Calypsol

A medicinal preparation belonging to the group of non-barbiturates and acting as a non-inhalation anesthetic is Calypsol. This means for the work of anesthesiologists was developed and is produced by the well-known Hungarian pharmaceutical company Gedeon Richter A. O.

It would seem that just recently patients had to endure unbearable pain during surgery or other medical procedures in order to have a chance at life. Some patients died simply from pain shock. Many people are still afraid to go to the clinic with their problems, fearing pain and discomfort. Modern medicine, together with pharmaceutical concerns, has taken care of this. The innovative anesthetic Calypsol allows unpleasant procedures or mini-operations to be carried out painlessly.

Indications Calypsol

It is quite easy to determine the area of application of the drug in question in this case, since Calypsol was originally developed as an anesthetic.

Indications for the use of the drug Calypsol are narrowly targeted and are used:

1. In case of short-term surgical intervention, which requires control of muscle relaxation.
2. As introductory (mono-use) or primary (complex use) anesthesia.
3. If the instrumental examinations or other diagnostic procedures performed may cause pain symptoms (for example, myelography, endoscopy, pneumoencephalography, cardiac catheterization, ventriculography).
4. In case of treatment of large wounds and burns.
5. When transporting seriously ill patients.
6. In emergency surgical treatment against the background of pain shock caused by serious injury.
7. In combination with other drugs (for example, benzodiazepine), Calypsol is used to obtain general anesthesia.
8. A number of procedures on the organs of vision.
9. And a number of others of a similar focus.

The scope of application is wide. This includes dentistry, gynecology and obstetric practice, ophthalmology, otolaryngological procedures, surgical manipulations and a number of others.

[ 1 ]

Release form

The drug in question, Calypsol, is not very diverse. The form of release of this medicine is a solution for injections, which is produced by the manufacturer in volumes of 10 ml. At the same time, the active substance of the considered anesthesia is a, this volume contains 0.5 g.

The liquid is colorless, packaged in dark glass bottles, which are then packed in a cardboard box along with the leaflet (instructions for use).

Pharmacodynamics

Calypsol was created by the manufacturer as a means for non-inhalation anesthesia, hence the pharmacodynamics of the drug in question.

The active chemical compound of the drug is ketamine hydrochloride, an innovative anesthetic substance with pronounced analgesic properties. It is this that sets the direction of the pharmacological properties of the medical solution in question.

If administered by a specialist once into a vein in the recommended dosage, the effect of anesthesia is observed after 0.5 - 1 minute after the injection. The duration of the narcotic effect is felt by the patient on average for five to ten minutes, but there have been cases where anesthesia lasted for a quarter of an hour.

In case of intramuscular administration of the drug, the anesthetic effect is observed after two to four minutes (less often six to eight minutes). The administered dosage was calculated according to the formula 4 - 8 mg per kilogram of the patient's weight. The duration of the drug's effectiveness lasts on average from 12 to 25 minutes, but in light of the individuality of the human body, this indicator can last up to half an hour.

The drug Calypsol is capable of maintaining the analgesic (pain-relieving) effect for two hours. At the same time, incomplete relaxation of muscle reflexes can be observed. A positive quality of the introduction of the considered anesthesia is the fact that such reflexes as swallowing, cough reflex, normal ventilation of the lungs remain functional, which allows the patient to breathe independently.

The conversion of ketamine hydrochloride into its metabolite occurs in the liver, thanks to its enzymes.

As studies have shown, the components of the anesthetic Calypsol freely penetrate the histohematic barriers, this also applies to the blood-brain barrier.

The peculiarity of this anesthetic and its advantages are:

1. Rapid onset of narcotic effect.
2. Its period of action is short.
3. Preservation of human function for independent breathing.
4. It has a low degree of toxicity.
5. Poorly relaxes skeletal muscles.
6. The seizure threshold does not decrease.
7. Calypsol not only does not worsen, but also activates the work of the cardiovascular system.
8. The drug in question does not have properties such as adrenoblocking, anticholinergic blocking, and does not suppress the antihistamine activity of the patient’s body.
9. The sedative and hypnotic properties of Calypsol are less pronounced.

As observations have shown, the active substance does not have any significant effect on metabolic processes, as well as the normal functioning of the liver, kidneys, digestive tract, endocrine glands and the blood clotting process.

Pharmacokinetics

In order for the therapy to be as effective as possible, the attending physician prescribing the treatment protocol must operate with knowledge not only of pharmacodynamics, but also of the characteristics of the drug Calypsol in terms of the rate of its absorption by the body and elimination from it.

