Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm consisting of epithelial-glandular cells, this is the name of tumors that, during their growth, affect the glands of the human body. Of the glandular and epithelial cells are almost all organs of the human body. It is known that all adenocarcinomas have the ability to produce secretory fluids, which is why among these tumors there is a classification of the substances that these tumors produce - muco-secretory and serous.

Also this type of tumors are classified according to the type and location of the cells inside them - they are papillary and follicular. Adenocarcinomas can also be dense or cystolic, in other words hollow. This type of tumors can take a variety of sizes and shapes, which often depend on the structure and functional of the cells and tissues of the affected organ.

They arise as a result of malnutrition, negative environmental factors, sometimes it can be a genetic predisposition or a serious illness that has been transferred earlier. To date, the reasons for the occurrence of adenocarcinomas and the stages of their formation remain unclear.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6],

Causes of adenocarcinoma

The causes, as well as the occurrence of other types of cancer, have not been fully studied to date, but according to statistical data, the majority of cases of cancer are associated with congestion of the mucous secretion and its subsequent inflammation in this or that organ or body cavity of a person. Until now, there are many white spots in the study of the reproduction of cancer cells, and the speed of its spread through the body through metastasis.

As mentioned above, the causes of adenocarcinoma are associated with stasis and inflammatory processes associated with mucus in the body. The most common cause of adenocarcinoma is considered to be malnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle. Also, among the causes of the disease, early illnesses and a hereditary factor are noted.

If you determine the cause of adenocarcinoma associated with a particular organ, it is worth noting that this type of tumor in pancreas begins to develop in connection with smoking and chronic pancreatitis.

Gastric adenocarcinoma can occur in case of its defeat by the Helibacter Pylori bacterium and disorders in the structure of the epithelium of the gastric mucosa, chronic gastric ulcers, polyps or Menetries disease.

Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine can arise as a consequence of working with asbestos, with frequent anal sex, due to papillomavirus infection or old age. Also, the cause of this type of tumors in the large intestine can be colitis, polyps, prolonged constipation, villous tumors, fistula and other chronic diseases.

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate can be provoked due to genetic predisposition, age-related hormonal changes, and the cause of adenocarcinoma can be chronic intoxication of the body with cadmium, a violation of the nutrient balance or the presence of the XMRV virus.

Adenocarcinoma can affect various organs in the human body under the influence of a variety of factors such as, malnutrition, lack of fresh vegetables and fruits, a lot of fatty, sweet, flour and meat, eating a large number of smoked products containing polycyclic carbohydrates. An important factor in the occurrence of adenocarcinoma is heredity or the presence of similar diseases in relatives, as well as the consequences of nervous stress, surgical interventions, residence in an infected radioactive zone, obesity or the negative impact of all sorts of chemicals.

[7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]

Symptoms of adenocarcinoma

At the beginning of the disease are almost not noticeable, this insidious disease proceeds imperceptibly and for quite a long time a person does not feel any discomfort. When the tumor gradually begins to increase in size, the patient begins to feel the first symptoms of adenocarcinoma. Symptoms include stool changes, changes in eating habits, some discomfort after eating, if the tumor is in the gastrointestinal tract. The next symptoms are a sharp loss of weight and mouth volume of the abdomen, as well as pain in the affected body, then peritonitis, anemia and non-infectious jaundice.

When an adenocarcinoma affects any organ in the human body, patients experience weight loss, decreased red blood cells in the blood, general weakness of the body, rapid fatigue, drowsiness, unpleasant pain at the site of tumor localization, enlarged lymph nodes, sleep disturbance.

In case of defeat of adenocarcinoma of the pharynx or nasal cavity, signs of the disease become weight loss and appetite, pain in the nose, larynx or throat, often there is an unpleasant feeling of "scratched throat". Also, the symptom of adenocarcinoma of the larynx can be not passing redness and swelling of the tonsils, pain during swallowing, which translates into ear pain, speech disorders and enlarged lymph nodes or salivary glands.

Adenocarcinoma of the uterus

It is a neoplasm that develops on the inner layer of the uterus and out of its cells. The main causes of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium of the uterus are considered obesity, diabetes, hypertension. Also, the cause may be diseases that cause complications in the ovaries, for example, increased content of female sex hormones estrogen, infertility, treatment of breast cancers for more than five years, in special cases using a drug such as Tamoxifen.

Adenocarcinoma of the uterus has the following clinical manifestations and symptoms. It can be chronic aching back pain in the lumbar region. Sometimes such symptoms are uterine bleeding, during menopause, appearing after rather long breaks. The last symptom is always considered by specialists as a sign of adenocarcinoma, until the opposite is proven. Prolonged and profuse bleeding in young women can also be a sign of adenocarcinoma.

Unfortunately, with adenocarcinoma, there is a worse prognosis than other types of cancer affecting the cervix or its cavity. This is determined by the ability of the tumor to penetrate into tissues to a greater depth, which can significantly complicate the diagnosis of this disease. In the treatment of uterine adenocarcinoma, complex therapy is often used that involves surgical intervention and the use of radiological irradiation.

[13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18]

Endometrial adenocarcinoma

Has a tendency to develop in the outer shell of the uterus. This ailment in the most frequent cases tends to affect women in the period before or after menopause.

Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium looks like an exophytic nodule that can germinate into the myometrium. The surface of the tumor is an uneven patch of glandular tissue covered with ulcers. To date, endometrial cancer is classified through microscopic studies.

The causes of endometrial adenocarcinoma include infertility and menstrual irregularity, due to anovulation leading to a decrease in progesterone secretion. Also, among the causes of endometrial cancer, it should be noted the absence of pregnancy and childbirth, late after 52 years, menopause, diabetes mellitus, heredity and obesity. Stein-Levental syndrome, ovarian tumors, abnormal hormone treatment in the post-menopausal period due to prolonged use of estrogen can also cause endometrial adenocarcinoma. Studies have shown that taking Tamoxifen in the treatment of breast tumors for more than 5 years can also cause endometrial cancer.

The main symptoms of endometrial adenocarcinoma are profuse and painful bleeding during menopause, or in the near period in the period before it. The size of the uterus, as a rule, can remain normal. But, sometimes the sizes can vary between a decrease or an increase, since the pathology in most cases affects only the upper layers of the uterus.

[19], [20], [21], [22]

Cervical adenocarcinoma

Characterized by the presence of malignant neoplasm in the layers of endocervis. The prognosis of treatment of this disease is often not favorable. In the second stage of this oncology, the five-year survival rate is only 37% to 50%, and in the first stage survival is 82%. An unfavorable prognosis for cervical adenocarcinoma may be due to the fact that in most cases this disease is diagnosed on the basis of histological rather than clinical studies, which makes it very difficult to diagnose.

Also, the treatment of this disease differs in an unfavorable prognosis. After all, often large tumors have very low sensitivity to radiation therapy, which explains the catastrophically high incidences of relapses.

Cervical adenocarcinoma has a more favorable prognosis for combined treatment, with the simultaneous use of surgical treatment and radiological irradiation. The benefit of combined therapies is also indicated by an increase in the percentage of patients' survival.

[23], [24], [25]

Adenocarcinoma of the vagina

Mainly occurs against the background of adenosis localized in the vagina, and is a very rare malignant pathology in the female reproductive system. Statistics show that this oncology occurs in one of thousands of cases detected in women of vaginal neoplasms.

