Preparations for chemotherapy

Drugs for chemotherapy are medicines that are used as one of the types of cancer treatment. Let's consider the most effective and popular chemotherapy, the principle of their action and cost.

Chemotherapy is one of the most effective methods of treatment of diseases of an oncological nature. Drugs for chemotherapy are used both in the early stages of the disease, and before and after surgery. Chemotherapy is indispensable in metastasizing cancerous tumors. When, patients prescribe drugs of one type, the treatment is called monochemotherapy. If there are several drugs, and they all have different principles of action, then the treatment is called polychemotherapy. Such treatment is used more often, because the drugs have a different effect on cancer cells, which in sum gives a positive effect.

The mechanism of action of drugs for chemotherapy is the suppression of cancer cells. Moreover, many drugs affect not only the cancer cells, but also the healthy ones, causing side effects and very unfavorable symptoms. The consequences of chemotherapy cause patients to devote much time to rehabilitation and recovery. The resistance of a cancer tumor to chemotherapy is determined by the number of cells that are at rest. That is, the more intensive the cells grow and divide, the higher their sensitivity to chemotherapy and the greater the chances of successful treatment.

[1]

Types of drugs for chemotherapy

All chemopreparations are divided into the following groups:

• Active in all phases of the cell cycle.
• Acting on certain phases of the cell cycle.
• Cytostatics, which have a different principle of action.

Preparations for chemotherapy have their own classification, which is built on the characteristics of the effect on the cancer cell:

Alkylating agents

The mechanism of action of these drugs is similar to the effect of radiation. The drugs have a destructive effect on proteins that control the development and growth of cancer cell genes. The most popular representative of the category of these drugs is cyclophosphamide. The drug is taken orally, and injected intravenously. To this group of drugs are preparations Nitrosourea and Embihin.

[2], [3], [4], [5], [6]

Antibiotics

Note that anti-cancer antibiotics have nothing to do with traditional antibiotic drugs. The principle of antibiotics is based on the slowing down of the division of the genes of cancer cells. The most popular drug of this group is Adriamycin. This drug is used in the scheme with Cytotoxin.

Antimetabolites

The principle of action of these drugs is based on the incorporation of a cancer cell into the genetic apparatus. When the cancer cell begins to divide, it dies from the action of the drug. This category includes: 5-fluorouracil and Gemcitabine (Gemzar).

[7], [8], [9], [10], [11],

Anthracyclines

Preparations of this group have an anthracycline ring in their composition, which interacts with the DNA of cancer cells. Chemopreparations inhibit topoisomerase-II and form free radicals, which damage the DNA structure of cancer cells. Representatives of this group of drugs: Rubomycin, Adryblastin.

[12], [13], [14],

Winkalkaloids

Preparations for chemotherapy of plant origin (medicinal plant Vinca rosea). The mechanism of action is based on the binding of the protein tubulin, which forms a cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton is an integral part of the cell, which is observed during mitosis and in the rest phase. The destruction of the cytoskeleton leads to a disruption in the migration of chromosomes in the process of cell division, which leads to its death. The peculiarity of this drug is that its action is more sensitive to cancer cells, rather than healthy ones. Due to this, the medicine has minimal side effects. To this group of drugs are: Vinblastine, Vindezin, Vinkristin.

Preparations of platinum

Platinum is a heavy metal that is toxic to the human body. The mechanism of action of platinum is similar to alkylating agents. After ingestion, the drug interacts with the DNA cells, destroying their structure and functions.

Epipodophyllotoxins

They are synthetic analogs of the extract of mandrake. The drug acts on the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase-II and DNA. Preparations from this group: Teniposide, Etopizide.

[15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]

Other cytotoxic agents

Have a combined principle of action, which is similar to all the above described drugs. Thus, some of the cytostatics are similar in mechanism of action to alkylating agents (Procarbazine, Dakarbazine), some suppresses topoisomerase, and some works as antimetabolites (Hydroxyurea). Good cytotasic properties have corticosteroids, which are also used to treat cancer.

Taxanes

These drugs affect microtubules. The taxanes include Paclitaxel, Docetaxe and taxanes, which have functional properties. Preparations for chemotherapy stabilize microtubules and do not allow their depolymerization. This disrupts the normal process of microtubule restructuring in the cell, which is essential for the process of dividing cancer cells.