Today, the pharmacokinetics of the drug Calypsol show an excellent rate of adsorption and distribution through the blood system to organs that are maximally supplied with life-giving fluid. The brain is one of these organs. It is the effect of ketamine hydrochloride on brain cells that allows one to obtain the expected effect of anesthesia.

The half-life and elimination period of the drug is two to three hours. Calypsol is mainly excreted from the body as its metabolite through the kidneys, together with urine.

Dosing and administration

Any pharmacological agent is prescribed in the treatment protocol of various diseases only by a qualified experienced specialist. This also applies to the drug considered in this article - anesthesia Calypsol. The developers of this drug have proposed only the recommended method of application and dosage. But our body is individual, therefore, in order to achieve maximum efficiency, the doctor - anesthesiologist individually calculates the dosage and selects the method of administration. This indicator consists of a number of facts: the clinical picture of the disease, the nature of the manipulations that should be carried out, the age of the patient and the level of his general health.

The recommended single premedication dose for adult patients when administered intravenously is 1.0 to 4.5 mg per kilogram of the patient's weight. The same indicator for intramuscular administration is 6.5 to 8 mg per kilogram of the patient's weight.

The solution is injected into the vein very slowly, over at least a minute.

These indicators for small patients are somewhat lower and are:

- when administered intravenously - from 0.5 to 3.0 mg, calculated per kilogram of the patient's weight.

- for intramuscular administration – from 2 to 5 mg per kilogram of patient weight.

The average dosage for anesthesia lasting five to ten minutes is 2 mg per kilogram of the patient's weight.

Specialists from Gedeon Richter A.O. provide a number of recommendations for the correct and more effective use of the anesthetic Calypsol:

1. The dosage of anesthesia is selected only by a qualified specialist - anesthesiologist.
2. As with other anesthetic drugs, a resuscitation kit should be available.
3. If the patient's medical history is burdened with a "bouquet" of various diseases, it is first necessary to assess the benefit-risk ratio of using Calypsol.
4. The drug is administered slowly when it is given into a vein, stretching the delivery of the calculated dose of anesthesia for approximately a full minute. At a higher rate of delivery, breathing problems and a rapid increase in blood pressure can be expected.
5. If the procedure is performed on a patient with cardiac dysfunction or persistent high blood pressure, the specialist should continuously monitor the heart and blood pressure during the anesthesia.
6. It has already been noted above that Calypsol does not suppress pharyngeal reflexes. Therefore, it is worthwhile to ensure that there is no mechanical irritation of the nasopharyngeal apparatus. Breathing control is mandatory.
7. During surgical treatment affecting visceral pathways, the pain may become so noticeable that it requires the addition of other analgesics to the therapy.
8. If the operation requires complete relaxation of the muscular musculature (for example, during gynecological intervention on the uterus), the administration of Calypsol alone is not permissible.
9. When carrying out various types of ophthalmological procedures, the use of local analgesics is not permitted.
10. During resuscitation measures for alcohol intoxication, the drug in question should be taken very carefully, or even replaced with a more suitable analogue.
11. During recovery from anesthesia, in some cases, symptoms of a mental disorder may be observed, occurring with impaired consciousness (acute delirium). To prevent such a scenario, the anesthesiologist usually administers a drug from the benzodiazepine group. But this does not eliminate the need to monitor the patient's vital signs.
12. If Calypsol was used outside of a hospital setting, the patient can be sent home only after he has fully regained consciousness, and it is better if he is accompanied by an adult.
13. Driving vehicles and operating complex dangerous machinery is not allowed. It is worth refraining from such actions at least for 24 hours.

[ 3 ]

Use Calypsol during pregnancy

The vast majority of pharmaceutical products are prohibited for use by women during pregnancy or breastfeeding after childbirth.

As observations have shown, ketamine hydrochloride easily penetrates the placental barrier. Therefore, doctors do not recommend using the drug Calypsol during pregnancy. This fact is also explained by the fact that there is no objective data and numerous studies that would confirm the safety of the drug for both the health of the mother and her child.

If obstetric procedures are required, the drug can be used at reduced dosages. This dose is calculated as 2 mg per kilogram of the pregnant woman's weight.

To date, there is no data on the ability of Calypsol to penetrate into breast milk. Therefore, if the clinical picture allows, treatment should be waited for until the end of lactation. If time is of the essence, it is worthwhile to wean the newborn from breastfeeding for the period recommended by the doctor before and after the operation, transferring it to artificial feeding with adapted mixtures. After some time, the young mother can return to breastfeeding the baby.