When examined using optical diagnostic tools, the tumor is visualized as a collection of cells of light-toned cytoplasm cells, which, therefore, form light bands. This is due to the fact that glycogen is dissolved in the cells, while the nucleus remains expressive. Occasionally, cysts or ducts are observed, which are covered with cells of flat, cylindrical shape, or cells resembling a nail, with nuclei in the form of bulbs.

In order to establish an accurate and unambiguous diagnosis of the vaginal adenocarcinoma, it is necessary to differentiate it from the frequently associated Vaginal adenosis of the Arias-Stella phenomenon and micro-glandular hyperplasia. For treatment, one of these methods is prescribed: radiation therapy, or a more radical way of bilateral adnexectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, vagieectomy.

The prognosis of this disease consists in that from 15 to 40 percent of tumor formations at the 1 and 2 stages extend to the lymph nodes. Favorable factors of healing from this oncological pathology of the vagina are the age of the patient, the detection of the disease in its early stages, tubular-cystic structure and small tumor size with shallow invasion of the lack of metastases in the lymph nodes of regional localization.

[26], [27], [28], [29]

Adenocarcinoma of the ovary

This is one of the rare types of ovarian cancer, entering only 3% of all epithelial ovarian tumors. This disease has become one of the most unfavorable malignant oncologies and has the highest mortality among women affected by this disease.

To date, malignant neoplasms of the ovaries have been poorly studied due to the fact that this disease is rare. The light-celled adenocarcinoma of the ovary succumbed to inadequate observation, which today prevents the establishment of a full-fledged and clinically correct diagnosis. This oncology, in view of its rarity, does not allow to fully study its morphological parameters, which, in case of maximum study, could favorably influence the methods of treatment of this disease and the prognosis.

To the end, the morphological parameters of the clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the ovaries have not been studied, which to some extent can influence the methods of treatment and the outcome of the disease. The light-celled adenocarcinoma of the ovaries has a worse prognosis in comparison with serous cystadenocarcinoma, even if they are equally localized.

Like other types of adenocarcinoma, ovarian cancer is asymptomatic, which makes early diagnosis of this disease impossible. In 80 cases out of 100 adenocarcinoma of the ovaries is diagnosed, as a rule, at stages 3 or 4 of the disease. Disappointing is the result of treatment of light-celled ovarian cancer due to its low sensitivity to chemotherapy, even with the use of preparations containing platinum. The search for new regimens of therapy today does not give such results as surgical treatment, due to which the complete removal of the affected ovary or its part is removed.

[30], [31], [32],

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate according to studies reduces the life of a man for up to 10 years. This malignant neoplasm is usually divided into: small-acinar, highly differentiated, low-differentiated, papillary, solid-trabecular, endometriodic, glandular-cystic and mucus.

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland is one of the most common oncology developing in men. To date, the causes of the defeat of adenocarcinoma of any of the human organs are not fully understood. However, according to studies in patients with prostate disease, the risk of adenocarcinoma appeared to be higher than that of other subjects.

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland as the tumor grows in size may be accompanied by problems during urination, such as, for example, a weak jet, frequent urination or even incontinence. With further growth of the tumor, sharp, or vice versa, drawing pains in the prostate, blood in the seminal fluid or urine

In modern medicine, using the method of early diagnosis, it became much easier to determine the presence of a malignant tumor at its early stage. This helps to avoid the destruction of the capsule of the prostate gland and the spread of this type of oncology with the help of metastases. Such diagnostics help to perform sparing surgical treatment with preservation of important nerves responsible for erection and urination. Unfortunately, in the prognosis with the progressing stage of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland, it should be noted that surgical treatment results only for a certain time, after which it is often possible to return the disease.

The causes of adenocarcinoma of the prostate can be quite diverse, for example, one of the factors that affect the onset of adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the advanced age of a man, which can also be caused by poor heredity or genetic predisposition, cadmium poisoning, imbalance in nutrients, or the presence of a rare XMRV virus.

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, as well as other types of cancerous tumors, passes asymptomatically on the initial steel. Often, pronounced symptoms are manifested already in the last stages of the disease. Among the symptoms of this disease, there is severe pain in the pelvic region, lower back, ribs and spine. Also common symptoms are general weakness of the whole body, incontinence, frequent urination, which is noted for a long duration and is accompanied by strong pain. Often, these symptoms can be a manifestation of prostatitis or prostate adenoma, which is why these diseases must be differentiated from adenocarcenoma, in order to make a correct diagnosis on time.

[33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38]

Lung adenocarcinoma

Often occurs in about 60 cases of 100 oncology affecting the human lungs. It should be noted that this form of cancer in most cases affects the lungs of women, not men and its occurrence is not dependent on smoking, like the rest of the oncological diseases of the lungs. The size of this tumor can range from a tiny nodule to a tumor that completely affects all of the lungs. Survival of patients with this diagnosis for 5 years - about 20 cases out of 100, but the survival rate in patients who underwent lung resection is significantly increased and is 50 or even 80 cases out of 100.

Lung adenocarcinoma is classified by a fairly large number of neoplasms, such as: common, papillary, solid, low-grade and bronchopulmonary. From the type and classification of neoplasm, as well as the speed of its spread and growth, the choice of the method of treatment of a patient may depend.

At the initial stage, as in other cases of adenocarcinoma, this oncology of the lungs is asymptomatic. Among the primary symptoms should be noted abundant secretion of mucus and sputum, which, with the progression of the disease can go into a purulent form and even contain blood clots. The patient begins to cough, and if at the beginning the cough is dry and not frequent, then as it progresses it becomes irritating and straining, and among the symptoms one should note an unreasonable increase in temperature, which can come back to normal for a short time with the use of antipyretic drugs.

This form of lung cancer is accompanied by a general weakness of the body, depression, severe weight loss, shortness of breath and shortness of breath, even in a calm state. And for its treatment, complex surgical operations, as well as chemo- and radiotherapy, are used to help avoid recurrence.

Adenocarcinoma vaccine

This malignant neoplasm is affecting the goblet cells of the bronchial mucosa. Often, this tumor is diagnosed as a lung cancer in non-smokers who is asymptomatic.

Bronchial adenocarcinoma is diagnosed by X-ray examination, 65% of patients have radiographs with peripheral round shadow, and about 40% of patients have a tumor located in the center, and about 15% of patients have X-rays in diagnosis, which clearly traces tumor growth in the thorax.

Bronchioloalveolar neoplasm is one of the variants of adenocarcinoma, which most often can be diagnosed according to an X-ray diffraction pattern that has small blackouts on the background of which the areas in the form of strips or multiple foci of the shadow can be seen. This radiograph can sometimes resemble pneumonia or the chronic form of bronchitis.

The most significant symptom of bronchial adenocarcinoma is the abundant sputum production with cough and expectoration. When microscopic examination of sputum is often detected, the degenerate glandular structures and mucus. The tumor usually grows by converting the cells of the interalveolar septa. The tumor tends to grow rapidly and within half a year its dimensions can double. Also this kind of oncology is prone to early metastasis, the blood flow metastases are primarily spread in the bones, the brain and spinal cord, and can also affect the liver and adrenal glands.

[39], [40], [41], [42]

Adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland

This malignant neoplasm of the salivary gland. Symptoms of salivary gland cancer are pain, a high degree of damage to nearby tissues and the nerves of the face, often a paresis of facial muscles.

Adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland is considered to be the most common type of cancer of this gland. Among the types of cancer of the salivary glands is more common adenocarcinoma. This type of tumor is intensively spread by metastasis to adjacent lymph nodes, the spine and even to the lungs.

Diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands is carried out using X-ray and laboratory studies. The treatment of salivary gland carcinoma in most cases is based on a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the gland and surrounding tissues affected by the tumor. In order to treat adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland, pre-operative irradiation is widely used. Homiotherapy for the treatment of this type of cancer is used very rarely and is considered ineffective.

[43], [44], [45], [46], [47]

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

This is a cancer that regenerates cells of the pancreatic flow. This type of cancer is more common in men, and often it affects the pancreas of smokers 2 times more often than non-smokers. Also at risk are patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis. Often adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is diagnosed in patients aged 55 years and over, in patients under the age of fifty, this type of cancer is detected much more rarely.

Pancreatic cancer in the initial stages, like other types of adenocarcinoma, passes asymptomatically, until it reaches a certain size, but by that time, tumor metastases penetrate into the nearby lymph nodes and adjacent organs of the lungs, liver or kidney.

The most frequent symptoms of this disease are pain in the upper abdomen giving back, and weight loss. Also, patients have jaundice, itching and rashes on the skin. One of the symptoms may be an enlarged spleen and varicose veins of the stomach and esophagus. All these pathologies are often diagnosed with ultrasound. Varicose veins in some severe cases can go to ruptured veins and venous bleeding.

Liver adenocarcinoma

It is divided into two types - primary adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma secondary. The main one is called adenocarcinoma, which started directly in the liver. Secondary - this adenocarcinoma, brought by metastases to the liver from another organ, this type of adenocarcinoma is most common.

There are many factors capable of provoking adenocarcinoma damage to liver cells, including such as previous infections, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C, two viruses that can cause subsequent cirrhosis of the liver or destruction of the liver structure. Patients suffering from alcoholism, or people experiencing the constant impact of such chemicals, such as vinyl chloride, are at risk. Liver adenocarcinoma can be provoked in patients who have an increased amount of iron in the blood

Symptoms of adenocarcinoma of the liver are quite diverse and somewhat similar to those of other types of adenocarcinoma. Among patients, sudden and sudden weight loss is observed, they may experience nausea and abdominal pain, chills or fever. Many patients suffer from a flow of the abdominal cavity or legs. Another symptom may be jaundice or partial yellowing of the eyes and skin proteins.

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

According to statistics - one of the most rare types of malignant neoplasms with a very high probability of mortality. Most often malignant oncology of the esophagus occurs in men and in residents of Iran, China, Afghanistan, Mongolia.

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus conceived occurs in smokers and in people who abuse alcohol. Also squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus develops due to ingestion of nitrites, fungal toxins that are found in pickles, and opium smokers. Esophageal cancer occurs due to a critical lack of iron in the symptom of Plummer-Vinson and Paterson-Brown-Kelly.

Adenocarcinoma occurs in the distal esophagus and degenerates the cells of the esophagus. Most often, the disease occurs in people with overweight and unhealthy obesity. Among the symptoms distinguish between food dysphagia, a sharp decrease in weight, eructation of eaten food, inflammation of the lymph nodes, the fistula of the trachea can develop.

[48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53],

Gastric adenocarcinoma

To date, adenocarcinoma of the stomach, is one of the most common oncology and unfortunately is marked by the highest level of deaths. The main causes of gastric adenocarcinoma are a deficiency in the diet of fresh vegetables and fruits, excessive consumption of salty, spicy, fried, fatty and smoked food for food, the use of strong spirits, smoking, hereditary predisposition. Also, the cause of this disease is considered to be surgical intervention in particular gastric resection, duodenal gastral reflux, stomach damage by Helibakter Pilori, a bacterium under the influence of which histological changes and tissue dysplasia occur in the gastric mucosa.

Gastric adenocarcinoma according to Bormann's classification is divided into several forms, such as polypoid cancer, which occurs in 5% or 7% of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, the prognosis for this type of adenocarcinoma is often favorable.

Modern medicine, following Bormann's classification, identifies several possible forms of adenocarcinoma:

Polypoid cancer is a tumor that occurs in 5-7% of patients with adenocarcinoma. Polypoid cancer has clear boundaries of tumors and does not lead to the appearance of ulcers.

Ulcerous carcinoma - these tumors resemble a small rounded ulcer in appearance. The prognosis of this type of tumor in one of three cases is favorable.

Partial ulcerative carcinoma - this type of neoplasm does not completely cover the area of the affected organ with a ulcer, but tends to germinate deeper into the tissue and spread rapidly through the occurrence of metastases.

Skirr - this neoplasm has a tendency to grow into the wall of the stomach, affects large areas of the stomach and provokes its motor functions. During a surgical operation, this tumor can be difficult to separate.

Symptoms of adenocarcinoma of the stomach have a diverse origin and can be quite complex. Their definition is based on the specific location of the tumor and the stage on which the pathological process is located. There are more frequent symptoms of adenocarcinoma, such as a worsening of appetite, a sharp decrease in weight, severe pain in the epigastric region, a frequent sensation of premature saturation, or a feeling of fullness in the stomach when there is no food. Also, the symptoms include unexplained attacks of nausea or vomiting, sometimes vomiting with coagulated blood, the so-called "vomiting coffee grounds", difficulty in swallowing, changes in stool. From the side of the nervous system, there are depressions, as well as asthenia and anemia. The progression of symptoms depends on the size of the tumor. With an increase in her size, the symptoms tend to increase.

The most effective method of treatment of adenocarcinoma of the stomach today is a surgical operation to excise a tumor, affected parts of the stomach or whole, as well as the lymph nodes and glands located next to the stomach. Sometimes, in case of suspicion that adenocarcinoma affects the spleen or pancreas, these organs are also removed during the operation.

Adenocarcinoma of the intestine

It is a malignant neoplasm that can quickly and aggressively expand and grow into surrounding organs and tissues. This form of cancer is considered the most common in the intestine. The intestine consists of several sections - it is blind, sigmoid, colon, descending, ascending, transverse, rectum. Adenocarcinoma can affect any part of the intestine.

The main reasons for the defeat of adenocarcinoma of the intestine is considered to be malnutrition, when the diet includes a large number of animal proteins and fats, and excludes fresh vegetables and fruits, useful fiber. Also one of the reasons considered to be a sedentary lifestyle, advanced age and genetic predisposition.

When diagnosed, adenocarcinoma of the intestine should be differentiated from polyposis and other intestinal diseases. Often a positive prognosis and effective treatment can occur in the case of a timely and correctly diagnosed diagnosis.

For the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the intestine, surgical treatment is often used, which consists in excision and removal of the affected part of the intestine, and in case of injury to nearby organs they are also subject to removal. In order to avoid recurrence of the disease, complex treatment can be used along with the operative, Radio and chemotherapy methods are also used. In the early stages of the disease and with its timely diagnosis, it is possible to heal the patient and avoid relapse.