Each of the above groups of chemotherapy has its own characteristics, the principle of action and side effects. In addition, to use each of the drugs, oncologists develop specialized protocols for treatment. Protocols are effective even with minimal negative impact on the body. All medical protocols are constantly being improved in the best world clinics for the treatment of oncology. This increases the survival of patients with cancer and improves their quality of life.

Preparations for recovery after chemotherapy

Drugs for recovery after a course of chemotherapy are medicines that allow you to restore health and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. For the rehabilitation process, both traditional medicinal preparations and phytopreparations can be used. The recovery course is made individually for each patient. Treatment is recommended to begin immediately after the end of the course of chemotherapy procedures or simultaneously with the use of chemotherapy to reduce the side symptoms and protect the organs from the action of anticancer drugs.

A pathological condition or chemical illness develops due to taking one or more medications. The disease is called side effects of medicines, since they are part of the mechanism of their action. Recovery after a course of chemotherapy or the prevention of a chemical illness depends on the type of chemotherapy and cancer-affected organs.

Let's consider the most effective drugs for recovery after chemotherapy and the process of restoring the affected organs:

• Renal recovery

After a course of chemotherapy with kidney damage, patients suffer from persistent vomiting and diarrhea. This is a very dangerous condition, since together with vomiting and diarrhea, hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride are excreted in large quantities, without which the normal work of the adrenal and kidney is impossible. The adrenal glands stop producing the hormone adrenaline, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. This symptomatology corresponds to the acute course of a chemical disease. To restore the kidney use drugs such as: Uroprot, Urometoksan.

• Recovery of blood

Indicators such as a general blood test, blood biochemistry, ESR and leukocyte formula are indicators that are responsible for the healthy state of blood and all organs. It is these criteria that assess the effectiveness of chemotherapy and the general condition of the patient. If the patient escaped the first stage of chemical illness, then the second, which lasts up to 7 days, comes soon. It is during this period that patients develop puffiness, infiltration, necrosis and destruction of the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow sprouts.

This condition is accompanied by the death of erythrocyte sprouts of the bone marrow, which leads to massive disturbances in metabolic processes. As a result - anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia. Patients experience bleeding, bruising, and possible internal hemorrhage. The process of blood restoration consists in transfusion of erythrocytic and platelet masses and as radical therapy - bone marrow transplantation. But such a recovery process has its drawbacks. About 45% of patients are infected with the hepatitis C virus, B and other viruses that accompany throughout life. There are a number of drugs that allow you to restore blood after chemotherapy: Filstim, Neupogen, Zarsium, Grastim.

• Restoration of microflora and immune system

Against the backdrop of a reduced immune system after a course of chemotherapy, patients begin to develop an infection, and the conditionally pathogenic flora acquires pathogenic properties. Because of the general intoxication of the body, patients suffer from fungal infections. Thus, in 100% of cases, patients develop candidiasis. Perhaps the development of staphylococcus, which spreads through all the smallest arteries. Because of this, the patient develops inflammation foci, multiple foci of necrosis with skin perforation, sepsis, bleeding and thrombosis.

In 70% of cases, the absence of restorative therapy leads to death. To prevent the development of the condition described above, the restoration of immunity and microflora, patients are prescribed drugs such as: Lacta, Lacium, Lactovit-Forte, B vitamins, Neurorubin, Ascorbic acid.

• Restoration of the liver

After the course of chemotherapy, the functioning of organs and systems and the reserve capabilities of tissues and organs of the body depend on the effectiveness of the liver. Hepatic tissue is the main buffer for processing, excretion and production of substances from the body. Any chemopreparation or simply a drug injected into the body is excreted by the liver and affects the hepatic function.

A direct strong effect is exerted on the liver by active substances and their metabolites, and indirect - by the concomitant effects that they cause in the body. So, a change in the blood parameters, leads to difficulty in the function of hepatocytes, damages the kidneys and gives a strong load of toxic substances to the liver. Because of infection, liver cells can fail. To restore the liver, use such drugs: Gepadif, Gluorgin, Karsil, Essentiale Forte-N.

• Restoration of the cardiovascular system

Many patients before surgery or before taking chemotherapy, suffer from vegetative-vascular dystonia and hypertension. But after removing the source of toxins, that is, the tumor, the pressure stabilizes. So, for example, Doxorubicin forms free radicals, which increase the damage to membranes. Because of this, the drug is considered one of the most cardiotoxic. To restore the cardiovascular system after chemotherapy, the following drugs are used: Asporkam, Preductal, Mildrockart.

