Antibiotics for colitis

Colitis is called the inflammatory process, which covers the inner mucosa of the large intestine. Colitis is acute and chronic. In acute colitis, the symptoms of the disease are very acute, and the course of the disease is violent and rapid. In this inflammatory process can not only cover the large intestine, but also thin. Chronic colitis is in a slow form, and, long enough and constantly.

There are many reasons for the development of colitis:

• intestinal infections, viral and bacterial nature,
• inflammatory bowel disease,
• various malfunctions that cover the intestinal circulation,
• violations of the regime and quality of nutrition,
• presence in the intestine of various parasites,
• a long course of antibiotic treatment,
• The use of laxatives, which contain anthroglycosides,
• chemical intoxication of the large intestine,
• allergic reactions to a certain type of food,
• genetic predisposition to this disease,
• autoimmune problems,
• exorbitant physical activity and fatigue,
• mental overstrain, long-term stress and lack of a normal psychological atmosphere and opportunities for recreation in everyday life,
• violation of the rules of a healthy lifestyle,
• The wrong routine of the day, which includes problems with the quality of nutrition, work and leisure.

The main method of therapy for colitis is a special diet and compliance with the rules of a healthy lifestyle. Antibiotics for colitis are prescribed only if the cause of the disease is intestinal infection. It is also recommended the use of antibacterial drugs in the case of chronic colitis therapy, when against the background of damage to the intestinal mucosa, bacterial infection of affected parts of the mucous membrane occurred. If colitis was caused by prolonged use of antibiotics to treat another disease, then they are canceled and additional methods of natural rehabilitation of the patient are used.

Usually, specialists use complex methods of colitis therapy, which consist of dietary nutrition, thermal treatment, visits to the therapist, drug therapy, and sanatorium treatment.

Antibiotics for treatment of colitis

If the need for antibiotics is proven (for example, by laboratory results), then experts prescribe the use of the following drugs:

• Groups of sulfonamides are necessary for colitis with mild and moderate severity of the disease.
• Antibacterial drugs with a wide spectrum of action - in severe forms of the disease or in the absence of results from other therapy options.

If antibacterial therapy was prolonged, or when two or more drugs were used as a combination therapy, dysbacteriosis develops in almost all cases. With this disease, the composition of the intestinal microflora varies: useful bacteria are destroyed by antibiotics along with harmful ones, which leads to the appearance of symptoms of a disorder of the intestinal activity and worsening of the patient's well-being. Such problems with the intestines not only do not contribute to the recovery of the patient, but, on the contrary, stimulate the exacerbation and fixation of chronic colitis in the patient.

Therefore, to achieve high effectiveness of treatment, it is necessary to use drugs in parallel with antibiotics that normalize the state of the intestinal microflora. Simultaneously or after a course of antibiotic therapy, probiotics are prescribed (biological supplements that contain live cultures of microorganisms) or preparations containing lactic acid sourdough. It is also important to use drugs that normalize the work of the entire intestine: for example, Nystatin, which acts on pathogenic fungi, and Colibacterin, consisting of living intestinal rods, as well as auxiliary substances for the work of the intestines - propolis, soy extract and vegetables.

Antibiotics in the treatment of colitis are not a panacea, so they need to be very careful and avoid self-prescribing to avoid serious complications from their use.

[1], [2], [3], [4]

Indications for the use of antibiotics for colitis

As it became known, not all cases of the disease need to use antibacterial drugs for therapy. Indications for the use of antibiotics in colitis, in the first place - is convincing evidence of the presence of any intestinal infection that caused inflammation in the intestine.

So, all the intestinal infections can be divided into three groups:

• bacterial character,
• of a viral nature,
• parasitic nature.

Most often colitis is caused by bacteria from the genus Shigella and Salmonella, while the patient begins to suffer shigellosis dysentery and salmonellosis. There are also cases of tuberculosis of the intestine, which leads to its inflammation. Also characteristic are colitis, caused by viruses, while the patient's condition is classified as intestinal flu. From parasitic infections to colitis can result in infection with amoeba, which is expressed in amebic dysentery.

The main infectious agents that cause inflammatory processes in the intestine have been described above. Although before you begin antibacterial treatment of colitis, you need to undergo qualitative diagnosis and laboratory tests to identify the infection that caused the disease.

Form of issue

Currently, drugs are not produced in one form. The form of release of the drug implies convenience in its use for both adults and children.

• Levomycetin.

Produced in tablets, which are packed in ten pieces in a contour squamous packaging. One or two of these packages are placed in a carton.

Also the preparation is issued in the form of a powder in vials, with the help of which a solution for injections is prepared. Each vial can contain either 500 mg or 1 gram of the drug. Cardboard packages are produced, which contain either one bottle or ten pieces of vials.

• Tetracycline.

It is produced in capsules in a dosage of two hundred and fifty milligrams of substance in each. Also available in tablets in the form of coated tablets. The dosage of the substance in the dragee is five, one hundred and twenty-five and two hundred and fifty milligrams. For children, production of depot tablets is established, which contain one hundred and twenty milligrams of active substance. Adult patients are provided with depot tablets in which there are three hundred seventy-five milligrams of active substance. The drug is also available in a 10% suspension, as well as in granules of three milligrams each, of which the syrup is prepared for oral administration.

• Oletaterrin.

Produced in coated tablets, which are placed in a blister pack, ten pieces each. Two blister packs are placed in a cardboard box, so that in each pack there are twenty tablets of the drug.

Also available in capsules. One capsule contains one hundred and sixty-seven milligrams of tetracycline hydrochloride, eighty-three milligrams of oleandromycin phosphate and auxiliary substances.

• Polymyxin-in sulfate.

Produced in sterile bottles with a dosage of two hundred and fifty milligrams or five hundred milligrams.

• Polymyxin-m sulfate.

It is produced in vials containing an injection solution in the amount of five hundred thousand or one million units in each vial. Also produced in tablets of one hundred thousand units in each, the package contains twenty-five such tablets. With the release of five hundred thousand units of tablets in each tablet, the package contains fifty similar tablets.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

Produced in bottles with a solution of the drug in a dosage of two hundred and fifty and five hundred milligrams, as well as one gram in one bottle. The bottles are made of glass, have a rubber stopper, which closes each bottle, and top are closed with an aluminum cap. The vials are placed in a cardboard box, in which fifty pieces of containers are stored.

• Neomycin sulfate.