[54], [55], [56], [57], [58]

Small bowel adenocarcinoma

This malignant neoplasm, localized most often in the initial section of the small and ileum. This disease manifests itself depending on the consistency and nature of the tumor. In the case of annular adenocarcinoma, narrowing of the lumen of the intestine progresses, which develops intestinal obstruction. The tumor grows due to the degeneration of the cells of the intestinal mucosa. Infiltrating form of adenocarcinoma can spread along the entire length of the intestine at sufficiently far from each other sites, during growth the tumor does not capture the entire circumference of the intestine.

Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine has similar symptoms, as in tumors in other parts of the intestine. Among the symptoms are different, a violation of the function of the intestine, frequent diarrhea, alternating with constipation and the presence of pain in the abdominal region. In the process of developing a tumor, there may be an intestinal obstruction, bleeding, as well as general weakness of the body, vomiting and loss of appetite.

To diagnose this disease, fluoroscopy is used, a contrast study with barium per os, which will help to detect a narrowing of the lumen of the gut. At laboratory researches check presence of the latent particles of a blood in a feces, and also spend laboratory researches on increase in an indicator in urine, and revealing of an anemia and expansion of leucocytes in a blood.

Fat-cell adenocarcinoma

Supposes several tumors constituting a group united by a place of development, but with different origins. This type of cancer is localized in the distal part of the bile duct and can spread to the duodenum, so it has a fairly large number of symptoms.

The adenocarcinoma of the Fater nipple initially arises in the structure of the tissue of the Fater's nipple, where it comes from the duodenum. The tumor can arise from the epithelium of the pancreatic flow, and also cause the degeneration of cells of the glandular tissue of the pancreas. This type of tumor has a low tendency to growth and often has a small size. In cases where malignant formation is expanding, it can spread by metastasis to the liver and other closely located organs and lymph nodes.

Until the end, the causes of adenocarcenoma of the Fater's nipple have not been studied, but it has already been proved that one of the reasons for the onset of this oncology may be a hereditary polyposis, or a mutation of the K-ras gene. The main symptoms of the disease include a sharp weight loss right up to anorexia, chronic jaundice, skin itching, vomiting, dyspepsia, pain in the anterior upper abdomen, in later stages of pain can be given to the back. And also among the symptoms distinguish sudden causeless increase in body temperature and blood in stool.

[59], [60], [61], [62]

Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine

This collection is somewhat different in its location, consistency and cell structure of malignant neoplasms located in the direct, colon and cecum. A greater percentage of the occurrence of this type of cancer among residents of economically advantaged countries. Over the past 25 years, the number of cases in these countries has doubled.

Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine causes the cells of the intestinal mucosa to regenerate, which leads to the emergence and growth of malignant neoplasm. As you know almost all malignant tumors develop the same way, but every single type of cancer has some features of its current. One of the first differences is that the tumor grows slowly enough, and can for a long time not exceed the boundaries of the intestine, but during tumor growth, the surrounding tissues tend to be inflamed, which creates a favorable ground for the spread of cancer to other tissues and organs.

Often, along with the main tumor, several secondary tumors appear, which in the first and second stages of development do not give metastasis. Metastases of adenocarcinoma tend to be carried to the nearby lymph nodes and organs, often the liver is most often affected, and there have even been cases when, in intestinal cancer, metastases were found even in the lungs. A feature of this type of adenocarcinoma is the occurrence of several neoplasms in different parts of the organ simultaneously or in turn.

Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine affects the mucosa of the large intestine and, changing the cells of the mucous membrane, can sprout through the intestinal membrane into the abdominal cavity. Among the symptoms of this oncology in patients noted periodic pain in the abdomen, changing the chair in particular alternating diarrhea and constipation, a decrease in appetite. Very often colon cancer at the initial stages of its development is customarily differentiated from polyposis of the large intestine. With the progression of adenocarcinoma in the feces of the patient, blood clots, mucus, and sometimes even purulent discharge can begin to occur. All symptoms tend to progress with the growth of a tumor, which after a while can even be felt through the front wall of the peritoneum during palpation. There may also be a feeling of nausea and uncaused bouts of vomiting.

Adenocarcinoma of the colon has a tendency to rapid ulceration, due to the fact that it has a constant chemical and mechanical effect of fecal masses. At this stage, infection begins, which is accompanied by severe pain in the abdomen, increased body temperature, intoxication of the whole body. All these factors affect the analysis of blood and can lead in rare cases to peritonitis.

[63], [64]

Sigmoid adenocarcinoma

It often differs in the following stages of the process:

1. Lack of metastases. The new formation in diameter reaches 15 mm.
2. Single regional metastases. The neoplasm acquires the dimensions of half the diameter of the sigmoid colon and does not yet germinate through the outer wall of the intestine.
3. Multiple regional metastases, Neoplasms are more than half the diameter of the sigmoid colon. Germination through the outer wall of the intestine.
4. Multiple distant metastases. The neoplasm completely closes the lumen of the sigmoid colon. Germination in nearby organs.

The cause of sigmoid cancer is an overabundance of meat and animal fats or a lack of fresh vegetables, fruits and fiber in the diet. Also among the causes of adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon is old age, a sedentary lifestyle, constipation of any origin, which can lead to trauma to the intestinal mucosa by hard-boiling masses. Also in the risk zone are patients who suffer or have suffered bowel disease of the polyps, terminal ileitis, diverticulosis, ulcerative colitis and others. All epidemiological studies prove the existence of a pre-cancerous dysplasia of the mucosa.

Adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon is characterized by the following symptoms: it may be pain in the iliac region, flatulence, change of stool alternation of diarrhea with constipations passing into intestinal obstruction, impurities of blood, pus and mucus in fecal masses. Often, the last symptoms are written off by patients for hemorrhoids, which delay their visit to the doctor and prevents diagnosing adenocarcinoma at an early stage.

Adenocarcinoma of the cecum

It is one of the most frequent cancers of the intestine. Often diagnosed this type of adenoma of the intestine in 50-60 years, but according to the research malignant neoplasm can begin its development in early youth. Adenocarcinoma of the cecum can be provoked by so-called precancerous conditions, for example, with villous polyp or chronic proctitis, it is proved that polyps are most often converted to malignant neoplasm.

Often the causes of adenocarcinoma of the cecum are not balanced nutrition with the presence in the diet of fatty, floury and smoked products. Elder age is considered to be one of the main causes of cecal adenocarcinoma. People working in conditions of constant contact with harmful chemicals or with asbestos risk to develop cancer of the cecum. Malignant neoplasm in the caecum can be hereditary, and also cause anal cancer, anal sex, polyposis, villous tumors and the presence of papillomavirus in the body.

Unfortunately, for today there is no prevention of adenocarcinoma of the cecum. After all, it is almost impossible to recognize the oncology in the intestine, and only a very experienced specialist can diagnose it. Often adenocarcinoma of the intestine is diagnosed already at 3 or 4 stages of cancer, and it is impossible to foresee the occurrence of this disease.

[65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70]

Rectum adenocarcinoma

It is a terrible scourge of almost all civilized countries. Often, this ailment affects the intestines of people older than 50 years. To date, researchers have not been able to determine the causes of this disease. But, according to scientific research, people who do not adhere to proper nutrition, consume large amounts of meat and who practically lack fiber are in the risk group.

Adenocarcinoma of the rectum is also observed in people who, due to their work activities, are dealing with asbestos. There is a risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the rectum in people suffering from any kind of inflammation of the rectum or papillomavirus, as well as having polyposis of the rectum or preferring anal sex. That is why the chances of developing rectal adenocarcinoma are so high among passive homosexuals who carry or are infected with human papilomavirus.