• Restoration of the intestines and digestive system

Negative effects of chemotherapy are most evident from the intestine. Patients suffer from vomiting, feelings of nausea and diarrhea. But to date there are no funds that would completely protect the intestinal mucosa from the inflammatory process. Because of this, patients complain of shingles, digestive disorders, lack of appetite, diarrhea, loose stools, diarrhea, colitis, constipation. In some patients, because of violations of the digestive system and intestines, candidiasis, dyspepsia and dysbacteriosis appear. Since the inflamed intestine is not able to fully digest food, then to recover after a course of chemotherapy, use drugs such as: Lacta, Proxium, Nexium, Kwamatel.

• Prevention of depression

Very often after chemotherapy in patients, due to the interaction of medications, depression appears, which manifests itself as a duodenitis. Duodenal depression arises from the development in the duodenum of not only digestive hormones, but also hormones of general action that affect human behavior. Because of the inflammatory process, the balance of the neuropeptides is disturbed. To combat this disease, use drugs such as: Afabazol, Fezam and others.

Restorative treatment consists in the use of drugs from groups of steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypoxic drugs, antioxidants, anesthetics and vitamins. But drug therapy does not always bring the desired results. Many patients give the advantage of restoring the body with the help of natural and safe methods. For these purposes, the accompanying phytotherapy is used and phyto-health is carried out.

Accompanying herbal medicine is the use of plant extracts, which have high anti-inflammatory activity. The process of phytotherapy consists in carrying out phytodetoxication and phyto-health at all stages of treatment for cancer patients. Therapy consists in the prevention of long-term effects of irradiation and chemotherapy, as well as in the prevention of recurrence of the disease.

Platinum drugs for chemotherapy

Platinum drugs for chemotherapy are a modern and effective method of treating cancer. For example, the most popular platinum drug - Cisplatin was tested in 1978 in the US. Initially, the drug was developed for the treatment of testicular cancer, but is currently used to treat lung cancer, in ovarian cancer and in lymphomas. But even platinum drugs cause side effects, which manifest themselves as a pronounced toxic effect and the formation of drug resistance at the cellular level.

Among patients with cancer, there is an opinion that if they started using platinum drugs, then things are completely bad. But actually it is not. Platinum chemotherapy is used when other drugs do not give the proper result. This refers to cancers of the bladder, lungs, ovaries and other cancers. The most significant contraindication to the use of platinum is - marked renal failure. Because of this, therapy is becoming less progressive.

To date, instead of the drug, Cisplatinum is planned to use phenanthrioplatin, which more efficiently penetrates into cancer-affected cells and inhibits transcription. The mechanism of action of platinum preparations is a cytostatic effect, which is completely based on the appearance in DNA of longitudinal and intrachain bonds that form barriers to replication. This is due to the composition of the preparations, the basis of which is a platinum atom with two chlorine ions and ammonium ligands.

Among all heavy metals, only platinum compounds - Carboplatin and Cisplatin - are used as antitumor drugs. These drugs do not belong to alkylating drugs, since they form cross-linkages more valuable than DNA. Let's consider in more detail medicines on the basis of platinum:

Cisplatinum

Antitumor drug, a derivative of platinum. The agent has the ability to destroy the DNA of cancer cells, causing a regression of tumors and metastases. The peculiarity of this drug is that it is ineffective when taken orally. But with intravenous application, the drug quickly and in large doses enters the organs and systems. Cisplatin does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and the binding to blood proteins is at 90%. It is excreted by the kidneys, slowly, in the first hours about 40% of the drug goes out, the rest is within five days of administration.