Produced in tablets of one hundred milligrams each and two hundred and fifty milligrams each. Also produced in glass bottles of five hundred milligrams each.

• Monomycin.

Produced in glass bottles, which contain a solution of the active substance. Vials are of two types: two hundred and fifty milligrams and five hundred milligrams in terms of the active substance in the solution.

[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]

Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in colitis

Each drug has its own pharmacological features that can be effective in treating intestinal diseases. Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in colitis is expressed in the following:

• Levomycetin.

The drug is a bacteriostatic antibiotic with a wide spectrum of action. At the same time it contributes to the violation of the processes of protein synthesis in the microbe cell. It is effective against strains of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin, tetracyclines and sulfonamides.

Has activity to destroy gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The same effect is observed for pathogens of various diseases: purulent infections, typhoid fever, dysentery, meningococcal infections, hemophilic bacteria and many other strains of bacteria and microorganisms.

It is not effective in the fight against acid-fast bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, clostridia, certain strains of staphylococci, resistant to the active substance of the drug, as well as with protozoa and fungi. The development of resistance of microorganisms to the active substance of the drug occurs at a slow pace.

• Tetracycline.

The drug is a bacteriostatic antibacterial agent and belongs to the group of tetracyclines. The active substance of the drug leads to a disruption in the formation of complexes between transport RNA and ribosomes. This process suppresses the production of protein in the cell. It is active against gram-positive microflora - staphylococci, including those that produce penicillinase, streptococcus, listeria, anthrax bacillus, clostridia, spindle bacilli and others. He also proved himself well in the fight against gram-negative microflora - hemophilic bacteria, causative agents of pertussis, E. Coli, enterobacter, gonorrhea, shigella, plaque, cholera vibrio, rickettsia, Borrelia, pale spirochete and others. It can be used for some gonococci and staphylococci, which can not be treated with penicillins. Actively fights with dysentery amoeba, chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia psittaci.

Some microorganisms exhibit resistance to the active substance of the drug. These include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus and Serratia. Also tetracycline can not affect most strains of bacteriogens, fungi and viruses. The same resistance was found in beta-hemolytic streptococci belonging to group A.

• Oletaterrin.

The drug is a combined antimicrobial medication and a broad spectrum of action, which includes tetracycline and oleandomycin. The drug reveals an active bacteriostatic efficacy. In this regard, the active substances are able to inhibit the production of protein cells of microbes by affecting the cellular ribosomes. This mechanism is based on the disturbances in the appearance of peptide bonds and the development of polypeptide chains.

The components of the preparation are active against the following pathogenic microflora: staphylococci, anthrax, diphtheria, streptococcus, brucellae, gonococci, pertussis causative agents, hemophilic bacteria, klebsiella, enterobacter, clostridium, ureaplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, mycoplasma, spirochetes.

The appearance of resistance to oletetrin in pathogenic microorganisms is revealed as a result of research. But a similar mechanism of habituation acts at a slower rate than when taking separately each active substance of the drug. Therefore, monotherapy with tetracycline and oleandomycin may be less effective than treatment with oletetrin.

• Polymyxin-in sulfate.

It refers to antibacterial medicines that are produced with the help of a certain type of spore-forming soil bacteria. It can also be formed with the help of other microorganisms related to the above bacteria.

It shows a high activity against gram-negative pathogenic microflora: it eliminates a large number of strains of bacteria, which include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Hemophilus rod, Brucella.

Some types of bacteria show resistance to the drug. They are proteus, as well as gram-positive cocci, bacteria and microorganisms. The drug is not active against the microflora that is inside the cells.

• Polymyxin-m sulfate.

It is an antibacterial drug that produces spore-forming soil bacteria. Bactericidal action is expressed in the violation of the membrane of the microorganism. Due to the action of the active substance, its absorption in the phospholipids of the cell membrane of the microbe occurs, which leads to an increase in its permeability, as well as to the lysis of the cell of the microorganism.

Characterized by activity against gram-negative bacteria, which are E. Coli, dysentery rod, typhoid fever, paratyphoid A and B, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moderate effect is on fusobacteria and bacteroides, with the exception of the bacteroid Fragilis. It is not effective for coccal aerobes - staphylococci, streptococci, including streptococcus pneumonia, causative agents of gonorrhea and meningitis. Also does not affect the vital activity of a large number of strains of protein, mycobacterium tuberculosis, diphtheria pathogen and fungi. Resistance of microorganisms to the drug develops slowly.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

The drug refers to antibacterial drugs with a broad spectrum of action, which includes a group of aminoglycosides.

It is active against tubercular mycobacteria, most gram-negative microorganisms, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, including Klebsiella, which causes pneumonia, gonococci, meningitis, plague, brucella and others. Gram-positive microorganisms, such as staphylococci and corynebacteria, are also susceptible to the action of the active substance. Less effectiveness is observed in relation to streptococci and enterobacter.

It is not an effective drug against anaerobic bacteria, rickettsia, protea, spirochetes, pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The bactericidal effect is manifested when the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome binds. Such a destructive process then leads to a halt in protein production in pathogenic cells.

• Neomycin sulfate.

The drug with a broad spectrum of action refers to antibacterial agents and their narrower group of aminoglycosides. The drug is a mixture of neomycins of species A, B and C, which are produced during the life of a certain species of radiant fungus. Has a pronounced bactericidal effect. The mechanism of the influence of the active substance on the pathogenic microflora is associated with the effect on cellular ribosomes, which leads to inhibition of protein production by bacteria.

It is active in relation to many types of gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic microflora, for example, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Proteus, Golden Streptococcus, Pneumococcus. The same applies to mycobacteria tuberculosis.

Has a small activity in relation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococci.

It is not effective in fighting in pathogenic fungi, viruses and anaerobic bacteria.

The emergence of the stability of microflora to the active substance occurs at a slow pace and a sufficiently low degree.

There is a phenomenon of cross-resistance with Kanamycin, Framicetin, Paromomycin.

Oral administration of the drug leads to its local effectiveness only in relation to the microorganisms of the intestine.

• Monomycin.

The drug is active against Gram-positive and a number of gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus, Shigella, E. Coli of various serotypes, Friedlander pneumobacillus, some strains of Proteus). Has no activity against streptococci and pneumococci. Does not affect the development of anaerobic microorganisms, pathogenic fungi and viruses. It can suppress the vital activity of some groups of protozoa (amoeba, leishmania, trichomonads, toxoplasm). The drug has a pronounced bacteriostatic effect.

Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in colitis

The organism reacts differently to each of the active substances, which are components of preparations for the treatment of intestinal disorders. The pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in colitis are expressed as follows:

• Levomycetin.

The process of drug abstinence occurs almost in full, that is, ninety percent, and at a rapid pace. The degree of bioavailability of the active substance is eighty percent. The presence of a link to blood plasma proteins is characterized in the volume of fifty to sixty percent, and the premature newborns show thirty-two percent of this process. The maximum amount of active substance in the blood is observed after one to three hours from taking the drug. In this case, the state of the therapeutic concentration of the active component in the blood is observed for four to five hours at the beginning of use.

It is able to penetrate well into all the fluids and tissues of the body. The liver and kidneys accumulate the greatest concentration of the substance. Bile gathers up to thirty percent of the dose taken by a person. Concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid can be determined after an interval of four to five hours after the administration of the drug. Uninflammated meninges accumulate up to fifty percent of the substance in the plasma. Inflamed cerebral membranes concentrate up to eighty-nine percent of the substance, which is contained in the blood plasma.

Capable of penetrating the placental barrier. Concentrates in the fetal blood serum in an amount of thirty to fifty percent of the amount of the substance in the maternal blood. Capable of penetrating into breast milk.

More than ninety percent of the substance passes the metabolism in the liver. The intestine promotes the hydrolysis of the drug and the formation of inactive metabolites, this process occurs under the influence of intestinal bacteria.

Within two days it is excreted from the body: ninety percent of the excretion falls on the kidneys, from one to three percent with the help of the intestine. The half-life in adults is from one and a half to three and a half hours, with impaired renal function in adults - from three to eleven hours. The half-life in childhood from one month to sixteen years is from three to six and a half hours, for newborns, whose life span from one to two days is twenty-four hours or more, in newborns with a life span of ten to sixteen days - ten hours.

The active substance is slightly susceptible to hemodialysis.

• Tetracycline.

The process of absorption of the drug reaches seventy-seven percent, the amount of which decreases if the intake of food occurs simultaneously with the use of the medication. Proteins of blood plasma bind to the active substance in an amount of up to sixty-five percent.

The maximum concentration of the drug with ingestion is reached in two to three hours. The therapeutic concentration of the substance is obtained with the constant use of the drug for two to three days. Then after the next eight days there is a gradual decrease in the amount of the drug in the blood. The level of the maximum concentration of the drug is up to three and a half milligrams per liter of blood, although the therapeutic effect occurs when the amount is one milligram per liter of blood.

The distribution of the active substance is uneven. The greatest amount of it accumulates liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes. Bile accumulates in five or ten times more drug than can accumulate blood. The thyroid and prostate gland has a concentration of tetracycline similar to serum. Mother's milk, pleural ascitic fluid and saliva concentrate in itself from sixty to one hundred percent of the substance that is present in the blood. Large concentrations of tetracycline accumulate bone tissue, dentin and enamel of milk teeth, tumors. Tetracycline is characterized by poor penetration through the blood-brain barrier. The cerebrospinal fluid can contain up to ten percent of the substance. Patients who have diseases of the central nervous system, as well as inflammatory processes of the membranes of the brain, are characterized by an increased concentration of the drug in the cerebrospinal fluid - up to thirty-six percent.

The drug is able to penetrate the placental barrier, is found in breast milk.

Minor metabolism occurs in the liver. The half-life of the drug occurs within a few hours - eleven hours. Urine contains a high concentration of the substance two hours after the use of the drug. The same amount is maintained for six to twelve hours. In the first twelve hours, the kidneys can produce up to twenty percent of the substance.

A smaller amount of the drug - up to ten percent - takes the bile directly into the intestine. There is a partial reverse suction process, which leads to a long circulation of the active substance in the body. The drug is excreted through the intestine up to fifty percent of the total amount taken. Hemodialysis slowly removes tetracycline.

• Oletaterrin.

The medicine has the qualities of good intestinal absorption. Active components are well distributed to tissues and body fluids. Therapeutic concentrations of the constituents of the drug are formed at a rapid pace. Also, these substances have the ability to penetrate the hematoplacental barrier, are found in breast milk.

Active components of the drug are excreted, mainly through the kidneys and intestines. Accumulation of active substances occurs in organs such as the spleen, liver, teeth, as well as in tumor tissues. The drug has a low toxicity.

• Polymyxin-in sulfate.

Characterized by poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In this case, most of the drug is released to the outside with faeces in an unchanged state. But these concentrations are sufficient to achieve a therapeutic result in the fight against intestinal infections.

This antibacterial drug due to the property of poor absorption in the digestive system is not detected in the blood plasma, as well as tissues and other body fluids.

It is not used parenterally because of the high degree of toxicity for the kidney tissue.

• Polymyxin-m sulfate.

At oral reception differs bad parameters of an absorption in a gastrointestinal tract, therefore can be productive only at therapy of intestinal infections. Has a low toxicity in this method of drug use. Parenteral administration of the drug is not recommended due to the high degree of nephrotoxicity, as well as the same level of neurotoxicity.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

The drug has a poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and is almost completely removed from the intestine. Therefore, the drug is used parenterally.

Intramuscular administration of streptomycin promotes rapid and almost complete absorption of the substance into the blood. The maximum amount of the drug is observed in the blood plasma after a period of one or two hours. A single injection of streptomycin in an average therapeutic amount suggests the detection of an antibiotic in the blood in six to eight hours.

Most fully accumulate the substance of the lungs, kidneys, liver, extracellular fluid. It does not have the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which remains undamaged. The drug is found in the placenta and in the mother's milk, where it can penetrate in sufficient quantities. The active substance has the ability to bind to blood plasma proteins in an amount of ten percent.

With preserved renal excretory function, even with repeated injections, the drug does not accumulate in the body and is well excreted from it. It is not able to be metabolized. The half-life of the drug ranges from two to four hours. It is excreted from the body through the kidneys (up to ninety percent of the substance) and is not altered before this process. If the kidney function is violated, the rate of elimination of the substance is significantly slowed, which leads to an increase in the concentration of the drug in the body. Such a process can cause side effects of a neurotoxic nature.

• Neomycin sulfate.