Contraindications

Whatever the medicine considered, it affects the body, achieving its response. This is the basis of the principle of any therapy. There are contraindications for use and anesthetic drug with pronounced analgesic characteristics Calypsol, which are not so numerous. These are:

1. Pathological changes that disrupt the normal flow of blood in brain tissue.
2. Hypertension is persistent high blood pressure.
3. Dysfunction of the heart muscle in the stage of decompensation.
4. Angina pectoris.
5. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are severe stages of gestosis - a pathological complication of pregnancy.
6. Epileptic seizures in young patients.

Calypsol should be used with caution if the patient suffers from:

1. Kidney diseases.
   1. During surgery on the larynx and pharynx.
   2. Calypsol has a negative effect on a person's ability to pay attention for a long time. Therefore, driving vehicles and operating complex dangerous mechanisms is not allowed. It is worth refraining from such actions at least for 24 hours.

Side effects Calypsol

Due to its pharmacological characteristics and the way it enters the human body, Calypsol, as clinical observations have shown, can also provoke some side effects. The list is not long, but it still exists:

1. Increased blood pressure, which is especially dangerous in hypertension.
2. Heart rhythm disturbance.
3. Sustained increase in muscle tone.
4. Nausea.
5. Development of hypersalivation - increased secretion of the salivary glands.
6. Mild manifestations of psychosis.
7. Psychomotor agitation may be observed.
8. Shortness of breath may appear, breathing problems may occur.
9. During the period of recovery from anesthesia, the patient may experience hallucinations and short-term disorientation in space and time.
10. Quite rarely, an allergic local reaction may occur in the injection area: redness of the skin, soreness.

[ 2 ]

Overdose

Calypsol - this anesthetic drug has appeared in "medical use" not so long ago, therefore, to date, no negative facts indicating that an overdose of the drug has occurred have been established.

Interactions with other drugs

The drug discussed in this article is not intended to treat, it was developed as a support drug that ensures painless implementation of many medical manipulations of both therapeutic and diagnostic nature. If the patient does not have other health problems, and only Calypsol is taken, it is necessary to simply monitor your well-being so as not to miss if side symptoms of the drug occur.

But most often, Calypsol is used as a unit of complex treatment, which includes drugs of various pharmacological groups. Therefore, a specialist prescribing such treatment must be aware of which drugs can be combined into one therapeutic protocol, and which, when taken in tandem, can only worsen the situation.

The physician must understand what result can be obtained from interaction with other drugs of Calypsol.

As clinical monitoring has shown, the active ingredient of the drug in question enhances the effect of ditilin and tubocurarine, but is absolutely inert to the pharmacodynamics of succinylcholine and pancuronium.

Doctors categorically do not recommend using Kalipsol and barbiturates together. This is caused by the synthesis of precipitates - solid sediments. In this case, concentrated phosphorus compounds.

With the tandem administration of thyroid hormones and drugs with a high iodine content, there is a high risk of developing an irregular heart rhythm (tachycardia) and a jump in blood pressure.

Droperidol and sibazon act as inhibitors of psychotomimetic and motor activity. Their combined administration with Calypsol helps reduce the risk of developing arterial hypertension and disturbances in the rhythm of the heart.

Sedatives with a pronounced hypnotic effect (for example, benzodiazepines), as well as neuroleptics prolong the duration of action of Calypsol, but reduce the risk of developing side effects.

Parallel use with aminophylline helps to lower the seizure threshold. Ketamine hydrochloride works well with muscle relaxants and anesthetics, their mutual inertness is demonstrated.

[ 4 ]

Storage conditions

As already mentioned above, the drug in question is not a medicine that relieves a specific health problem of the patient. Calypsol ensures painless implementation of a number of medical procedures. And in order for doctors to be confident in its effectiveness, the storage conditions of Calypsol should be correctly and completely followed. Incorrect content of the anesthetic can significantly reduce or completely suppress its pharmacological characteristics, reduce the period of effective use.

By following all the recommendations of the manufacturer regarding the safety of the drug in question, doctors can be confident in the high pharmacological results of anesthesia.

It is necessary to store Calypsol in accordance with the following storage conditions:

1. The place where the anesthetic is supposed to be kept should be isolated from exposure to direct sunlight.
2. The storage temperature must not exceed the range of +15 to +25 degrees above zero.
3. The medicine must be kept in places that are inaccessible to teenagers and small children.

Shelf life

When entering the drug market, any product of pharmaceutical companies producing this medicine goes on sale with the mandatory indication on the packaging material of the date when this medicine was produced. The second number is the end date, after which the medicine supplied with this instruction should not be used as an effective medicine.

The shelf life of the anti-inflammatory, wound-healing drug Calypsol, prepared on a natural basis, is two years (or 24 months).