• Indications for use. Cisplatin is used both in complex therapy, in combination with antitumor antibiotics and other drugs, and as a monotherapy. The drug is used to treat malignant lesions of the ovaries, bladder, testicles, cervical cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head. Cisplatin is effective in the complex therapy in the treatment of cancer of the lymphatic system, lymphosarcoma.
• Mode of application. Cisplatin solution is administered intravenously. If monochemotherapy is used, the patient is administered 20 mg of the drug per 1 m² of the body surface, for five days or 30 mg for three days. A higher dosage of 100-150 mg implies the administration of the drug every three weeks. The interval between courses should be at least three weeks. The number of courses is determined individually for each patient. When administered, 10 mg of cisplatin dissolved in 10 ml of sterile water for injection, the resulting solution is diluted in 1000 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or in a 5% solution of glucose. Introduce the preparation in a jet, in the form of long infusions. In order to minimize the negative impact on the kidneys, it is recommended that the patient's body be hydrated prior to the administration of cisplatin.
• Cisplatin can cause disturbances in the work of the kidneys, provoke attacks of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, loss of appetite, hearing loss or tinnitus. Possible allergic reactions and a sharp decrease in white blood cells and platelets in the blood. In some patients, cisplatin causes neuropathy, which affects the nerves of the lower extremities. During the introduction of the drug, the patient can feel pain along the veins.
• Contraindications. Cisplatin is not recommended for use in disorders of liver and kidney function, problems with bone marrow hematopoiesis, gastric ulcer, pregnancy and individual intolerance of the drug. Cisplatin is contraindicated to combine with drugs that damage the kidneys and organs of hearing, as well as with streptomycin and antibiotics-aminoglycosides.
• The drug is released in ampoules for injection to 0,001 to 10 pieces per pack. Cisplatin is a yellowish mass of heterogeneous color, which easily decomposes into powder. Store Cisplatin in a place protected from sunlight, with a temperature regime of not more than +10 ° C. It is released only by prescription.

[21], [22], [23], [24],

Carboplatin

An antineoplastic agent, a group of platinum derivatives. The mechanism of action is based on suppression of biosynthesis of nucleic acids and death of cancer cells. Unlike the drug Cisplatin, carboplatin has a minimal damaging effect on the kidneys, ototoxicity and neurotoxicity.

• Indications for use. Carboplatin is prescribed for patients with cancerous lesions of the ovaries, testicles, seminoma, melanoma, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, neck and head tumors.
• Apply the drug only intravenously. Adult patients are administered 400 mg per 1 m² of body surface for 20-60 minutes. The drug is administered with a break in a month. Carboplatin is dissolved in sterile water for injection: 5% glucose solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution. Shelf life of the prepared solution is 8 hours. Carboplatin is not used concurrently with drugs that have a nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effect. This platinum drug for chemotherapy is used only under the supervision of a doctor. Before the course of treatment, the patient is tested for the functional characteristics of the kidneys and a neurological examination. Introduce the drug with the help of sets and needles of intravenous infusion with aluminum elements.
• Carboplatin causes side effects that manifest as oppression of hematopoiesis, a decrease in the number of platelets and leukocytes in the blood, a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood, an increase in creatine and urea in the blood. The drug provokes the appearance of nausea, vomiting, skin allergic reactions, hearing loss, peripheral nerve damage, sensitivity disorders, muscle weakness. Due to the use of carboplatin in patients, partial or complete hair loss, chills and hyperthermia are possible.
• The drug platinum is contraindicated for patients with severe renal dysfunction and hypersensitivity to platinum drugs. Since the drug is able to have a carcinogenic effect, that is, cause cancer, then personnel working with carboplatin should be extremely cautious.
• Carboplatin is produced in vials as a sterile lyophilized powder for injection. The drug is released in a dosage of 0.05, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.45 g in vials. Carboplatin is released in the form of a solution for injections, in ampoules of 5, 15 and 45 ml.

[25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30]

Phenanetriplatin

New experimental antitumor drug. This drug proved to be more effective than the drug Cisplatinum. Phenantriplatin completely destroys cancer cells and prevents the development of resistance to platinum drugs. In addition, this drug covers a wider range of cancers.

Phenantriplatin has several advantages over Cisplatinum. The drug more easily and quickly penetrates into cancer cells and inhibits transcription, that is, converts DNA to RNA. In the study, more than 60 types of cancer cells were used. Phenantriplatin showed an efficacy of 40 times higher than Cisplatin in the fight against cancer cells. Since cancer cells are able to form resistance to the action of drugs, Phenantriplatin contains a three-membered ring that protects the platinum drug from attacks from the side.

To date, the drug has confirmed its effectiveness in experiments conducted in laboratories. Now Phenantriplatin should be tested on animals to confirm the antitumor effect.