The active substance, when administered orally, shows a poor absorption capacity in the gastrointestinal tract. Approximately ninety-seven percent of the drug is excreted from the body with feces, and in an unchanged state. If the intestine has inflammatory processes of the mucous epithelium or its damage, this increases the percentage of absorption. The same applies to the processes of cirrhosis that occur in the patient's liver. There are data on the process of absorption of the active substance through the peritoneum, respiratory tract, bladder, penetration through wounds and skin in their inflammation.

After the drug is absorbed in the body, it is rapidly removed by the kidneys in a preserved form. The half-life of the substance is between two and three hours.

• Monomycin.

The drug for oral use shows poor absorption in the digestive tract - about ten or fifteen percent of the substance taken. The main amount of the medicine does not change in the digestive system and is excreted with feces (about eighty-five to ninety percent). The level of the drug in the blood serum can not exceed two to three milligrams per liter of blood. Urine removes up to about one percent of the substance taken.

Intramuscular injection promotes rapid absorption of the drug. The maximum amount in the blood plasma is observed within half an hour or an hour after the start of the injection. The therapeutic concentration can be maintained at the required level for six to eight hours. The dose of the drug affects its amount in the blood and the length of time in the body. Repeated drug administration does not contribute to the effect of cumulation of the substance. Proteins of blood serum bind to the active substance in small amounts. The distribution of the drug occurs, mainly, in the extracellular space. High concentrations of the drug accumulate kidneys, spleen, lungs, bile. A smaller amount accumulates the liver, myocardium and other tissues of the body.

The drug penetrates well through the placental barrier and circulates in the blood of the fetus.

It does not undergo biotransformation in the human body, and can be excreted in active form.

The high content of the drug in human feces suggests its use for the therapy of various intestinal infections.

Parenteral administration contributes to the withdrawal of up to sixty percent of the drug with urine. If the renal function is impaired, it helps to slow the release of monomycin, as well as increase its concentration in blood plasma and tissues. This also contributes to the duration of circulation of the active substance in the body.

What antibiotics to drink when colitis?

Patients suffering from problems with the intestines, often wonder: what antibiotics to drink in colitis? The most effective are those antibacterial drugs that are poorly absorbed in the intestine into the blood and practically unchanged and at high concentrations are excreted from the body with feces.

Also, antibacterial drugs that have a broad spectrum of action are good because, firstly, it is not always possible to determine with accuracy what microflora was the cause of colitis. In addition, with severe forms of the disease, complications can occur in the form of the appearance of other intestinal infections. Therefore, it is important to choose the most effective remedy for as many types of pathogenic microflora as possible.

Antibiotics, which are poorly absorbed into the blood, are also good because they have low toxicity for the body. If taken orally, it can save the patient from a large number of side effects. In this case, the goal - the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine will be achieved.

Of course, not always and not all are shown exactly these drugs, so below is a list of the most effective medicines for colitis having different characteristics.

Names of antibiotics for colitis

Currently, there are many antibacterial drugs that can be used to treat digestive system problems caused by bacterial infection. And, nevertheless, we recommend to focus on time-tested drugs that have proven effective in fighting the pathogenic microflora.

The names of antibiotics for colitis, which are recommended by specialists, are as follows:

1. Levomycetin.
2. Tetracycline.
3. Oletaterrin.
4. Polymyxin-in sulfate.
5. Polymyxin-m sulfate.
6. Streptomycin sulfate.
7. Neomycin sulfate.
8. Monomycin.

It is understood that the need to take any of the above drugs will be determined by a specialist, having weighed all the advantages and disadvantages of each drug for treating a particular disease. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the patient, the presence of contraindications to the selected drug, as well as high sensitivity to the active components of the drug, including allergic reactions. In addition, before starting therapy with the help of a chosen medication, it is important to check whether the pathogenic intestinal microflora is sensitive to the active substances of the drug. Therefore, you should not engage in self-medication and prescribe yourself taking the drug yourself without consulting and examination with a specialist.

Antibiotics for ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a disease that is characterized by inflammatory processes in the large intestine with the formation of ulcers in it. In this case, most often, the mucous epithelium of the rectum is affected, as well as other parts of the large intestine. The disease is recurrent or continuous chronic.

Ulcerative colitis occurs, as a rule, for three reasons: due to violations of the immunological nature, due to the development of intestinal dysbiosis and due to the changed psychological state of the patient. Antibiotics for ulcerative colitis can be used only in the second case, when the cause of the disease is any intestinal infection.

Intestinal dysbiosis is revealed in seventy to one hundred percent of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. And the heavier the pathogenic process itself, the more ulcerative colitis is manifested and the more often it can be detected. Dysbacteriosis in the intestine takes a direct part in the development of ulcerative colitis. This is because the conditionally pathogenic intestinal microflora produces various toxic derivatives and so-called "enzymes of aggression" in the course of its vital activity. All this leads to damage to the intestinal walls and damages the cells of the epithelium. These microorganisms contribute to the fact that in the intestine and the human body there is a superinfection, a microbial allergy and autoimmune processes of disturbance of its activity.

In this case, the use of various antibacterial agents that eliminate the root cause of the disease is indicated. In parallel, dietary nutrition, sulfasalazine and its derivatives, glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, as well as symptomatic therapy, are used.

[13], [14], [15], [16], [17]

Dosing and Administration

In order to use each drug, you must carefully read the dosage, which is indicated in the instructions. Although in most cases the method of application and dose is prescribed by a specialist after consultation of the patient. Do not self-medicate yourself and prescribe yourself a drug from the group of antibiotics.

Usually, the medication is administered as follows.

• Levomycetin.

The tablet form of the drug is intended for oral use. The tablet is swallowed whole, does not crack and does not crush. It must be washed down with plenty of fluids.

The medication is taken half an hour before eating. If patients have nausea from the drug, then it is recommended to use it an hour after the end of the meal. The medicine is taken at intervals that should be equal.

The course of treatment and dosage of the drug is prescribed by a specialist, since it is individual for each patient. Usually the adult dose ranges from two hundred and fifty to five hundred milligrams for each medication, which can be from three to four times a day. The maximum daily dose of the drug is four grams.

Children from three to eight years take the drug one hundred and twenty-five milligrams from three to four times a day. Children between eight and sixteen years of age can use the medicine in a dose of two hundred and fifty milligrams three or four times a day.

The usual course of therapy takes from seven to ten days. If the drug is well tolerated by the patient and there are no side effects, the course of treatment may increase to fourteen days.

