesions of the mucosa. The stomach lining takes on a thickened appearance.

Each of the above stages is characterized by its own painful symptoms. If treated incorrectly or insufficiently, all stages become severe and chronic.

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Acute catarrhal gastritis

Acute catarrhal gastritis develops under the influence of aggressive medications, harmful drinks or heavy food. The disease can be caused by renal or hepatic insufficiency, pathological conditions not associated with the gastrointestinal tract, stress.

Forms of acute inflammation:

• Simple.
• Phlegmonous.
• Necrotic.
• Fibrinous.

Very often, acute damage occurs in a phlegmonous form. The pathology is associated with trauma to the walls of the stomach (swallowing glass, pins and other sharp objects) and is manifested by suppuration of the walls of the organ.

Acute inflammation manifests itself 3-8 hours after the impact of the crisis factor. The disease begins with a strong burning sensation in the epigastrium, nausea, vomiting and a metallic taste in the mouth. After a while, the disorder is supplemented by an increase in temperature, bloody vomiting, diarrhea. If this condition is left without due attention, then a shock condition and tension of the abdominal wall develops.

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Chronic catarrhal gastritis

In the initial stages, chronic catarrhal gastritis proceeds without pronounced symptoms. The disorder manifests itself as increased sensitivity to certain foods, heartburn, increased flatulence, plaque on the tongue, and heaviness in the stomach.

The main types of chronic form:

• Associated with Helicobacter pylori.
• Autoimmune (formation of antibodies to gastrointestinal cells).
• Idiopathic (occurs under the influence of the same irritant).
• Chemical (long-term use of medications, such as NSAIDs or bile reflux into the stomach).
• Eosinophilic (allergic).
• Granulomatous (caused by tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease and other inflammatory lesions of internal organs).

The malaise occurs in people of any age and is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. In its symptoms, exacerbation is similar to the acute form of the disease (discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever). Chronic gastritis is dangerous due to mucosal atrophy: the stomach glands stop functioning normally, healthy cells are replaced by atypical ones. The process of self-healing of the mucosa is disrupted, which leads to ulcers and oncological lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Forms

There are several types of catarrhal inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which differ in their morphology, localization, course and other factors.

Types of simple food gastritis:

• Chronic - this is an aggravation of a mild form of inflammation. It is characterized by deep and extensive destruction of the mucous membrane. It is accompanied by suppression of secretion and motility, death of glands and sclerosis of the vascular bed. The patient suffers from a sharp decrease in body weight and loss of appetite, unpleasant taste, nausea.
• Acute – develops due to alcohol consumption, overeating, negative psycho-emotional atmosphere. The regeneration of the mucous membrane and the process of nutrition of blood microvessels are disrupted. The main symptoms: belching, nausea, increased weakness, unpleasant taste, pain under the spoon.
• Atrophic (type A gastritis) – caused by a genetic defect, in which protective proteins are formed to the stomach mucosa’s own proteins. This causes inflammation, disruption of new cell formation and their death. This leads to atrophy of the gastrointestinal mucosa glands.

Another group of catarrhal gastritis is associated with non-microbial factors. Let's consider their types:

• Alcoholic – develops due to regular, long-term consumption of alcoholic beverages.
• NSAID - gastric lesion associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Post-resection – occur after surgical removal of part of the organ.
• Chemical – associated with the ingestion of substances with aggressive properties (they have a destructive effect on the proteins of the mucous membrane).

Laboratory and instrumental methods are used to differentiate all types of inflammation. Because of this, diseases with similar clinical symptoms but different development mechanisms and pathogenesis require a special approach to treatment.

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Catarrhal antral gastritis

The pathological process occurring in the antral part of the stomach (responsible for reducing the acidity of food before it enters the intestine) is catarrhal antral gastritis. The main cause of the disease is infection with Helicobacter pylori. The bacterium multiplies and populates the affected part of the organ due to its low acidity. The activity of these microorganisms provokes inflammation. The disease can be caused by stressful situations, food poisoning, bad habits, and poor nutrition.

The main symptoms of the pathology:

• Decreased appetite.
• Nausea and belching with an unpleasant taste.
• Heartburn after eating.
• Diarrhea/constipation.
• Heaviness in the stomach, bloating.
• Spasmodic pain immediately after eating.
• General weakness and irritability.

All symptoms are accompanied by deformation and narrowing of the antral part of the stomach.

The main forms of antral inflammation:

1. Superficial – the initial stage of the disease. The glands are not yet affected, but the mucous membrane is irritated, atrophic changes in the epithelium are observed.
2. Erosive – associated with insufficient mucus secretion, which leads to erosions of varying depth and prevalence.
3. Atrophic – thinning of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, decreased secretion of gastric juice, death of glands and their replacement with connective tissue.

Treatment of this form of the disease consists of drug therapy, adherence to a gentle diet and physiotherapy procedures aimed at relieving painful symptoms.

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Catarrhal reflux gastritis

Chemical-toxic-induced inflammation of the stomach is catarrhal reflux gastritis. The mechanism of its development is associated with acidity disturbance and desynchronization of the sphincters. This leads to the mucous membrane not coping with bile acid, enzymes and other components of the aggressive environment. Because of this, the walls of the digestive organ are destroyed.

Types of reflux lesions:

• Duodenogastric – occurs due to improper closure of the pylorus, high blood pressure, degenerative processes in the stomach and duodenum.
• Biliary is a disorder of the biliary system, a failure of motility and sphincter function. The defect is characterized by a violation of the sequence of force and pressure in the intestines and bile ducts. This leads to compression of the pancreatic and gastric ducts.