Liver drugs after chemotherapy

Preparations for the liver after chemotherapy can restore the affected organ. The liver must be treated without fail, since during chemotherapy the organ undergoes a strong attack with heavy elements, toxins that are excreted for a long period of time. The liver performs several functions. The body takes an active part in metabolism, provides a protective function, neutralizing toxic elements, and removes various substances from the body with bile, performing excretory function. During the chemotherapy period, additional functions are placed on the organ. The liver turns most drugs into an active form, reducing their toxic effect. The state of the liver affects the effectiveness of therapy. So, the diseases of the body have a toxic and therapeutic effect on the drugs. All the drugs used for chemotherapy damage the liver.

After a course of chemotherapy, a lot of exercise is applied to the liver. Since the body should reduce the toxicity of drugs. That is, the liver needs to be protected, maintained and restored. Before the chemotherapy course, the oncologist doctor takes a biochemical blood test from the patient. This is due to the fact that many drugs have a negative effect on the body and can even change its structure. Some chemopreparations act as direct hepatic poisons, but their effect is predictable. Therefore, the task of the doctor, in time to prescribe drugs to restore the liver after chemotherapy. In any case, the degree of impaired liver function is unpredictable and depends not only on the dosage of chemotherapy drugs, but also on the individual characteristics of the patient's body.

Liver failure due to chemotherapy is easy to detect, the main thing in time to pay attention to such symptoms as:

• The yellowness of the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and the mouth.
• On the skin there are hemorrhages and vascular asterisks.
• When carrying out biochemical analysis, doctors note the variety of changes in blood.

The initial degree of lesion can be recognized only in biochemical blood analysis. That is why, before every course of chemotherapy, the patient's blood is examined for enzymes and bilirubin. When using highly toxic chemicals, the liver begins to protect from the first days of treatment.

Soft restorative liver protectors are vitamins of group B. Vitamin B12 (calcium pangamate) is prescribed during the whole chemotherapy. The drug is taken 2 tablets 3 times a day. High recovery and protective properties have a drug Karsil. The drug is taken 1 tablet, 3 times a day. Multivitamin complexes are another protection for the liver. The drugs described above are prescribed for those with cancer who have suffered jaundice or suffered from or suffer from chronic alcoholism.

If before the next course of chemotherapy or in the process of treatment the patient is diagnosed with liver damage, then the patient is assigned Essentiale. This drug is so popular that its popularity exceeds its effectiveness and medicinal properties. The drug should be taken within 2-4 months, and to obtain a quick effect, the drug is administered intravenously 5-10 injections. Preparations for restoration of the liver after chemotherapy are called hepatoprotective medicines, let's consider the most effective of them:

Karsil

A drug used to restore the liver after a course of chemotherapy. The membrane-stabilizing effect of the active substance of the drug reduces the damaging effect of aggressive toxic substances on hepatocytes and reduces damage to liver cells. The drug has antioxidant properties and optimizes metabolism at the cellular level. The active ingredient Karsil - silymarin, improves the general condition of the patient (appetite, digestion processes) and normalizes clinical analyzes. The drug is excreted, as a rule, by the kidneys.

• The main indications for the use of the drug are cirrhosis of the liver, as well as chronic hepatitis of viral and toxic etiology. Carpsil is effective in restoring the liver after a course of chemotherapy and a number of diseases with complications on the liver.
• The drug is taken 1 to 4 times a day, depending on the individual needs of the body and the severity of the disease. At the same time, the course of treatment should be at least 90 days.
• Side effects of Karsil are manifested in the form of dyspepsia, vestibular disorders and alopecia. The above symptomatology passes by itself, after withdrawal of the drug.
• Carpsil is contraindicated to take with individual intolerance of the drug components and allergic reactions to the components of the drug. Carpsil can be combined with other drugs, since there is no evidence of adverse interactions.
• When an overdose of the drug may cause vomiting and nausea. To eliminate adverse symptoms, it is necessary to wash the stomach, conduct symptomatic therapy and take sorbents.
• Carlsil is released in tablets. The drug should be stored in a place protected from sunlight and inaccessible to children. Storage temperature should not exceed 16-25 degrees. The drug is dispensed from pharmacies without a doctor's prescription.

Essentiale

Effective hepatic drug with active substances with essential phospholipids. The active substances take an active part in the regeneration, differentiation and cell division. Due to this, the drug regulates the permeability of the cell membrane and improves the function of the membranes. Pharmacological properties of Essential are directed to the restoration of damaged liver cells, improves the detoxification function of baking, normalizes its work.