Among the main symptoms of rectal adenocarcinoma should be noted blood, pus or mucus from the anus, frequent upset of the stool or alternating constipation with diarrhea. Unpleasant or painful sensations in the rectum, soreness with emptying or false urge to defecate.

Treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma involves surgery. However, the operation can be performed exclusively in the absence of metastases in the patient. Often surgical treatment is quite radical and consists in removing the rectum from the patient, and sometimes even the anus.

Adenocarcinoma of the breast

This malignant lesion is affecting the glandular tissue of the breast. This disease is currently considered one of the most common female oncology, it affects one in 13 women in the world at the age of 20 to 90 years. The main reason is considered to be a lower birth rate and a reduction in the duration of breastfeeding.

The most effective method of diagnosing adenocarcinoma of the breast is ultrasound or detecting it with a mammogram. To date, the mammogram handles the best diagnostic task, because dying cancer cells secrete a lot of calcium salts and their heavy compounds, and therefore they are clearly visible in the study.

Adenocarcinoma of the breast suggests a basic surgical method of treatment, which consists in the complete removal of the breast tissue affected by the tumor. Often, that to exclude a relapse remove also a part of a healthy tissue. In the treatment, sometimes, if the prognosis allows, radiologic breast irradiation is used. Combination therapy is prescribed in the case of an invasive form of adenocarcinoma of the mammary glands, along with surgical removal of the affected areas of the breast, radiological irradiation, chemotherapy and, if the tumor is hormone-dependent, hormone therapy is also used.

[71], [72], [73]

Adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland

It is a malignant disease, which among all cases of oncology occurs with a very small prevalence, ranging from 0.3 to 2 percent of the total number. On the other hand, such a tumor, appearing in the thyroid gland, is the most frequent case of malignant lesions that can occur in the endocrine system.

The following factors can lead to the development of such an oncological pathology with different probability.

Malignant thyroid disease in every fifth case is due to the presence of defective benign lesions in the patient. These include: atheromatosis, adenoma, nodular goiter, thyroiditis in chronic form.

In the risk group of this cancer, in connection with hereditary factors, those who have or have had several people with medullary thyroid cancer are among the relatives, and the presence of syndromes 2A, 2B of endocrine neoplasia plays an important role.

Adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland can develop as a result of an unbalanced content in the diet of foods with large amounts of iodine. And lead to the appearance in the thyroid gland of malignant pathology can both inadequate intake of iodine-containing products, and its inadequate quantity in the body.

The factor leading to the fact that the adenocarcinoma can develop in the thyroid gland is also the presence of sexual diseases in women, who have passed into the chronic stage.

Increase the risk of oncology, the presence of such a harmful habit as smoking, as well as improper diet, and frequent use of high-calorie and fatty foods.

[74],

Adenocarcinoma of the pituitary gland

This malignant neoplasm, progressing on this vital and completely unexplored human gland. The pituitary gland plays one of the most important key roles in the vital activity of the human body, and produces a huge amount of complex hormones necessary for the normal functioning of all organs of the human body. This is why, in the case of any negative influence on the pituitary gland, there are global hormonal disruptions in the body, which not only negatively affect health, but can lead to death.

Often adenocarcinoma of the pituitary gland is localized in the anterior part of the pituitary, in which turbulent processes are taking place to create a multitude of hormones responsible, including for metabolism. The tumor has a tendency to rapid growth, and rapid multiplication by metastases that spread through the body with blood and lymph flow. Metastases usually affect the back and brain, then the liver, lungs and bones.

Pituitary cancer is divided into two types:

• Harmful hormonal active pituitary adenomas.
• Harmful hormonal inactive adenomas of the pituitary gland.

Until the end, the causes of pituitary cancer have not been studied, in theory there are several types of causes of this terrible disease, for example, adverse effects on the fetus during the prenatal period, the use of hormonal contraceptives, which leads to a hormonal imbalance of the body, which in turn becomes the cause occurrence of oncology of the pituitary gland.

[75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83]

Kidney adenocarcinoma

Among neoplasias, differing in different locations, occurs at a frequency of approximately 2.5%. This disease accounts for the vast majority of cases of all tumors emerging in the kidney. This malignant pathology is the most widespread histology of kidney cancer. This type of malignant kidney damage can equally and with equal probability occur in both the right and left kidneys, and mainly its appearance is observed in men from 40 to 70 years, with a frequency twice that of women.

Adenocarcinoma of the kidney is inherently political in nature, and the mechanisms of its development are not fully understood to date. To lead to the appearance of such an oncological pathology to some extent can: the presence of kidney diseases - pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis; consequences of traumatic factors, chemical effects on kidney tissues with aromatic amines, nitrosoamines, hydrocarbons; negative effects associated with X-ray radiological radiation, regular intoxication of the body due to such a harmful habit as smoking. A significant risk factor for the development of this malignant disease is the presence of hypertension and obesity.

Adenocarcinoma of the adrenal gland

This malignant neoplasm, progressing in adrenal cells. The adrenal glands are an important part of our endocrine system. They produce important hormones, such as glucocorticoids, that help people deal with stress, as well as aldasterone, which improves control of the level of pressure. It is for this reason that the appearance of a tumor on these organs so negatively affects human health. Adrenal cancer is considered a fairly rare disease and occurs in just one patient out of two million. To date, the cause of adrenocorticosis adrenal gland is unknown. The average age of patients with this disease is about 44 years, but it can occur at any age, even in children.

Adrenocarcinoma of the adrenal gland tends to early metastasis, with the help of blood flow and lymph. Metastases are carried to the lungs and other internal organs, however this type of adenocarcinoma very rarely metastasizes into bones. Among the symptoms of this disease is an overabundance of certain hormones, headaches, sudden pressure surges, diabetes and osteoporosis. In cases where the tumor can secrete sex hormones, women can change the timbre of the voice, appear hair on the face, and men may have swelling of the breast or genital organs. Among other symptoms, there are pains in the abdominal region, a sharp loss of weight, a general weakness of the body.

Treatment adenocarcinoma of the adrenal gland involves a combination of surgical intervention, as well as chemo- and radiotherapy. Often during the operation, the adrenal glands are removed, with the excision of the surrounding tissue affected by the tumor and lymph nodes.

[84]

Adenocarcinoma of the skin

It is a very rare type of cancer that affects the sebaceous and sweat glands. This type of tumor is similar to a tight knot of small size, sticking out above the surface of the skin. This malignant neoplasm can ulcerate, bleed and inflame surrounding tissues.

Adenocarcinoma of the skin, as a rule, differentiates from other types of tumors and cellulite. To exclude the spread of adenocarcinoma by metastases, an X-ray examination is usually performed. Also, in the diagnosis, a biopsy of nearby lymph nodes and cytological examination of the material are used.

For the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the skin, surgical intervention is often used, suggesting removal of the tumor and nearby affected skin areas. If it is not possible to remove part of the tumor surgically, radiological therapy is used.

After removal of the adenocarcinoma of the skin, in most cases, chemotherapy is offered, which, unfortunately, in serious cases may not have the proper success.

[85], [86]

Adenocarcinoma of the meibomian gland

Very special form of oncological damage to the organs of vision. Its specificity is that in the rest of the human body glands similar to meibomies are not available.