The powder form of the preparation is used as the basis for the solution, which is used as intramuscular and intravenous injections, that is, parenterally. In childhood, only intramuscular injection of the drug is indicated.

The solution is prepared as follows: the contents of the vial dissolve in two or three milliliters of water for injection. You can also use the same amount of 0.25- or 0.5-percent solution of novocaine. The solution of Levomycetin is injected deep into the gluteus muscle, namely into its upper quadrant.

The solution for intravenous use is prepared as follows: the contents of the vial must be dissolved in ten milliliters of water for injection or in the same amount of a 5- or 40 percent glucose solution. The duration of the injection is between three minutes, and they are conducted after an equal amount of time.

The course of treatment with the drug and the dosage is calculated by a specialist, based on the individual characteristics of the patient. The usual single dose is from 500 to 1000 milligrams, which are taken two or three times a day. The maximum amount of medicine is four grams per day.

Children and teenagers from three to sixteen years can use the medicine twice a day in the amount of twenty milligrams per kilogram of the patient's body.

• Tetracycline.

Beforehand it is necessary to determine how pathogenic the microflora of the patient is to the drug. The drug is used orally.

Adults take two hundred and fifty milligrams every six hours. The daily dose can be as high as two grams. For children from the age of seven, the drug is prescribed at twenty-five milligrams every six hours. Capsules are swallowed without chewing.

Tablets tetracycline-depot are prescribed to adults one piece every twelve hours in the first day, and the next - one piece per day (375 milligrams). Children take the drug on the first day of one piece every twelve hours, and then on subsequent days - one piece per day (120 milligrams).

Suspensions are intended for children in the amount of twenty-five to thirty milligrams per kilogram of weight per day, this amount of the drug is divided into four methods.

Syrups are used by adults for seventeen milliliters per day, divided into four receptions. For this, one or two grams of granules are used. Children take syrup in the amount of twenty to thirty milligrams per kilogram of the child's weight. This volume of the drug is divided into four daily doses.

• Oletaterrin.

The drug is taken orally. The best way is to use the medicine half an hour before the meal, while the drug should be washed down with a large amount of drinking water in a volume of up to two hundred milliliters.

Capsules are swallowed, it is impossible to destroy the integrity of their membranes.

The course of treatment and dosage of the drug is determined by a specialist, based on the characteristics of the patient and the nature of his illness.

Usually, adults and adolescents take one capsule of the drug four times a day. It is best to do this at the same time intervals, for example, after six hours. Severe form of the disease is an indication to increase the dosage of the drug. Maximum can take up to eight capsules per day. The average duration of treatment is from five to ten days.

• Polymyxin-in sulfate.

Before taking the drug, it is important to determine the presence of sensitivity to this agent in pathogenic microflora, which provoked the disease.

Intramuscular and intravenous (drop) administration occurs only under stationary conditions under the supervision of specialists.

For the intramuscular method, 0.5 to 0.7 milligrams per kilogram of patient weight is required, which are used three or four times a day. The maximum daily dose is not more than two hundred milligrams. For children, the drug is injected from 0.3 to 0.6 milligrams per kilogram of the child's weight three to four times a day.

Intravenous administration requires twenty five to fifty milligrams of the drug to dissolve in two hundred to three hundred milliliters of a five percent glucose solution. The solution is then introduced by the drop method at a rate of sixty to eighty drops per minute. The maximum dose for adults per day is up to one hundred and fifty milligrams of the drug. Children receive intravenously 0.3 to 0.6 milligrams of the drug per kilogram of the child's weight, which is diluted in thirty to one hundred milliliters of a 5-10 percent glucose solution. In case of impaired renal function, the dosage of the drug decreases.

Inside the drug is used in the form of an aqueous solution. Adults take 0.1 grams every six hours, children - 0.004 grams per kilogram of baby's body weight three times a day.

The course of treatment with the drug is from five to seven days.

• Polymyxin-m sulfate.

Before use, it is necessary to check whether the pathogenic microflora that caused the disease is sensitive to the action of the drug.

Adults show the use of a medicine for five hundred milligrams - one gram from four to six times a day. The maximum daily amount of the drug is two or three grams. The course of treatment is five to ten days.

The children's dose of medication per day is: for children of three to four years - one hundred milligrams per kilogram of the cape of the child's body, which is divided into three or four receptions; for children from five to seven years - 1.4 grams per day; for children of eight - ten years - 1.6 grams; for children of eleven - fourteen years - two grams per day. The course of treatment is determined by the nature and severity of the disease, but not less than five days and not more than ten days.

Relapses of the disease can cause an additional need for the drug after a break of three to four days.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

Intramuscular injection of the drug involves a one-time use in the amount of five hundred milligrams - one gram of the drug. The daily amount of the drug is one gram, the maximum daily dose is two grams.

Patients who have a body weight less than fifty kilograms and people older than sixty years can take only up to seventy-five milligrams of the drug per day.

The infant and adolescent dose per day is fifteen to twenty milligrams per kilogram of the child's weight. But a day can not use more than half a gram of the drug for children, and for adolescents - more than a gram.

The daily dose of the drug is divided into three or four injections, with intervals between injections at six to eight hours. The usual course of therapy takes from seven to ten days, the maximum period of treatment is fourteen days.

• Neomycin sulfate.

It is important before using the drug to test the pathogenic microflora for the presence of sensitivity to the drug.

Inside is used in tablet form and in solutions.

For adults, one-time use is possible in the form of one hundred or two hundred milligrams, the daily amount of the drug is four milligrams.

Infant and preschool children can take the drug in the amount of four milligrams per kilogram of the child's body weight. This amount of the drug is divided into two daily doses. Therapy can last for five, maximum - seven days.

Breast children are recommended to use a solution of the drug, which is prepared from the calculation - one milliliter of liquid for four milligrams of the drug. Thus the child can take as many milliliters of a solution, how many kilograms he weighs.

• Monomycin.

The drug must be tested for effectiveness against the microorganisms that caused the disease.

Orally it is prescribed to adults two hundred and fifty milligrams of the drug, which must be taken four to six times a day. Children take from ten to twenty-five milligrams per kilogram of weight per day, divided into two or three receptions.

Intramuscularly, the drug is used by adults for two hundred and fifty milligrams three times a day. A child's dose is four or five milligrams per kilogram of the child's weight, which is distributed three times per day.