• The main indications for the use of the drug are acute and chronic hepatitis, necrosis and cirrhosis of liver cells, toxic lesions, precoma and hepatic coma, fatty degeneration, pre and postoperative treatment. The drug is effective in neurodermatitis, radiation syndrome and psoriasis.
• Essentiale is available in the form of capsules and injections for intravenous administration. Capsules are taken three times a day for two, as maintenance therapy. As for intravenous injections, the drug is administered slowly, from 5 ml per day to 20 ml in severe cases. At a time, not more than 10 ml of the drug is allowed to be administered. Injections are carried out for 10 days, after which it is recommended to continue parenteral therapy with Essentiale capsules. The course of treatment takes from 3 to 6 months.
• The side symptomatology of the drug manifests itself in overdose. Essentiale causes gastrointestinal upset and nausea. Treatment is symptomatic. Essentiale is contraindicated for patients with hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

[31], [32], [33], [34],

Energetic

A drug used to restore liver function after a course of chemotherapy. The active substance of the preparation is fat-free and enriched soybean phospholipids. Active components exert a pronounced hepatoprotective effect on the liver, slow down the development of connective tissue in the liver parenchyma and reduce the fatty degeneration of the organ. Energy components reduce the level of cholesterol and eliminate the process of lipid oxidation in the liver tissues, which inhibits the synthesis of collagen.

• The main indications for the use of the drug are: acute, chronic hepatitis and hepatosis, alcoholic steatosis, poisoning with toxins, industrial and medicinal poisons. Treatment and restoration of the liver after chemotherapy, malnutrition. Energic has a positive effect with ineffectiveness of non-medicinal methods of liver restoration.
• The drug is taken two capsules three times a day, with plenty of water. The duration of the drug is selected by the doctor, individually for each patient. •
• Side effects of Energis are manifested in the form of a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, pain in the epigastric region. In rare cases, the drug causes allergic reactions (rash, hives, exanthema) and hemorrhage (bleeding in the intermenstrual period, petechial rashes).
• Energis is contraindicated to take with individual intolerance of the components of the drug, with allergy to soy and peanuts, with an antiphospholide syndrome in the anamnesis. When the drug interacts with anticoagulants coumarinic series, it is recommended to adjust the dosage of medicines, since synergism of action is possible.

In addition to the above-described drugs for the restoration of the liver after chemotherapy, regenerating properties for the body and health-improving properties for the body has a diet. Dietary food means giving up fried, stewed, fatty and sweet. Under the ban fall greasy varieties of fish and meat, smoked meat, pickles, sausages and other foods rich in cholesterol. During the restoration of the liver, it is strictly forbidden to eat mushrooms, turnips, beans, peas, spinach, onions and cold drinks.

Nutritionists and doctors emphasize the vegetarian diet. The patient is recommended to eat vegetable dishes and soups, dairy. Useful meat dishes, steamed, low-fat boiled meat, lean fish. It is allowed to use low-fat cottage cheese with honey, milk and dairy products, as well as non-cheesy cheeses. With any liver damage, and especially during the recovery period, the ration should include ripe berries, fruits, dried fruits, fruit and berry juices, decoctions, wheat bran. Thus the daily ration should consist of 90 g of protein, 80 g of fat and 400 g of carbohydrates. That is, the daily calorific value should not exceed 3000 kcal.

[35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]

The best drugs for chemotherapy

The best drugs for chemotherapy are effective medicines, the use of which allows you to defeat cancer. Selection of drugs depends on the type of cancer and cancer cells, the results of cytological and histological analysis, the stage of cancer and the individual characteristics of the patient's body. Let's consider what preparations are used for cancer diseases of certain organs.