The progress of the disease is characterized by the growth of neoplasms similar to papilloma in the conjunctive zone, together with what in the cartilaginous plates the shape changes. In other cases, tumor formations are formed in the form of "jams", the localization of which is the mouth of the meibomian glands. This process leads to the fact that the appearance of impassable keratitis and conjunctivitis is noted, which can not be treated with conventional pharmacological agents. Further development of pathology extends into the orbit of the eye, and also affects regional submandibular and parotid lymph nodes. It is possible that there will be an abnormal outflow of lymph to the lymph nodes of the neck.

Adenocarcinoma of the meibomian gland requires a mandatory pathohistological analysis of tissue samples obtained by puncture and biopsy, since in the case of a timely accurate diagnosis, this oncological lesion in some cases can lead to death.

Indications for the initiation of combination therapy, chemical or X-ray therapy are diagnosis of this malignant disease in the early stages, or radical surgical intervention to remove the cancer - respectively, when the adenocarcinoma reaches a later and more severe stage.

It must also be taken into account that this type of adenocarcinoma is prone to relapse.

[87], [88], [89]

Stages of adenocarcinoma

Despite new technologies and modern diagnostic methods, some stages of adenocarcinoma can still pass unnoticed. Adenocarcinoma is currently classified according to the TNM system, which takes into account the size of the primary tumor and the presence or absence of regional and distant metastases.

• Stage T1 - implies a neoplasm not determined by palpation. This stage is divided into three groups:
  • Stage T1a, is a highly differentiated tumor
  • Stage T1b, also a highly differentiated tumor, today such tumors are increasingly found.
  • Stage T1c is usually detected by biopsy.
• Stage T2 is a tumor that can be identified by palpation.
  • Stage T2a for palpation is defined as a small nodule surrounded by a tissue unchanged to the touch.
  • Stage T2b is a neoplasm that occupies most of the affected organ.
  • Stage T2c - a neoplasm, occupying the entire affected organ.
• Stage T3 corresponds to a tumor that grows outside the prostate gland.
• Index N - shows the presence of regional metastases
• Index M - shows the presence of distant metastases.
• The index T is usually combined with any indices N and M.

Metastases of adenocarcinoma

Distributed with a blood or lymph flow from a malignant tumor called adenocarcinoma. In a laboratory study, it can be determined that adenocarcinoma cells often do not have complex and polarity. Adenocarcinoma belongs to the group of highly defferent cancer. By the structure of cells adenocarcinoma is divided into:

• Tubular.
• Papillary.
• Accentive.

Metastases of adenocarcinoma begin to progress and spread throughout the body after the tumor grows in size and begins to germinate into nearby organs and tissues, metastases penetrate into neighboring organs through the lumens in the blood and lymph vessels.

Most patients with adenocarcinoma can not identify the primary focus of the disease. In connection with this, ultrasound and CT of the abdominal cavity, colonoscopy, and chest x-ray, and laboratory examination of fecal matter for the presence of blood are prescribed for the diagnosis of such patients. In case the patient has metastases in the lymph nodes during diagnosis, ultrasound of the small pelvis and mammography are additionally prescribed.

If the patient has multiple metastases, then the prognosis of specialists will be extremely unfavorable, the likelihood of a fatal outcome is high and the life span of such a patient may not exceed 3-4 months, although in some cases the life expectancy after the established diagnosis may last.

For the fact that the time of treatment of adenocarcinoma, the primary focus of which was not found during diagnosis and in order to control the growth of metastases and their spread, often specialists use chemotherapy. When combined treatment of adenocarcinoma, surgical intervention is mandatory, which in this case can be quite radical.

Diagnostics of adenocarcinomas

Currently, it is carried out using a variety of techniques. Such diagnostic methods include the use of various special devices and technical means, such as fluoroscopy, endoscopy, the use of ultrasound diagnostics, and all kinds of tomography. In addition, one of the most effective ways of helping to detect the presence of this disease are clinical studies: blood and urine tests for biochemistry and testing for oncomarkers.

When the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is carried out in a timely manner and the disease is detected in the early stages of the development of pathological progress, this is a very important factor for a positive prognosis of treatment and getting rid of this disease.

In the event that the patient is diagnosed with aderocarcinoma, the choice of the route and the method of treatment becomes topical. Here the medical specialist, based on the localization and severity of malignant neoplasm, makes the appointment of various therapeutic measures. As a rule, the recommendations of the oncologist reduce to the fact that surgical intervention is required. To carry out the operation, however, in many cases it is recommended not earlier than the patient will undergo a preliminary course of general strengthening physiotherapy in order to facilitate the conduct of surgical intervention and postoperative conditions.

[90], [91], [92], [93],

Highly differentiated adenocarcinoma

It is one of the forms that this malignant pathology takes. In comparison with other types of adenocarcinoma, this species is characterized by a low polymorphism of differentiation at the cellular level. The cells of the affected tissues differ very little from those that do not undergo pathological changes. The main and only distinctive feature by which one can determine the presence of adenocarcinoma with a high degree of differentiation is that the nuclei of affected cells increase in length and become larger in size. Due to this peculiarity, the diagnosis of highly differentiated adenocarcinoma and the establishment of an accurate diagnosis can be difficult.

A highly differentiated adenocarcinoma has a favorable prognosis of the course of the disease and a high probability of effective treatment and healing, especially if it is detected early. This type of adenocarcinoma is also characterized by the fact that when it is present in the body, lymphogenous metastasis occurs very rarely and there is a low risk of developing significant complications.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

Similar to the course of the disease on the processes occurring with a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Its characteristic feature is the appearance of a few more cells in which pathology develops, as well as a greater degree of polymorphism of their changes. This type of cancer differs from adenocarcinoma with a high degree of differentiation, mainly because the cell division in the lesion occurs at a high rate and a large number of cells participate in mitosis.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that is characterized by a greater severity and a significantly increased risk of serious pathologies and the occurrence of all kinds of complications. This type of adenocarcinoma spreads through metastases, which expand the focus of cancer lesions through the pathways of lymph flow in the body and in the lymph nodes. Lymphatic metastasis occurs approximately in every tenth case of a mildly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The factor that plays a significant role in the characteristics of the course of this disease is the age of the patient with an identified adenocarcinoma. Metastases at the age not exceeding 30 years, as a rule, are not observed.

Acinar adenocarcinoma

It is a malignant neoplasm that affects the tissues of the prostate gland. The risk of such oncological pathology is especially high in older men, and in some cases, if the course of the disease is accompanied by the development of all kinds of complications and pathologies in the prostate, it can lead to a fatal outcome.

Lead to the emergence of such an oncology may be a violation of the hormonal balance in the body of men associated with the appearance of age-related changes. The cause is also an innate predisposition to the disease at the genetic level. This type of adenocarcinoma can also develop as a result of an unbalanced nutrient content in the body, appears as a reaction to constant intoxication with cadmium, and also under the influence of the XMRV virus.

To date, acinar adenocarcinoma is known in the form of large-scale and small-acin adenocarcinoma. The most frequent case of this oncological pathology is small-acinar adenocarcinoma. It occurs in the vast majority of malignant neoplasms in the prostate.

The symptomatology of acinar adenocarcinoma is largely similar to the manifestations of prostatic adenoma. The detection of this disease often occurs when the rectum is palpable in the course of diagnosing other diseases. The late stages of pathological progress are characterized by soreness in the legs, in the lumbar sacral region, pain in the anus and feeling of heaviness in the perineal zone.