[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]

Use of antibiotics for colitis during pregnancy

Waiting for the baby is a direct contraindication to the use of many medicines. The use of antibiotics in colitis during pregnancy is usually not recommended. The use of drugs of this group in this period of life of a woman can be read below.

• Levomycetin.

The drug is contraindicated for use in pregnancy. In the lactation period, it is necessary to interrupt the breastfeeding of the baby, so it is important to get advice from the attending physician about the need to use the drug at a given time.

• Tetracycline.

The drug is contraindicated for use during pregnancy, because tetracycline penetrates well through the placental barrier and accumulates in bone tissue and in the rudiments of the fetal teeth. This causes a violation of their mineralization, and can also lead to severe forms of disturbances in the development of fetal bone tissue.

The drug is not compatible with breastfeeding. The substance perfectly penetrates into the mother's milk and adversely affects the developing bones and teeth of the baby. In addition, tetracyclines can cause the child to react photosensitization, as well as the development of candidiasis of the oral cavity and vagina.

• Oletaterrin.

The drug is not allowed to use during pregnancy. Since the substance tetracycline, which is part of the drug, affects the fetus in a negative way. For example, tetracycline leads to a slowdown in the growth of the bones of the skeleton, and also stimulates fatty liver infiltration.

It is also not advisable to plan pregnancy with Otheltrin therapy.

The lactation period is a contraindication to the use of this drug. If there is a question about the importance of using the drug in this time interval, then it is necessary to complete breastfeeding.

• Polymyxin-in sulfate.

It is prescribed to pregnant women only taking into account the need for a vital indication for the mother and a low risk for life and development of the fetus. Usually, during pregnancy is not recommended for use.

• Polymyxin-m sulfate.

The drug is prohibited for use during pregnancy.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

It is used in this period only for the mother's vital indications, since there are no qualitative studies on the effect of the drug on a person. Streptomycin leads to deafness in children whose mothers took the drug during pregnancy. The active substance is able to penetrate the placenta and is concentrated in the blood plasma of the fetus in an amount of fifty percent of the amount of the substance present in the maternal blood. Also, Streptomycin leads to nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects on the fetus.

It penetrates into breast milk in a certain amount, it affects the microflora of the baby's intestines. But with a low level of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract does not have other complications for infants. It is recommended to stop breastfeeding for the period when the mother's therapy with Streptomycin occurs. 7.

• Neomycin sulfate.

During pregnancy, the drug can be used only for reasons of vital necessity for the expectant mother. Systemic absorption causes ototoxic and nephrotoxic effect on the fetus. There is no data on the penetration of neomycin into breast milk.

• Monomycin.

The use of the drug during pregnancy is contraindicated.

Contraindications to the use of antibiotics in colitis

Each medicine has cases in which it can not be used. Contraindications to the use of antibiotics in colitis are as follows.

1. Levomycytin.

The drug is contraindicated in the following patients:

• having individual sensitivity to the active substances of the drug,
• having a sensitivity to thiamphenicol and azidamphenicol,
• with violations of hematopoietic functions,
• having severe liver and kidney diseases, as well as suffering from deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
• prone to fungal diseases of the skin, psoriasis, eczema, porphyria,
• who have acute respiratory diseases, including angina,
• with the age to three years.

Carefully appointed drug for persons managing vehicles, elderly people, as well as having cardiovascular diseases.

2. Tetracycline.

• the presence of high sensitivity to the active substance,
• failure of renal activity,
• the presence of leukopenia,
• with the presence of fungal diseases,
• the age of children under eight,
• is limited to use in patients with impaired hepatic function,
• with caution is prescribed to patients who have permanent allergic reactions.

3. Oletaterrin.

• intolerance of tetracycline and oleandomycin, as well as antibacterial agents from the group of tetracyclines and macrolides,
• the presence of obvious renal disorders,
• existing problems with the functioning of the liver,
• occurrence in the anamnesis of a leukopenia,
• children's age up to twelve,
• presence of deficiency of vitamins K and group B, and also at a high probability of occurrence of these beriberi,
• cautiously assigned to patients with cardiovascular insufficiency,
• is also not recommended for patients who need to have a fast psychomotor reaction and a high concentration of attention.

4. Polymyxin-in sulfate.

• impaired renal function,
• the presence of myasthenia gravis - muscle weakness,
• the presence of hypersensitivity to the active substances of the drug,
• available in the history of the patient's allergic reactions.

5. Polymyxin-m sulfate.

• individual intolerance of the drug,
• impaired liver function,
• kidney damage of a functional and organic nature.

6. Streptomycin sulfate.

• diseases of the auditory and vestibular apparatus that are caused by the inflammatory processes of 8 pairs of cranial nerves and which have arisen as a result of complication after the existing otoneurritis - diseases of the inner ear,
• having in the anamnesis the most severe form of cardiovascular insufficiency - stage 3 of the disease,
• severe form of kidney failure,
• violation of blood circulation of cerebral vessels,
• the appearance of obliterating endarteritis - inflammatory processes that occur on the inner shell of the arteries of the limbs, with the lumen of such vessels diminishing,
• hypersensitivity to streptomycin,
• presence of myasthenia gravis,
• child's nursing age.

7. Neomycin sulfate.

• kidney disease - nephrosis and nephritis,
• diseases of the auditory nerve,
• cautiously apply to patients in whose anamnesis the presence of allergic manifestations is indicated.

8. Monomycin.

• a severe degree of degenerative changes that involve the disruption of the tissue structure of organs such as the kidneys and liver,
• neuritis of the auditory nerve - inflammatory processes in this organ, having a different cause of origin,
• cautiously prescribed to patients who are characterized by a history of allergic reactions.

[11], [12]

Side effects of antibiotics for colitis

1. Levomycetin.

• Gastrointestinal tract: signs of nausea, vomiting, disorders of digestive functions, problems with stool, the appearance of stomatitis, glossitis, disorders associated with intestinal microflora, the appearance of enterocolitis. Prolonged use of the drug provokes the appearance of pseudomembranous colitis, which is an indication for the complete withdrawal of the drug. At high doses of the drug, hepatotoxic effects occur.
• Cardiovascular system and hematopoietic functions: there is a development of granulocytopenia, patientopenia, erythrocytopenia, anemia (also aplastic type of disease), agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, changes in arterial pressure, collapse.
• Central and peripheral nervous systems: the appearance of headaches, dizziness, emotional lability, encephatopathies, confusion, increased fatigue, hallucinations, visual and auditory functions, and taste sensations.
• Allergic manifestations: the occurrence of skin rashes, itching, hives, dermatoses, edema Quincke.
• Other reactions: the emergence of cardiovascular collapse, increased body temperature, superinfection, dermatitis, the reaction of Yarisch-Gerxheimer.