The pathological condition is accompanied by the following symptoms: a feeling of fullness and heaviness after eating, belching with a bitter taste, bouts of nausea and vomiting, constipation alternating with diarrhea, increased flatulence. With the biliary form of reflux, painful sensations are not very pronounced, the pain is dull and aching.

Treatment should be comprehensive and aimed at the processes of binding and removing bile acids from the stomach, improving the motor function of the organ. Patients are prescribed medications to protect the mucosa and convert bile acid into a water-soluble form, as well as drugs that stop the backflow of bile. During the treatment period, a light, semi-liquid diet is recommended.

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Focal catarrhal gastritis

Very often, patients with stomach damage are diagnosed with focal catarrhal gastritis. This type of pathology indicates the localization of inflammation, that is, its focus. In most cases, the inflammatory process spreads throughout the mucous membrane, but can also cover a separate section of the digestive tract. If the damage is local, then I diagnose focal gastritis. It does not have pronounced symptoms, so its clinical manifestations are the same as other forms of the disorder.

The main cause of the disease is food poisoning, intolerance to certain foods or medications, overeating, bad habits. Symptoms of malaise develop 5-8 hours after exposure to a negative factor. This manifests itself in the form of discomfort in the epigastric region, nausea, vomiting, indigestion and a feeling of fullness in the stomach. In particularly severe cases, a sharp increase in temperature is observed, which persists for several days.

For treatment, gastric lavage is performed, adsorbents and medications that cleanse the intestines are taken. A gentle diet is recommended during therapy.

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Catarrhal gastritis bulbit

Inflammatory lesion of the duodenal bulb (bulbus) is catarrhal gastritis bulbit. The bulb is located on the border between the intestine and the stomach, reflecting diseases of the two organs. The main cause of inflammation is infection with Helicobacter pylori, helminths or lamblia. There are a number of provoking factors that can also cause gastritis bulbit:

• Violation of the diet (prolonged fasting, overeating).
• Alcohol abuse, smoking.
• Fatty, fried, spicy, savory foods, pickles, marinades, smoked foods.
• Hereditary predisposition.
• Poor immunity.

The disease may be acute or become chronic with frequent periods of exacerbation. This largely depends on the correct treatment and the patient's compliance with medical recommendations.

In its symptoms, the pathological condition is similar to lesions of the duodenum and stomach:

• Aching, cramping pains that occur on an empty stomach or before bedtime. Discomfort is felt in the epigastric region and may radiate to the navel and shoulder blade. After taking medications to normalize the acidity of gastric juice or eating, the pain subsides.
• Regurgitation of eaten food and heartburn. Occurs due to the acidic contents of the stomach entering the esophagus.
• Bad breath and bitterness are caused by stagnation of the food bolus in the bulbus.
• Attacks of nausea and vomiting after eating.

Painful sensations may be accompanied by muscle tremors and increased weakness. The patient becomes irritable, stool disorders and loss of appetite are observed.

Treatment is based on a gentle diet. A fractional approach to food intake and complete rejection of bad habits are recommended. Drug therapy is also indicated. It consists of drugs to reduce the acidity of gastric juice, drugs to coat the mucous membrane (protection from inflammation). Antibacterial therapy, vitamins and immunocorrectors are administered.

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Catarrhal gastritis duodenitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the duodenum is duodenitis. If the patient is diagnosed with stomach damage and duodenitis, the diagnosis is catarrhal gastritis duodenitis. Most often, the pathological condition occurs due to poisoning with toxic or chemical substances, alcohol consumption, fatty or spicy food. Another cause of the disease is injury to the mucous membrane by foreign objects.

Symptoms:

• Acute pain in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Attacks of nausea and frequent vomiting.
• Deterioration of general health, weakness.
• Dizziness and headaches.
• Discomfort in the epigastric region.

The above symptoms require urgent treatment, as without medical assistance they can lead to the disease becoming chronic. Therapy consists of following a strict diet, physical and emotional rest (bed rest). The patient's stomach is washed with a weak solution of potassium permanganate and medications are prescribed to improve the functioning of the stomach and duodenum.

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Superficial catarrhal gastritis

Mild damage to the gastric mucosa is superficial catarrhal gastritis. The disease is characterized by discomfort in the abdomen, nausea, heartburn and an unpleasant taste in the mouth. The disorder has three stages: weak, moderate and strong. Each of them has similar symptoms, which differ in severity.

Most often, such a disorder is diagnosed in children. The disease occurs due to an irrational menu and disruptions in the diet. The malaise can develop against the background of alcoholism, smoking, consumption of cold, hot, salty or spicy food. Pathologies of the pancreas and thyroid gland, cardiovascular and endocrine systems can also provoke an inflammatory process in the stomach.

For the treatment of a mild form, the patient is prescribed a special diet. In more severe cases, drug therapy and regular observations by a gastroenterologist are indicated.

Catarrhal erosive gastritis

If the inflammatory process affects the entire thickness of the mucous membrane and part of the muscular layer, this indicates catarrhal erosive gastritis. The disease is characterized by the formation of small erosions on the gastric mucosa. Such defects are not deep, so with the right approach to treatment, the mucosa can be quickly restored. If the damage is deeper, this indicates the development of a peptic ulcer. It is also treatable, but leaves a scar on the mucosa.