[94], [95], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101]

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma

As a cause of its occurrence in many cases has hyperplasia of the endometrium, which is provoked by stimulation with estrogen. Neoplasm is formed by tubular glands lined with epithelium subjected to ratification or pseudo-ratification.

Characteristic features, depending on the degree of differentiation of endometrial adenocarcinoma are: large cell sizes with ovoid nuclei, in which nucleoli differ well - with highly differentiated adenocarcinoma; in the second histological degree, aggregates of glands that take a wavy or branched form are observed, with hypochromic and amorphous cellular nuclei; a low-differentiated type is characterized by strip-like cell clusters or cells, grouped in irregularly shaped groups.

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is differentiated from adenocarcinoma of the cervix due to its immuno-negativity in CEA and immunopositivity to vimentin. The prognosis of the development of the disease depends on the histopathological degree of the neoplasm, the depth to which the invasion of the lymph and myometrium tissues occurred, whether the lesion focuses on the lymph nodes and the cervix with the appendages. A favorable prognosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma occurs on the basis of the fact that this pathology originated from endometriotic hyperplasia that is characterized by high differentiation.

Papillary adenocarcinoma

Or distant metastases have such a characteristic characteristic of them, such as the fact that the metastasis of lymph nodes differs in neoplasms that have average sizes exceeding the average sizes of the tumor that occurs at the site of the initial localization of the development of the pathological process. This type of adenocarcinoma is visualized in the form of brown with cyanotic formations of spherical form, which have an elastic consistency.

Metastases that appear in the lymph nodes as a consequence of the fact that there is papillary adenocarcinoma are structurally pure capillary, and lymph tissues remain stored inside the node, or they may be completely absent. The differentiation of malignant tumors in metastases is mainly characterized by the correspondence of the original localization of the origin of pathological progress, but in some cases can be differentiated to a greater extent. Oncological neoplasm with adenocarcinoma of this type often has a pronounced follicular component, which can become a negative factor complicating the diagnosis due to the similarity to colloid goiter. At the same time, an incorrect diagnosis can be made as an aberrating string.

[102], [103], [104], [105], [106]

Serous adenocarcinoma

It is a kind of typical endometrial adenocarcinoma, in which the development of oncological pathology is distinguished by a more aggressive course. As evidenced by medical statistics, it appears with a frequency of 1 to 10 of every 100 cases of adenocarcinoma. The risk group for the appearance of this malignant neoplasm in the body is mainly women at that age, which is approximately 10 years longer than the age range typical of a typical adenocarcinoma. The onset of malignant pathological progress, as a rule, occurs against the background of endometriotic hyperplasia or hyperestrogenia. This disease is detected, often only when it reaches stage 3 or stage 4.

In the emerging tumor formation, branched structures appear in the form of complex geometric forms, which are composed of papillae. The papillae sometimes have a jagged apical margin. For nuclei of the nucleus, nucleoli of large size and the presence of a significant (third) degree of pleomorphism are characteristic.

Serous adenocarcinoma has such a characteristic feature as that it has the possibility of myometriotic invasion, and subsequently - the spread of the intraperitoneal type, as well as in ovarian cancer.

This oncology may tend to cause its recurrence in the ovaries. Differential diagnostics is performed with the aim to separate serous adenocarcinoma from synchronous metastatic tumors, and in some cases it requires differentiation from endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Prognostic factors are favorable in the case when the neoplasm does not spread beyond the endometrium. The most favorable prognosis are cases in which serous adenocarcinoma differs in its mixed type.

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

Is detected with a frequency of 1 to 6.6% of all cases of oncological diseases of the endometrium. There is such a malignant neoplasm mainly in women aged 60-70 years. At the time when the diagnosis is made, the disease mainly comes up to 2 and to more severe stages of development. Tumor formation during visualization during macroscopic examination has the form similar to endometriotic polyp. The tumor with different sets of factors and depending on the cellular combinations may possess both a cystic-tubular, and a solid or papillary structure.

The cell-celled adenocarcinoma is characterized by a sufficiently high possibility of myometriotic invasion, and approximately in every fourth case it can spread into the vascular space of the lymph. Clear cell adenocarcinoma during the diagnosis should be differentiated from the secretory carcinoma and serous adenocarcinoma, as well as adenocarcinoma of the endometrium.

The prognosis of the development and treatment of this disease depends on the stage of the pathological process and the extent to which lymphovascular and myometriotic invasion is present. When relapses occur, in most cases, tumors are localized outside the pelvic region - in the upper parts of the peritoneum, in the liver, in the lungs.

[107], [108], [109], [110], [111]

Mucinous adenocarcinoma

It is quite a rare variety of malignant formations. It consists of large extracellular mucinous lakes in conjunction with epithelial clusters. The tumor is characterized by the predominance of its mucin component in its mass.

The structure of mucinous adenocarcinoma is a nodular formation with no clearly defined boundaries. The tumor consists of neoplastic cells, grouped into clusters, immersed in cystic cavities separated by connective tissue filled with a liquid of gelatinous consistency. Cells of tumorous neoplasm differ in cylindrical or cubic form, among them amorphous ones can also occur. Cellular nuclei are hyperchromic and have a central location, nuclei may be characterized by atypia.

When establishing a differential diagnosis - mucinous adenocarcinoma, this cancer must be differentiated from cystadenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid cancer, mucin-rich variety of streaming cancer.

The prognostic tendencies of mucinous adenocarcinoma are manifested in such factors as the fact that it is difficult to treat with the use of X-ray radiotherapy, and there is a high probability of relapse and spread of metastases to the regionally localized lymph nodes.

Invasive adenocarcinoma

It is the most common form of a malignant tumor affecting the female mammary gland. Mainly such an oncological disease occurs in women older than 55 years of age.

The development of this new formation is characterized by processes of its aggressive growth and expansion of the affected area beyond its initial appearance. Localized first in the milk ducts, the tumor eventually spreads to the breast tissue located around it. The course of the disease over an extended period of time can occur asymptomatically, and without revealing any obvious manifestations in the form of pain and other unpleasant sensations. Signs of invasive adenocarcinoma are in many cases revealed by a woman during self-examination for seals in the chest, and subsequently, if there is a suspicion of cancer, the presence of a lesion of such a pathology can be confirmed by ultrasound examination of the breast and mammography.

As the invasive adenocarcinoma progresses and the pathological processes affect the axillary region, initially a swelling develops there. Then there is distant metastasis, which causes pain in the back and upper limbs - when metastases occur in the bones, the patients complain of general weakness and excessive fatigue. Perhaps the development of ascites if metastases appear in the liver, in the case of metastasis in the brain, epileptic seizures and other neurological symptoms may occur.

Papillary adenocarcinoma

It occupies the first place in the frequency of appearance among malignant lesions to which the thyroid gland is exposed. It can arise regardless of the person's age, has the most benign properties, and its treatment does not present serious difficulties in comparison with other types of adenocarcinoma.

But, in spite of the general favorable prognostic characteristics of this oncological pathology in the thyroid, there is the possibility of spreading tumor formation to regional lymph nodes. Remote metastasis with papillary adenocarcinoma is observed in a relatively small number of cases. In the presence of metastases, a feature is that they retain the same characteristic features of a benign tumor as in the neoplasm in the place where the initial focus of the disease is located.