Oncological disease	Used drugs for chemotherapy
Stomach cancer	Epirubicin, Cisplatinum, Fluorouracil, Capecitabine, Oxaliplatinum, Mitomycin
Liver cancer	Fluorouracil, Gemzar, Oxaliplatin
Thyroid cancer	Triiodothyronine, Tyroxine
Rectal cancer	5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Levamisole, Panorex, Cisplatin, Neotaxel
Skin cancer	Dacarbazine, Procarbazine, Aromazine, Temozolomide, Paclitaxel, Carmustine, Cisplatinum
Cancer of the larynx	Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, Fluorolect, Cisplatinum
Brain cancer	Temozolomide, Carmustine, Natulan, Lomustine, Vincristine, Cisplatin, Carboplatin
Cancer of the latticed bone	Paclitaxel, Methotrexate
Ovarian Cancer	Phosphamide, Cisplatin, Paclitaxel, Vinblastine, Ifosfamide, Etoposide
Testicular cancer	Cisplatin, Etoposide, Lusteth
Uterine cancer	Carboplatin, Doxorubicin, Cisplatinum
Mammary cancer	Doksolek, Ftorolek, Endoksan, Uroprot, Paclitaxel, Neotaxel, Doxolek
Leukemia	Methotrexate, Mercaptopurine, Thioguanine, Vincristine, L-asparaginase, Prednisone
Kidney Cancer	Nexavar, Sunitinib, Temsirolimus, Everolimus, Bevacizumab
Pancreas cancer	Oxaliplatin, Mitomycin, Gemcitabine, Cisplatinum, Gemzar, Fluorouracil
Lungs' cancer	Cisplatin, Vinorelbine, Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, Avastin, Oncoril
Lymph node cancer	Dakarbazin, Vinkristin, Bleocin, Doxolek
Prostate Cancer	Mitoxantrone, Doxorubicin, Vinblastine, Paclitaxel, Dozetecel, Estramustine Phosphate, Etoposide.

All of the above drugs are used both in monotherapy and in complex treatment, that is, chemotherapy regimens. Duration of treatment, dosage and form of the drug is selected by the oncologist, individually for each patient.

Cost of drugs for chemotherapy

The cost of drugs for chemotherapy depends largely on the effectiveness of medicines. Prices for chemotherapy are different and completely depend on the type of cancer, the stage of cancer, the age of the patient and the state of his health. When drawing up a treatment regimen, the oncologist selects drugs, focusing on the patient's monetary opportunities. Since very often, the price of drugs for chemotherapy can exceed tens of thousands of dollars. Let's look at the main groups of drugs for chemotherapy, and the cost of some medicines.

Drug Groups	Cost of drugs for chemotherapy
Alkylating agents	Melphalan - tablets from 480 UAH., Injections from 4800 UAH.
	Chlorambucil - tablets from 540 UAH.
	Bendamustin - from 3000 UAH.
	Befungin - from 165 UAH.
	Vinblastine - from 130 UAH.
	Vincristine - from 800 UAH.
	Vinorelbine - from 450 UAH.
Antibiotics, antineoplastic	Daktinomycin - from 1660 UAH.
	Idarubicin - from 860 UAH.
	Mitomycin - from 1300 UAH.
	Olivomycin - from 1300 UAH.
	Epirubicin - from 150 UAH.
Antimetabolites	5-fluorouracil - from 250 UAH.
	Xeloda - from 200 UAH.
	Mercaptopurine - from 1000 UAH.
	Methotrexate - from 100 UAH.
	Thioguanin - from 1500 UAH.
	Ftorafur - from 2000 UAH.
	Fluorouracil - from 270 UAH.
	Citarabin - from 40 UAH.
Anthracyclines	Adriblastin - from 300 UAH.
	Zavedos - from 1000 UAH.
	Cyclophosphamide - from 300 UAH
	Doxorubicin - from 35 UAH.
	Idarubicin - from 860 UAH.
Winkalkaloids	Vinblastine - from 130 UAH.
	Vincristine - from 60 UAH.
	Vinorelbine - from 1000 UAH.
Preparations of platinum	Carboplatin - from 170 UAH.
	Cisplatin - from 60 UAH.
Epipodophyllotoxins	Etoposide - from 120 UAH.
Other cytotoxic agents	Azathioprine - from 250 UAH.
	Hydroxychloroquine - from 300 UAH.
	Methotrexate - from 100 UAH.
	Sulfasalazine - from 100 UAH.
	Cyclophosphamide - from 350 UAH.

The cost of the above chemotherapy depends on the form of release of the drug and volume, as well as from the pharmacy network in which the drug is sold and the manufacturer. The prices shown in the table are averaged, and are given for acquaintance with the cost of drugs for chemotherapy.

Preparations for chemotherapy are used to treat cancer and malignant lesions of organs and systems. The drugs are selected individually for each patient and depend on the type of cancer, the age of the patient and the state of his health. There are many types of chemotherapy drugs that differ in the mechanism of action, effectiveness and, of course, cost. The key to the success of chemotherapy is the correct diagnosis of the disease and a well-designed treatment regimen.

[41], [42], [43], [44], [45]