Features of erosive catarrhal inflammation:

• The mucous membrane is hyperemic, there is inflammation and multiple erosions.
• If a food irritant or toxic liquid gets into the stomach cavity, this provokes an acute course of the disease. If there are disorders of the secretory-motor mechanisms of the digestive system, the disorder takes a chronic form.
• A protracted course may occur due to the action of various harmful microorganisms.
• Without timely treatment, it causes gastric bleeding. Compared to other forms of the disease, it requires more complex and long-term therapy.

Clinical symptoms of the disease:

• Pain in the epigastric region. Discomfort goes away only after taking strong analgesics.
• Heartburn is caused by impaired motility of the stomach and reflux of its acidic contents into the lower esophagus.
• Dyspeptic disorders: diarrhea, heaviness after eating, rotten or sour belching, dryness and bitterness in the mouth.
• The occurrence or increase of painful sensations after eating or on an empty stomach.

If an erosive form of alimentary inflammation of the stomach is suspected, a full diagnosis is carried out. It consists of a set of laboratory and instrumental studies. Treatment is long-term and involves diet therapy and taking a number of medications.

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Atrophic catarrhal gastritis

Long-term sluggish inflammation in the stomach causes atrophic catarrhal gastritis. Long-term damage to the mucous membrane disrupts its functioning, complicates the self-renewal of the membrane, reduces the quantitative composition of the mucous membrane, provokes its thinning and atrophy. Against the background of a decrease in active cells, the volume of produced gastric juice and the level of acidity decrease. This leads to the fact that incoming food is not processed, since gastric juice loses the ability to disinfect it.

This type of disease is one of the most dangerous, as it increases the risk of precancerous conditions of the stomach. Most often, it is encountered by middle-aged and elderly men. Due to the exhaustion of compensatory mechanisms, it may not have a clear clinical picture.

Symptoms:

• Belching.
• Nausea.
• Bad breath.
• Increased flatulence.
• Constipation/diarrhea.
• Stomach rumbling.
• A sharp decrease in body weight.
• Anemia.
• Headaches.
• Hormonal imbalance.

The disease has several types:

• Acute (active) gastritis – is similar in its symptoms to the superficial form of pathology. During diagnostics, the following may be detected: swelling of the organ walls, leukocyte infiltration, erosions on the mucous membrane. The patient complains of severe discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract, frequent vomiting, fever, headaches and fainting.
• Chronic – in most cases, it is an independent disease, and not a transformation of the initial inflammation. It is characterized by a long course and the predominance of dystrophic processes over inflammatory ones.
• Focal - areas of pathologically altered tissue on the walls of the stomach. May occur against the background of increased acidity of gastric juice, involving the glandular tissues of the organ in the process. In its symptoms, it does not differ from simple food gastritis.

In addition to the above types, atrophic inflammation can be moderate, superficial, antral, diffuse. Each form requires complex diagnostics and treatment. At the same time, the earlier the therapy is started, the better the prognosis for recovery.

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Distal catarrhal gastritis

Inflammatory lesion of the mucous membrane in the distal part of the stomach is distal catarrhal gastritis. The peculiarity of this disease is that it easily turns into an ulcerative and erosive form, therefore it requires urgent treatment. It is characterized by insufficiency of the cardia, which leads to incomplete closure of the esophageal valve.

The disease has two forms:

• Acute – develops due to acid-base poisoning of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Chronic – can be widespread and limited. Inflammation is accompanied by heaviness in the epigastric region and frequent belching. Promotes the development of bacteria that have a detrimental effect on the gastrointestinal tract.

Each of the above-described forms is characterized by the following symptoms: degenerative changes in the integumentary epithelium, erosions, an increase in the number of leukocytes, vascular edema, and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration.

Treatment is carried out taking into account the degree of acidity of gastric juice and the causes of the disease. If the disorder is caused by the irritating effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, then prostaglandin drugs are indicated. In other cases, antisecretory and antibacterial drugs are taken.

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Diffuse catarrhal gastritis

A serious gastrointestinal tract lesion that increases the risk of developing stomach cancer is diffuse catarrhal gastritis. It is characterized by an inflammatory process in the epithelium of the organ and easily becomes chronic. The mucous membrane quickly atrophies, glandular cells die, and epithelial cells are replaced by fibrous ones.

The pathological condition develops due to the following reasons:

• Violation of the diet - overeating spicy, fried, fatty, hot food or a monotonous diet.
• Strong nervous experiences – stress provokes a huge production of hormones of the adrenal cortex (adrenaline, noradrenaline), which negatively affect the condition of the gastric mucosa, causing ulcers on its surface.
• Food poisoning, taking medications on an empty stomach.
• Helicobacter pylori infection.
• A complication of various surgical operations on the intestines and stomach that cause disturbances in the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract.

The symptoms are similar to other types of the disease. Patients experience discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract, which occurs regardless of food intake. Frequent attacks of nausea and vomiting, heartburn, and sour belching are observed. Atrophy of the mucous membrane leads to deterioration in the function of the affected organ and the entire digestive tract, which entails sudden weight loss. Treatment depends on the severity of painful symptoms and the causes of the disease. As a rule, therapy consists of medication and a diet aimed at restoring intestinal motility and the functioning of the entire gastrointestinal tract.

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Catarrhal hyperplastic gastritis

Another gastrointestinal disease that can develop into oncology is catarrhal hyperplastic gastritis. The disease develops due to the impact of negative factors: alcohol abuse, poor nutrition, reflux of the contents of the duodenum into the stomach, damage to the mucous membrane, etc.