To treat such an oncology as papular adenocarcinoma, thyroid preparations are used, the corresponding doses of which lead to the fact that the processes of growth of the tumor continue to stop, and there is a tendency to reduce it in size, often to the point that the organism completely gets rid of its presence.

The state of remission that is achieved in this way is very long or persists even on an ongoing basis, but with the desiccation of the thyroid gland, as well as due to radiotherapy, there is a possibility that transformation of adenocarcinoma into anaplastic type of this cancer can occur. Based on this factor, as a rule, the most justified method of treatment is an operative intervention for the removal of tumor formation.

Follicular adenocarcinoma

It is mainly found in women aged 40-52 years. The development of this malignant disease is characterized by the fact that the thyroid gland increases in size, which is one of the earliest signs of the appearance in the body of such an oncological pathology. This symptom, if it is observed for a long time period, usually more than 5 years, may indicate the growth of a malignant tumor.

Symptomatic of the first signs of follicular adenocarcinoma also occurs in the form of distant metastasis, and to a lesser extent - with the emergence of regional metastases. In some cases, as evidence of the appearance of follicular adenocarcinoma, cervical lymph node involvement or metastasis of the right or left lung can occur. However, the presence of this disease is most often manifested in an increase in the thyroid gland in size, which occurs in most cases.

Follicular adenocarcinoma, when compared with papillary adenocarcinoma, is characterized by a slower course of the pathological process. Proceeding from this, it can be argued that for the follicular adenocarcinoma, it is characteristic for a longer time to remain within its original localization.

[112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117]

Treatment of adenocarcinoma

In most cases, it is carried out using the method of surgical intervention. Nevertheless, before the operation, it is necessary to take into account that the organism in which such an oncological lesion as an adenocarcinoma is present is in a weakened state, as it is wasting a lot of forces, hidden resources and protective mechanisms, in order to maintain a sufficient level of life in the presence of this malignant pathology. Due to this circumstance, many medical specialists are required to include a course of physiotherapeutic preparations in the complex of medical activities in the pre- and post-operative period. Currently, there is a wide variety of pharmacological agents that contribute to improving the effectiveness of treatment and allow to significantly reduce the space of the required operating field.

Recently, treatment of adenocarcinoma with various innovative methods has become more widespread. One of such methods is in particular the conduct of tomotherapy. The thermotherapy system includes the use of a special 3D-scanner that provides a three-dimensional image of the affected area, which ensures high accuracy of intervention planning, with simultaneous computer tomography. Due to this, the necessary configuration, exact dosage and clearly defined location of the directed radiological impact on the tumor is achieved with a minimal risk that healthy tissues will also be affected. This method of treatment is especially effective in applying to lung and esophageal cancer.

Adenocarcinoma chemotherapy

As well as radiotherapy and radical surgery is one of the methods aimed at achieving cure for this cancer. Indications for the final choice of a particular treatment method depend on a combination of factors associated with the course and progress of this malignant process. These include the stage at which and to what extent the tumor is newly spread in the body, whether surgical treatment has been performed, and how successful its result is.

Conduction of chemotherapy after surgery is prescribed if lymph nodes that have undergone such a malignant lesion were found during the operation. The duration of the course of treatment with chemotherapeutic agents is determined depending on the particular drug used. This course can lead to a significant improvement in treatment outcomes. In addition, the probability of further development of pathological progress decreases.

Chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma in advanced form, in particularly severe stages, if the surgical method of treatment is not chosen, or if relapses occur after the removal of the tumor, is a systemic therapeutic measure that allows, how to prolong the life of the patient, and to improve its quality.

[118], [119],

Diet in adenocarcinoma

One of the important factors that can contribute to a favorable prognosis for the development of this disease and successful healing is the adherence to a special diet. What is a diet for adenocarcinoma?

Practical recommendations on how to take food in the presence of cancer, for each of the three phases that constitute a special food system, are as follows.

The first stage prescribes the consumption of food for one of its reception in as little as possible. The total volume of it should be calculated so that it does not exceed two tablespoons. This at first sight may seem extremely difficult, since the whole diet will consist mainly of liquid porridges: buckwheat, unpeeled rice, natural oatmeal, barley with skin. You need to make porridge in this way:

The grain is crushed as it is only possible in the ratio of one glass to a liter of hot water to be allowed to infuse through the night in a thermos. Wheat porridge insist that there is no need, it can be eaten immediately. In the case of oatmeal or oatmeal porridge - you need to boil it in the morning and with the addition of one teaspoon of honey to wipe through a sieve. In addition to cereals, it is recommended to drink freshly squeezed vegetable juices. Especially useful juice from beets, carrots, white cabbage, celery. Positive effect on the body renders a drink from brewed wild rose berries, flowers and leaves of Jerusalem artichoke.

The second stage of the diet is that carrots, Jerusalem artichoke or beets are cooked or cooked for a couple. If desired, it is also allowed to eat canned green peas, which must be previously drained of all the liquid, cook for 10 seconds. After that, drain the water again and it is ready for eating. At this stage, the diet can be supplemented with apples, lemon juice, red currants, onions and garlic.

After two months of the second stage, the diet for adenocarcinoma goes to the third. Now you can gradually begin to eat all the vegetables, fruits, cereals and cereals, as well as legumes in addition to the above. It is recommended to give soy and lentil.

[120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125]

Prophylaxis of adenocarcinomas

To a large extent it depends on how timely the anxiety symptoms that can indicate the onset of a given oncological pathology in the body or about the onset of a precancerous state of an internal organ are revealed. There are many diseases with symptoms similar to adenocarcinoma, so it is necessary in the case when there is a suspicion of the onset of malignant formation, without wasting time to go for examination. And if, as a result of differential diagnosis, the presence of adenocarcinoma is established, initiate appropriate treatment. Cancers can be healed successfully if they are detected in the early stages by a doctor oncologist and promptly prescribed treatment using the method that is most justified in each case. Be it radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or radical surgery.

The best prevention of adenocarcinoma is mandatory regular check-ups, during which the signs of an approaching cancer are detected. An important preventive factor contributing to reducing the risk of adenocarcinoma disease is a healthy and active lifestyle, proper diet and maintaining the body mass index within its optimum, and also. Absence of such harmful habits as smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol. In addition, the prevention of diseases affecting the reproductive system, against which oncology may develop, is not the last one.

Prognosis of adenocarcinoma

In the case when the disease is diagnosed in the initial stages of the malignant process, it is favorable to the extent that the alarming signs of the development of a cancerous tumor have been detected in a timely manner. With the appointment of appropriate treatment, it is characterized by high effectiveness. The prognostic factors that determine the success of therapeutic measures are the features of the location of the tumor in the body, its magnitude, the extent to which infestation is present, whether there is metastasis in regional lymph nodes, and to what extent the cells that underwent pathological changes are differentiated.

The prognosis of adenocarcinoma is assessed by a criterion that is common to all cancer diseases - a 5-year survival of the patient. An unfavorable prognosis is the presence of a deep invasion. Fatal outcome after 5 years occurs in more than a quarter of all cases of adenocarcinoma with deep invasion. An important prognostic factor, which is extremely negative for the possibility of successful cure, is the large size of the tumor formation. A significant role is played by the age at which the patient has an adenocarcinoma. In young patients, metastases in regional lymph nodes are more common than in other age periods.