2. Tetracycline

• The drug, as a rule, patients are well tolerated. But sometimes you can observe the appearance of the following side effects.
• Digestive system: decreased appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea in mild and severe form, changes in mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract - glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, proctitis, ulceration of the epithelium of the stomach and duodenum, hypertrophic changes in the papillae of the tongue, and signs of dysphagia, hepatotoxic effects, pancreatitis, intestinal dysbiosis, enterocolitis, increased activity of hepatic transaminases.
• Urinary system: the appearance of azotemia, hypercreatinemia, nephrotoxic effects.
• Central nervous system: increased intracranial pressure, the appearance of headache, the emergence of toxic effects - dizziness and instability.
• The system of hematopoiesis: the appearance of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, eosinophilia.
• Allergic and immunopathological reactions: the appearance of reddening of the skin, itching, urticaria, maculopapular rash, skin hyperemia, angioedema, Quincke edema, anaphylactoid reactions, systemic lupus erythematosus, photosensitization.
• Darkening of the teeth in children who received the drug in the first months of their life.
• Fungal lesions - candidiasis, which affect the mucous membrane and skin. It is also possible the appearance of septicemia - the infection of blood with a pathogenic microflora, which is a fungus from the genus Candida.
• The emergence of superinfection.
• The emergence of vitamin B vitamin hypovitaminosis.
• The appearance of hyperbilirubinemia.
• In the presence of such manifestations, symptomatic therapy is used, and tetracycline treatment is interrupted and, if there is a need for antibiotics, a drug other than tetracyclines is used.

3. Oletaterrin.

The drug when used in a therapeutic dosage is almost always well tolerated by patients. Some cases of drug therapy can cause some side effects:

• Gastrointestinal tract - decreased appetite, symptoms of vomiting and nausea, pain in the epigastric region, broken stool, the appearance of glossitis, dysphagia, esophagitis. There may also be a decreased functioning of the liver.
• The central nervous system is the appearance of increased fatigue, headache, dizziness.
• The system of hematopoiesis - the emergence of thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, hemolytic anemia, eosinophilia.
• Allergic manifestations: the emergence of photosensitivity, edema Quinck, skin itching, urticaria.
• Perhaps the emergence of other manifestations - candidiasis lesions of the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity, vaginal candidiasis, dysbiosis, a lack of production of vitamin K and vitamins of group B, the appearance of darkening of tooth enamel in children of childhood.

4. Polymyxin-in sulfate.

• Urinary system: damage to the kidney tissue - the emergence of renal tubular necrosis, the appearance of albuminuria, cylindruria, azotemia, proteinuria. Toxic reactions increase when there is a violation of renal excretory function.
• Respiratory system: the onset of paralysis of respiratory muscles and apnea.
• Digestive system: the appearance of pain in the epigastric region, nausea, loss of appetite.
• Central nervous system: the appearance of neurotoxic effects - dizziness, ataxia, impaired consciousness, the appearance of drowsiness, the presence of paresthesia, neuromuscular blockade and other damage to the nervous system.
• Allergic reactions: the occurrence of itching, skin rashes, eosinophilia.
• Sensory organs: various violations of visual functions.
• Other reactions: the emergence of superinfection, candidiasis, intrathecal administration provokes the appearance of meningic symptoms, with local administration, phlebitis, periphlebitis, thrombophlebitis, and pain at the injection site may develop.

5. Polymyxin-m sulfate.

• Usually, there are no side effects with the oral use of the drug. Although individual cases of side effects are noted by specialists.
• These effects can occur with prolonged therapy through the drug and are expressed in the appearance of changes in kidney tissue.
• Sometimes the appearance of allergic reactions.

6. Streptomycin sulfate.

• Toxic and allergic reactions: the appearance of drug fever - a sharp jump in body temperature in the upward direction, dermatitis - inflammatory skin processes, other allergic reactions, the appearance of dizziness and headache, palpitations, the presence of albuminuria - the detection of elevated protein in the urine, hematuria, diarrhea.
• Complications in the form of lesions of 8 pairs of cranial nerves and the appearance on this background of vestibular disorders, as well as hearing disorders.
• Prolonged reception of the drug provokes the development of deafness.
• Neurotoxic complications - the appearance of headache, paresthesia (feelings of numbness in the limbs), hearing impairment - the drug should be canceled. In this case, symptomatic therapy and pathogenetic therapy are started. Of the drugs resorted to the use of calcium Pantothenate, Thiamine, Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal phosphate.
• When allergic symptoms appear, the drug is canceled and desensitizing therapy is performed. Anaphylactic (allergic) shock is treated with immediate measures to remove the patient from this condition.
• In rare cases, there is a serious complication, which can be caused by parenteral administration of the drug. In this case, there are signs of a blockade of neuromuscular conduction, which can even lead to a stoppage of breathing. Such symptoms can be characteristic of patients who have a history of neuromuscular diseases, for example, myasthenia gravis or muscle weakness. Or, such reactions develop after operations, when the residual effect of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants is observed.
• The first signs of disorders of neuromuscular conduction are indications for the administration of an intravenous solution of calcium chloride and a subcutaneous solution of Prozerin.
• Apnea - temporary respiratory arrest - requires the patient to be connected to the artificial ventilation of the lungs.

7. Neomycin sulfate.

• Gastrointestinal tract: the appearance of nausea, sometimes vomiting, loose stools.
• Allergic reactions - redness of the skin, itching and others.
• Damaging effect on the organs of hearing.
• The appearance of nephrotoxicity, that is, a damaging effect on the kidneys, which in laboratory studies manifests itself as the appearance of a protein in the urine.
• Prolonged use of the drug leads to the emergence of candidiasis - a certain disease caused by fungi Candida.
• Neurotoxic reactions - the occurrence of noise in the ears.

8. Monomycin.

• neuritis of the auditory nerve, that is, the inflammatory processes of this organ,
• impaired kidney function,
• various disorders of digestive functions, expressed in a dyspeptic form - the appearance of nausea, vomiting,
• various allergic reactions.

Side effects of antibiotics in colitis are an indication for the withdrawal of the drug and the appointment, if necessary, symptomatic therapy.