Normally, that is, in a healthy person, the gastric epithelium is restored independently. But if there is an impact of an unfavorable factor, the regeneration process slows down significantly. Damaged mucosal cells constantly divide, causing hyperplasia. This condition is characterized by the formation of new tissue, which increases the production of antibodies, causing a reaction of all body systems. At the same time, undamaged cells synthesize an increased amount of acid, causing side effects.

Hyperplastic lesions of the stomach have several types, which depend on the degree of deformation of the organ.

• Granular – the growth of the mucous membrane occurs in the form of small granular foci, no more than 3 mm in size.
• Giant (Menetrier's disease) - the mucous membrane is replaced by adenomas, that is, a huge number of benign formations.
• Warty - several growths appear on the epithelium, similar in shape to warts.
• Polypous - the mucous membrane is hyperemic, hypertrophy of the folds of the stomach with multiple polyps is observed (most often localized on the back wall of the organ).

To determine the degree of hyperplasia, endoscopy or radiography are used. The symptoms of this form of the disease are no different from any other inflammatory process in the gastrointestinal tract. The patient complains of nausea and vomiting, pain in the epigastric region, digestive disorders and stool disorders.

This diagnosis requires immediate treatment. Therapy depends on the symptoms of the disease. In case of increased acidity, antisecretory drugs are prescribed. If there is atrophy of the mucous membrane, natural gastric juice is used for treatment. In case of ulcerative lesions, therapy is aimed at restoring the normal functioning of the mucous membrane. In case of polypous or warty form, surgical intervention is performed. During treatment and rehabilitation, a strict but balanced diet is recommended.

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Simple catarrhal gastritis

A pathological process of inflammatory nature, localized in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract is simple catarrhal gastritis. The main reason for its development is frequent consumption of fatty, fried, salty or spicy food, stressful situations. The disease may be associated with infection by harmful microorganisms or other pathologies.

This disorder occurs in half of the world's population, and is most often associated with neglect of the diet. Inflammation is characterized by infiltration of white blood cells in the gastric mucosa. The epithelium of the organ has degenerative changes and is hyperemic.

Painful symptoms usually develop a couple of hours after eating irritating food or another factor causing the pathological condition. In most cases, the pain is stabbing and localized in the gastrointestinal tract and navel. During an attack, nausea, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, severe belching and bitterness may occur. In particularly severe cases, the temperature rises and there are bouts of vomiting.

Treatment is aimed at preventing complications. The patient is prescribed a strict diet. If necessary, medications and physiotherapy are prescribed. Without timely medical care, a simple form of food gastritis can develop into an advanced pathological process that will require long-term and difficult treatment.

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Complications and consequences

Without timely diagnosis and treatment, even a mild form of catarrhal gastritis can cause severe consequences and complications. The disease can cause such pathological phenomena as:

• Internal bleeding through damaged mucous membranes.
• Stomach cancer.
• Peritonitis and blood poisoning.
• Pancreatitis.
• Anemia.
• Hypovitaminosis.
• Intestinal dysbacteriosis.
• Exhaustion of the body.
• Indigestion.
• Regular constipation and diarrhea.
• Increased gas formation.
• Metabolic disorder.
• Ulcer disease and loss of appetite.
• Gastrointestinal spasms when eating and more.

The above pathologies can develop at any form and stage of the disease. Let's consider the most dangerous complications and the reasons for their development:

1. Ulcer disease

Most often it develops with focal catarrhal gastritis. The inflammatory process affects the deep layers of the mucous membrane, reaching the muscle tissue. A small erosion is formed from focal inflammation, which gradually turns into an ulcer. The process is aggravated by the constant exposure to hydrochloric acid and poorly chewed food, which leads to irritation of the organ.

The ulcer has a number of characteristic symptoms: pain in the epigastrium, occurring on an empty stomach, nausea, belching, heartburn, frequent vomiting, pain radiating to the back or chest. Without treatment, this condition threatens internal bleeding, pyloric stenosis and malignant degeneration of the mucosa.

2. Pancreatitis

Dystrophic-inflammatory changes in the pancreas develop due to progressive gastritis. The disease has an acute onset, sharp pains in the epigastrium of a girdle nature occur. Against this background, attacks of nausea and vomiting appear, and there is a sharp loss of weight due to impaired digestion and absorption of food.

3. Internal bleeding

Most often they occur with hypertrophic changes in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract and with the polypous form of catarrhal inflammation. The main danger of this condition is that even large blood losses may not have pronounced clinical signs. A number of diagnostic studies are carried out to identify the pathology. Particular attention is paid to blood and stool analysis.

4. Anemia

This complication is directly related to atrophic changes in the mucous membrane. In most cases, B12 deficiency anemia is diagnosed. The pathological condition develops due to a violation of the absorption mechanism of iron and vitamin B12. The disorder causes the following symptoms: general weakness, aching pain in the epigastrium after eating, pale skin, dizziness and increased fatigue, shortness of breath.

5. Peritonitis

Inflammatory lesion of the upper layer of the abdominal cavity. This complication can occur for several reasons: bacterial infection, damage to the peritoneum, infection by external factors. Peritonitis is characterized by acute painful sensations in the gastrointestinal tract, which intensify with a change in position. The body temperature rises sharply, even to critical values. Attacks of nausea are accompanied by vomiting and complete loss of appetite. When such symptoms appear, urgent medical care is required, since about 3-4 days pass from the onset of their appearance to a fatal outcome.

6. Cancer

Chronic gastritis with frequent exacerbations can develop into a malignant form. The pathological process is characterized by the following symptoms: sudden weight loss and loss of appetite, general weakness and headaches, discomfort in the epigastrium, vomiting, diarrhea or frequent constipation.

