The sternum is a flat bone, to which ribs are attached to the right and left. The sternum has a handle, a body and a xiphoid process. The sternum arm (manubrium sterni) is the widest and thickest upper part of this bone.
The coccyx (os caccygis) is the result of the coalescence of 3-5 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae (vertebrae coccygeae). The coccyx has the shape of a triangle, slightly curved anteriorly.
The ribs (costae) are long, narrow, thin, curved bone plates. In front, the osseous part of the rib extends into the cartilaginous part - cartilago costalis. The seven upper pairs of ribs connecting at the front with the sternum are called true ribs (costae verae).
The sacrum (os sacrum) consists of five sacral vertebrae (vertebrae sacrales), which grow together into one bone in adolescence. The sacrum is triangular in shape. He is a massive bone, because he takes on the weight of almost the entire body.
The lumbar vertebrae (vertebrae lumbales) have a large bean-shaped body. The height of the body increases in the direction from I to V vertebra. Vertebral openings are large, almost triangular in shape. The transverse processes are located almost in the frontal plane.
The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae) are larger than the cervical vertebrae. The height of their body grows from top to bottom. It is maximal in the XII thoracic vertebra. The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are long, inclined downwards and superimposed on each other. This arrangement prevents the spinal cord from re-opening. The articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae are oriented in the frontal plane, while the upper articular surfaces are directed laterally and posteriorly, and the lower joints are medially and anteriorly.
Cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales) experience less stress compared to the rest of the spine, so they have a small body. The transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae have an opening of the transverse process (foramen processus transversus).
Vertebra has a body and an arc. The vertebral body (corpus vertebrae) faces anteriorly and serves as its supporting part. The arc of the vertebra (areus vertebrae) connects from behind with the vertebral body with the legs of the vertebrae (pedunculi areus vertebrae).
The spine (vertebral column, columna vertebralis) is formed by 33-34 vertebrae, of which 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar. Five sacral vertebrae fuse, forming a single bone - the sacrum (sacrum). The coccyx consists of 3-5 coccyx vertebrae.