To detect malignant degeneration of the gastrointestinal epithelium, a number of diagnostic procedures are performed: gastroscopy with biopsy, ultrasound, blood test for tumor markers, stool test for blood, and contrast radiography of the stomach. If oncology is confirmed, a treatment plan is drawn up. Treatment involves surgical intervention, which involves complete or partial resection of the stomach with subsequent chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

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Diagnostics catarrhal gastritis

To detect inflammatory lesions of the stomach, many research methods are used. Diagnosis of catarrhal gastritis consists of:

• Collection of anamnesis and analysis of complaints - when painful symptoms appeared, where the discomfort is localized, whether there is vomiting, heartburn, bouts of nausea and other signs of the disease.
• Analysis of the patient's life - whether the patient has chronic or hereditary diseases, bad habits. Are there any tumors, addictions to spicy and fatty foods and other eating disorders.
• Physical examination – the doctor evaluates the general condition of the patient. Establishes the presence of skin rashes, pronounced pallor of the skin and mucous membranes. Bad breath, painful sensations in the upper abdomen, which are determined by palpation and percussion.

To more accurately identify the cause of the disorder and the mechanism of its development, laboratory tests and a number of instrumental diagnostic procedures are carried out.

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Tests

After collecting the anamnesis and clarifying the patient's complaints, the doctor gives a referral for tests. Laboratory methods for detecting food inflammation of the stomach consist of the following procedures:

• Complete blood count and biochemistry
• Fecal occult blood and Helicobacter pylori tests
• Urine analysis
• Gastric juice studies

After collecting the anamnesis and clarifying the patient’s complaints, the doctor gives a referral for the following tests:

1. Blood test

The patient needs to take a general analysis and blood for biochemistry. The general analysis is taken from the finger. It is used to determine the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, ESR. Gastritis does not have characteristic deviations from the norm, but when diagnosing it, attention is paid to the presence of iron deficiency, an increase in ESR, a reduced level of erythrocytes and hemoglobin.

Biochemical analysis shows the following results in case of gastrointestinal tract damage: increased level of digestive enzymes, growth of acid phosphatase, increased bilirubin. Blood antibodies IgG, IgA, IgM to Helicobacter pylori may also be observed, indicating bacterial damage.

Reduced total protein and increased gamma globulin levels indicate autoimmune inflammation. Indicators of pepsinogen I and II deficiency in the blood are precursors to atrophy and the onset of a malignant process.

2. Urine and stool analysis

These laboratory tests are necessary to determine the level of fermentation and the ability to digest food, the level of acid balance and the presence of undesirable substances (fatty acids, etc.).

A stool test is necessary to detect hidden blood (dark colored stool). If the result is positive, atrophic gastritis is diagnosed. Muscle fibers, digested cellulose, and connective tissues may be found in the material being examined.

3. Definition of Helicobacter Pylori

Analysis of specific antibodies IgG, IgA, IgM. Particular attention is paid to breath tests that allow the detection of gram-negative bacteria. The doctor takes two samples of the patient's exhaled air using plastic tubes. After this, the patient must take a urea solution and continue the breathing process. The respiratory products are sent for further diagnostics.

Specialized tests may also be prescribed. They are performed to identify infectious agents of gastroenterological damage: chlamydia, trichomonas, parasitic invasions. Based on the results of the diagnostics, the doctor draws up a treatment plan or prescribes additional studies.

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Instrumental diagnostics

A number of studies that use special instruments or medical equipment are instrumental diagnostics. The following procedures are indicated to detect catarrhal gastritis:

• Fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy is a visual examination of the surface of the gastrointestinal tract using flexible optical devices. With the help of FEGDS, it is possible to assess the condition of the mucosa, the prevalence of the pathological process, the presence of ulcers and erosions, and also to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy.
• X-ray with contrast - before the procedure, the patient is given a special contrast agent to drink, which makes the stomach visible on an X-ray. Allows to detect tumors, erosions, ulcers, and mucosal folding.
• Ultrasound – ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs is necessary to detect any gastrointestinal diseases.
• Gastric mucosa biopsy – during FEGDS, a piece of tissue is taken. With the help of a biopsy, it is possible to assess the condition of the walls of the damaged organ, the presence of tumors, harmful microorganisms and other pathologies.

In addition to the above procedures, the following may be prescribed: spiral computed tomography, electrogastroenterography, intraventricular pH-metry and manometry of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Differential diagnosis

One of the important stages of gastritis detection is its separation from diseases with similar symptoms. Differential diagnostics is carried out with the following disorders:

• Infectious lesions.
• Cardiovascular disorders.
• Peptic ulcer disease.
• Surgical pathologies.
• Chronic cholecystitis.
• Pancreatitis.
• Hepatitis.
• Worm infestations.

Fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy, blood, stool and urine tests are most often used for research. The correctness of the chosen treatment and the further prognosis for recovery depend on the results of differentiation.

Treatment catarrhal gastritis

In order for the treatment of catarrhal gastritis to be effective, it is very important to establish the cause of its occurrence. Treatment is prescribed by a therapist or gastroenterologist. If the disease is mild, then gastric lavage is indicated to clear it of contents. To do this, induce vomiting or take an isotonic solution of sodium chloride.

To stop attacks of the disease, a number of medications are used. Special medications relieve spasms, eliminate nausea, vomiting, heartburn and other pathological symptoms. Diet therapy is also indicated, which consists of light, non-irritating mucous food. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures aimed at preventing the inflammatory process.

Medicines

Complex therapy is indicated for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach. Medicines are selected depending on the symptoms of the disorder, stage, form and other features of its course and the patient's body.

1. Low acidity – drugs that stimulate the secretory function of the stomach are used for treatment. Their mechanism of action consists in relieving painful symptoms, reducing the concentration of hydrochloric acid and the factors that cause it.

• Limontar

A metabolic agent produced in the form of tablets for the preparation of a solution for oral administration. Each capsule contains the following active components: succinic acid 0.2 g, citric acid 0.05 g. The drug has antioxidant, antihypoxic and antitoxic effects. Activates tissue metabolism and oxidation-reduction reactions.

It has a wide range of applications. Most often it is prescribed to minimize the toxic effects of food or drinks. It relieves withdrawal symptoms, weakness, nausea, headaches and appetite disorders. It can be used during pregnancy and before diagnostics of the gastrointestinal tract to determine the acid-forming and secretory functions of the stomach.

The tablet should be dissolved in a glass of water or juice and taken orally. It is better to use the drug before meals or to relieve painful symptoms in the epigastric region. The main contraindication is intolerance to the active components. Limontar is not recommended for arterial hypertension, glaucoma, ischemia, ulcerative lesions of the digestive tract and severe late gestosis of pregnant women.

• Pentagastrin

A pharmacological agent used for diagnostic purposes to assess the secretory function of the stomach. Allows you to determine the acid-forming and secretory functions of the stomach. The drug is released in ampoules for subcutaneous administration. The dosage depends on the body weight and age of the patient. Side effects are manifested in the form of a short-term decrease in blood pressure, increased salivation, bouts of nausea and painful sensations in the abdominal cavity.

• Cytochrome C

The drug is involved in tissue respiration processes. It is used for intoxication and other pathological conditions that are accompanied by a violation of oxidative processes in the body. It has two forms of release: for oral, intramuscular/intravenous administration. Contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to its components. Side effects are manifested in the form of chills and increased body temperature.

As a rule, the doctor prescribes several drugs, establishing a regimen for their use and duration of therapy.

2. Normal or high acidity – drugs that eliminate heartburn and low concentration of gastric acid.

• Precipitated calcium carbonate

A medicinal product with activity reducing stomach acidity. Its main advantage is its rapid action. It is used for diseases of the digestive tract with increased secretion and acidity of gastric juice. It is available in the form of powder for the preparation of a solution for oral administration. Dosage - 0.25-1 g 2-3 times a day. With prolonged use, it can cause constipation.

• Sodium bicarbonate

An antacid with expectorant properties. It is used for inflammation of the stomach with increased production of hydrochloric acid, ulcerative lesions of the duodenum and stomach. It helps with colds and inflammatory pathologies of the respiratory system.

Available in ampoules for injections, suppositories and tablets. For catarrhal gastritis, take 0.5-1.5 g 2 times a day. Side effects include alkalization of the body. The main contraindication is poisoning with strong acids.

3. Adsorbents – are used only in mild cases of the disease and in its early stages. They remove toxins and infectious agents that caused the disease.

• Enterosgel

A medicine with the active substance methylsilicic acid in the form of a hydrogel. It is used for infectious and toxic diseases of the liver and kidneys. It is effective for cholestasis of various origins, gastrointestinal diseases, food and drug allergies, infectious diseases, intoxication and for the complex treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis.

The medicinal paste is taken orally. The course of treatment lasts 7-14 days, in particularly severe cases the therapy can be extended. The dosage is selected individually for each patient. Contraindications are associated with individual intolerance to the components of the product. Side effects are manifested in the form of constipation. In case of overdose, attacks of nausea and vomiting may occur.

• Polyphepan

The medicine is an antidote, enterosorbent, detoxifier. The main active ingredient is hydrolytic lignin (a plant product). It is used for intestinal infections, dysbacteriosis, acute diseases of unknown etiology, poisoning, intoxication of the body, gastric ulcer, gastritis, and allergic diseases.

The drug is taken orally by dissolving granules or gel in 200 ml of purified warm water. The drug should be taken 1-1.5 hours before meals. The duration of treatment is 3-7 days. Side effects occur with intolerance to the components of the drug. Most often, patients experience allergic reactions, constipation, and discomfort in the epigastrium.

4. Antacids – prescribed for inflammation with increased acidity of gastric juice, heartburn, belching.

• Rennie

Gastroprotective, antacid agent. The active substance is calcium and magnesium carbonate. When these substances enter the stomach cavity, they interact with the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice. This leads to the neutralization of the acid and the formation of water, water-soluble salts of calcium and magnesium. The drug is used for gastrointestinal diseases associated with increased acidity, gastritis with normal and increased acidity, acute duodenitis, ulcers, heartburn and for symptomatic treatment of stomach pain.

The drug is taken 1-2 tablets when pathological symptoms appear. The maximum daily dosage is 16 tablets. Side effects are manifested in the form of skin allergic reactions, constipation, diarrhea. Rennie is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to its components. It is prescribed with special caution to patients with renal failure and elevated calcium levels in the blood. In case of overdose, diarrhea and hypercalcemia may develop. These symptoms disappear after discontinuation of the drug, so they do not require specific therapy.

• Phosphalugel

An antacid with pronounced acid-neutralizing, adsorbing and enveloping properties. Available in the form of a gel for internal use. Used for chronic and acute gastritis, ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, enterocolitis, acute duodenitis, proctitis, erosive lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosa, pancreatitis, heartburn.

The drug is taken 2-3 sachets 2-3 times a day. Contraindications: chronic renal failure, intolerance to the components of the drug, Alzheimer's disease. In case of overdose, constipation may develop. Side effects are manifested in the form of attacks of nausea and vomiting, changes in taste, allergic reactions and problems with stool.

5. Preparations for enhancing the protection of the gastric mucosa - after oral administration, they create a protective shell that prevents inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract.

• Venter

A medicinal product with the active substance sucralfate-disaccharide. Accelerates the healing of peptic ulcers and prevents the development of ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa. It is used as monotherapy for various forms of gastritis and dyspepsia of non-ulcer etiology. It can be used in the complex treatment of any other erosive lesions of the digestive tract.

It is available in the form of granules and tablets for oral use. The drug is taken one capsule before each main meal. Side effects may include the following reactions: nausea, vomiting, increased flatulence, dry mouth, sleep and wakefulness disorders, skin allergic reactions. Contraindications: intolerance to active components, treatment of patients under 4 years of age, as well as renal and hepatic dysfunction. In case of overdose, increased side effects are observed.

• De-Nol

An antiulcer agent with the active substance bismuth subcitrate. Its mechanism of action is based on the precipitation of proteins by forming chelate compounds with them. As a result, a protective film is formed on the surface of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. The drug is used for various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which are accompanied by damage to the mucous membrane.

De-Nol is available in the form of tablets for oral use. The medication is taken 4 tablets per day in 4 doses 30 minutes before meals. Side effects are manifested in the form of bouts of nausea and vomiting, stool disorders and skin allergic reactions. Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation, intolerance to active components, severe renal dysfunction, use of drugs with bismuth, treatment of patients under 14 years of age. In case of overdose, there is an increase in side effects. To eliminate such symptoms, gastric lavage and enterosorbents are administered.

Vitamins

Vitamin deficiency in the body can lead to the development of various diseases, including inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Vitamins are necessary for the normal functioning of all organs and systems, they support the protective properties of the immune system, preventing the development of many diseases.

For catarrhal gastritis, it is necessary to take the following vitamins:

• PP – niacin helps normalize the process of secretion of gastric juice. Prevents diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disorders. Contained in cereals, meat products and fish.
• A - acts as a preventive measure against infectious diseases that pose a threat to internal organs, especially the stomach. Enters the body with cereals and dairy products.
• B5 – pantothenic acid stimulates the process of mucosal restoration and has a potentiating effect on its motor function. Normalizes intestinal peristalsis, reducing the amount of hydrochloric acid.
• B6 – pyridoxine reduces painful symptoms of inflammatory lesions of the stomach and normalizes metabolic processes.
• B12 – its deficiency leads to anemia and insufficient oxygen saturation of internal organs. This element is transported by blood throughout the body, accelerates recovery in gastritis and other pathologies of the digestive system.
• U-methionine has antiulcer activity, so it is excellent for treating gastritis and gastric ulcers. It inhibits the secretory activity of the organ and has an analgesic effect. It accelerates the regeneration process, preventing the formation of scar tissue.
• Folic acid – softens the course of inflammatory reactions in internal organs, has a general stimulating effect. Contained in liver, spinach, cabbage.

Taking vitamins for gastritis is necessary to saturate the body with useful microelements. Patients are prescribed vitamin complexes and a diet rich in useful substances.

Physiotherapy treatment

Another method of treating gastritis is the use of various natural and artificial factors (heat, cold, electric current, ultrasound). Physiotherapeutic treatment is aimed at accelerating the body's recovery. Such therapy is used in combination with other methods. As a rule, it is carried out after the relief of acute forms and attacks of the disease.

Basic physiotherapy procedures for catarrhal gastritis:

• Secretocorrective – aimed at restoring gastric juice secretion and normal acidity levels. This method involves the use of secreto-stimulating techniques (hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium-calcium drinking waters) and secretolytic (sodium sulfate-magnesium drinking waters).
• Anti-inflammatory procedures – low-intensity UHF therapy, local cryotherapy.
• Antispasmodic methods – paraffin therapy, gastric galvanization, intraorgan electrophoresis of antispasmodic drugs.
• Sedative procedures – pine and nitrogen baths, galvanization of the collar zone.
• Immunomodulatory methods – high-frequency magnetic therapy of the thymus, low-frequency CMV therapy of the umbilical region.

All the above procedures are carried out as prescribed by a physiotherapist. Treatment takes place in health resorts or hydrotherapy centers.

Folk remedies

Due to the ineffectiveness of traditional methods of treating gastritis, many patients choose folk treatment. This type of therapy involves the use of natural herbal ingredients with medicinal properties. Let's consider effective recipes that help eliminate inflammation of the gastric mucosa:

• Take 1 peeled potato and grind it using a grater or blender. Squeeze the juice and take it in the morning before meals. The procedure must be carried out for 10 days.
• Pour 250 ml of hot water over 40 g of plantain leaves and let it brew for 8-10 hours. Then strain the liquid through gauze. The infusion should be taken 2-3 times a day 30 minutes before meals, diluting 2 tablespoons of the medicine in ½ glass of water. Duration of therapy is 28-30 days.
• Add flaxseed oil to your food and eat flax seeds. This has a beneficial effect on the condition of the gastric mucosa. Pour a glass of warm water over a handful of seeds and leave to infuse overnight. Drink the resulting jelly in the morning. Sea buckthorn oil also has medicinal properties and is also recommended to be added to the diet as a seasoning.
• Take 50 g of crushed celandine and mix it with 150 g of honey. The first two days take 1 teaspoon per day, the next five days - 3-4 spoons per day.

Before using traditional medicine methods, you should consult a gastroenterologist, as some recipes can lead to an exacerbation of the disease.

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Herbal treatment

Another alternative approach to the treatment of many diseases is herbal treatment. To eliminate the catarrhal form of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, the following recipes are recommended:

• Take equal proportions of chamomile flowers, myta leaves, St. John's wort and yarrow. Pour the herbal mixture into a thermos and pour boiling water over it. Let it brew for 10-12 hours, then strain and take 1/3 cup 2-3 times a day.
• Take one part mint leaves, marsh cinquefoil leaves, yarrow herb and two parts fennel fruits. Pour hot water over the ingredients and boil in a water bath for 30 minutes. Strain, take ½ cup 2-3 times a day 30 minutes before meals.
• Take two parts of St. John's wort, yarrow, gentian rhizome, three parts of chicory leaves and four parts of fumitory. Mix all the ingredients thoroughly and pour 1 liter of cold water. The remedy should be infused overnight. Strain in the morning and take ½ glass 30 minutes before meals 3-4 times a day.
• Take equal proportions of the plant material: calamus rhizome, marsh cinquefoil leaves, orange peel and wormwood. Pour a glass of boiling water over all the ingredients and place in a thermos. The medicine should be infused for 12 hours, after which it should be filtered and taken ½ glass 3 times a day before meals.

During herbal treatment, special attention should be paid to the correct proportion of medicinal components. Since non-compliance with the recipe can cause overdose symptoms and other negative reactions from many organs and systems.

Homeopathy

An alternative method of treating many diseases is homeopathy. The following medications are indicated to eliminate catarrhal inflammation of the stomach:

• Arsenicum album 3, 6 – used for deep and erosive lesions, relieves painful symptoms and increased thirst.
• Antimonium crudum 3 – minimizes dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, heartburn, belching). Promotes restoration of the damaged organ.
• Belladonna 3X, 3 – is indicated for acute gastritis, which is accompanied by high temperature, feverish state and general agitation of the body.
• Ipecacuanha 3X, 3 – used for superficial gastritis. Reduces attacks of nausea and vomiting. Helps with vomiting with blood and internal bleeding.
• Camphor rubies 2X, 3X – prescribed for acute gastritis with high acidity, belching, heartburn, sour vomiting.

All homeopathic remedies are selected by a homeopathic doctor after examining the patient and reviewing his/her medical history. The doctor prescribes the dosage of the drugs and the duration of their use. Using homeopathic remedies on your own is life-threatening.

Surgical treatment

Often, advanced forms of catarrhal gastritis lead to serious complications, for the elimination of which surgical treatment is indicated. Surgical intervention is indicated in the development of gastric cancer, malignant tumors, chronic ulcers with suspected malignancy, as well as in decompensated pyloric stenosis.

Most often, resection is performed, that is, removal of part of the affected organ, in this case the stomach. Complete removal and connection of the esophagus to the intestine is gastrectomy. This is the most radical method of surgical treatment. After the operation, the patient will undergo long-term rehabilitation aimed at restoring the normal functioning of the body.

Diet for catarrhal gastritis

One of the main conditions for treating any form and stage of stomach inflammation is a diet. For catarrhal gastritis, a gentle diet is recommended. Without a therapeutic diet, the process of restoring the damaged mucosa is very long and difficult. In addition, the risk of relapse of the disease increases.

The diet involves a complete rejection of the following products:

• Fatty, fried, spicy, smoked, pickled, salted.
• Products that cause increased secretion of gastric juices: alcohol, carbonated drinks, legumes, cabbage, sausage.
• Food that is too hot or too cold.

During treatment, fractional nutrition is recommended, which means eating at the same time (5-6 meals a day). All food must be chewed thoroughly, since coarse pieces of food, getting into the stomach, injure it. It is necessary to eat slowly, without rushing.

Particular attention should be paid to fermented milk products, fruit and vegetable purees, fruit juices, steamed poultry or rabbit meat, fish. The diet should be followed with particular care during periods of exacerbation of the disease, after stress, or in seasons of increased weakness of the body.

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Prevention

Any disease, especially gastritis, is much easier to prevent than to cure. Prevention consists of following these recommendations:

• Avoid unhealthy foods that irritate the mucous membrane. Give preference to steamed, baked or boiled products. Monitor the quality of the food you eat.
• Very often, stomach problems arise due to non-compliance with the diet. Stick to the principle of fractional nutrition, eat at regular intervals and in small portions. Do not overeat and do not take long breaks between meals.
• Give up bad habits. Low-quality alcohol, as well as its frequent use, can cause inflammation of the gastric mucosa or a chemical burn. This also applies to smoking, when tobacco smoke gets into the stomach, it provokes its irritation and aggravates the inflammatory process.
• Treat any illnesses promptly, even if at first glance they have nothing to do with the gastrointestinal tract. The body is a single system, so damage to some organs can lead to many other pathologies.
• Maintain physical activity, but avoid overexertion. This will keep your body in good shape and tone.
• Monitor your medication intake, especially if it has a negative effect on the mucous membrane. If necessary, take additional medications that protect the stomach.

Prevention is necessary for everyone, regardless of whether you suffer from gastritis or not. Do not refuse routine check-ups with a doctor. Timely detection of the disease will allow you to begin its treatment and save you from possible consequences and complications.

Forecast

Catarrhal gastritis has a favorable prognosis. With timely treatment, the disease quickly ends with complete restoration of the damaged organ and recovery of the patient. Advanced forms of inflammation have a less positive outcome, since without medical care they can lead to oncological pathologies that threaten death.