Overdose

Any drug should be used in accordance with the dosage indicated in the instructions. Overdose in the use of the drug is fraught with the appearance of symptoms that threaten the health and even the life of the patient

• Levomycetin.

If you use inflated doses of the drug, the patients observe the appearance of problems with hematopoiesis, which is expressed in the pallor of the skin, pain in the larynx, increased overall body temperature, the appearance of weakness and increased fatigue, the occurrence of internal bleeding and the presence of hematomas on the skin.

Patients who are hypersensitive to the components of the drug, as well as children can observe bloating, nausea and vomiting, epidermal grayness, cardiovascular collapse and respiratory distress, combined with metabolic acidosis.

A large dosage of the drug causes visual and auditory perception disorders, as well as delayed psychomotor reactions and the development of hallucinations.

An overdose of the drug is a direct indication of its withdrawal. If Levomycetin was used in tablets, then in this case it is necessary to rinse the patient's stomach and begin taking enterosorbents. Symptomatic therapy is also indicated.

• Tetracycline.

An overdose of the drug increases all the side effects. In this case, it is necessary to cancel the medication and prescribe symptomatic therapy.

• Oletaterrin.

Overestimated doses of drug administration may affect the appearance and intensification of side effects of the components of the drug - tetracycline and oleandomycin. There is no information on the antidote used in this case. If there are cases of drug overdose, then experts prescribe symptomatic therapy.

• Polymyxin-in sulfate.

Do not describe the symptoms of an overdose.

• Polymyxin-m sulfate.

Data on overdose is not available.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

The appearance of symptoms of neuromuscular blockade, which can lead to a stopping of breathing. Infants show signs of central nervous system depression - the appearance of lethargy, stupor, coma, deep respiratory depression.

In the presence of such symptoms it is necessary to use an intravenous solution of calcium chloride, and also to resort to the help of anticholinesterase drugs - Neostigmine methyl sulfate, subcutaneously. The use of symptomatic therapy is shown, and if necessary, artificial ventilation of the lungs.

• Neomycin sulfate.

Symptoms of overdose manifest themselves in a decrease in neuromuscular conduction, up to stopping breathing.

When these symptoms appear, therapy is prescribed, during which adults receive an intravenous solution of anticholinesterase drugs, for example, Prozerin. Also shown are preparations containing calcium - a solution of calcium chloride, calcium gluconate. Before using Proserin, Atropine is used intravenously. Children receive only medicines with calcium.

In severe cases of respiratory depression, artificial ventilation is indicated. Excess doses of the drug can lead to hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

• Monomycin.

In case of an overdose, the following symptoms may appear: the appearance of nausea, thirst, ataxia, ringing in the ears, hearing loss, dizziness and respiratory failure.

When these conditions occur, symptomatic and supportive therapy should be used, as well as anticholinesterase medications. Critical situations with the respiratory system involve the use of artificial ventilation of the lungs.

Interactions of antibiotics in colitis with other drugs

• Levomycetin.

If the antibiotic is used for a long time, then in some cases, an increase in the duration of Alfetanin is observed.

Levomycetin is contraindicated in combination with the following drugs:

• istiostaticheskie medicines,
• sulfonamides,
• Ristomycin,
• Cimetidine.

Similarly, Levomycetin is not combined with the technology of radiotherapy, due to the fact that the mutual use of the above medicines heavily inhibits the hematopoietic functions of the body.

With concurrent use, Levomycetin acts on oral hypoglycemic agents as a catalyst for their effectiveness.

If you use this antibiotic as a treatment and simultaneously use Phenobarbital, Rifamycin and Rifabutin, then in this case such a combination of drugs leads to a decrease in plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol.

When Paracetamol is used simultaneously with Levomycetin, the effect of increasing the half-life of the latter from the human body is observed.

If you combine the intake of Levomycetin and oral contraceptives, which contain estrogens, iron preparations, folic acid and cyanocobalamin, this leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of the above contraceptives.

Levomycetin is able to change the pharmacokinetics of such drugs and substances as Phenytoin, Cyclosporine, Cyclophosphamide, Tacrolimus. The same applies to drugs whose metabolism involves the cytochrome P450 system. Therefore, if there is a need for simultaneous use of these drugs, it is important to adjust dosages of the above medicines.

If you simultaneously use Levomycetin and Chloramphenicol with Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Levorin and Nystatin, then this prescription of drugs leads to a mutual decrease in the effectiveness of their action.

With the parallel use of ethyl alcohol and this antibiotic, a disulfiram-like reaction of the organism develops.

If Cycloserin and Levomycetin are used simultaneously, this leads to an increase in the toxic effect of the latter.

• Tetracycline.

The drug helps to suppress the intestinal microflora, and in this regard, decreases prothrombin index, which involves reducing the dosage of indirect anticoagulants.

Bactericidal antibiotics, which contribute to the disruption of the synthesis of cell walls, reduce their effectiveness under the action of Tetracycline. These drugs include groups of penicillins and cephalosporins.

The drug helps reduce the effectiveness of contraceptives, which are taken orally and contain estrogen in their composition. This increases the risk of bleeding as a "breakthrough". In combination with Retinol, there is a risk of increased intracranial pressure.

Antacid preparations, with the inclusion of aluminum, magnesium and calcium, as well as drugs with iron content and Kolestyramin lead to a decrease in the absorption of tetracycline.

The effect of the drug Chymotrypsin leads to an increase in the concentration and duration of circulation of tetracycline.

• Oletaterrin.

If you take the drug in combination with milk and other dairy products, this combination leads to a decrease in the intestinal absorption of tetracycline and oleandomycin. The same goes for medicines containing substances of aluminum, calcium, iron and magnesium. A similar effect is observed when combined with the reception of Kolestipol and Cholestyramine with Oletetrin. If there is a need to combine the drug with the above medicines, then their reception should be divided by a time interval of two hours.

Oletratrine is not recommended for use with bactericidal medicines.

When the drug is combined with Retinol, it is possible to increase intracranial pressure.

Antithrombotic drugs reduce their effectiveness while using them and Oletitrin. If there is a need for such a combination, it is important to constantly resort to monitoring the level of antithrombotic medications and to resort to adjusting the dosage.

Oral contraceptives decrease their effectiveness under the influence of oletetrin. Also, the simultaneous use of hormonal contraceptives and the drug can lead to uterine bleeding in women.

• Polymyxin-in sulfate.

Promotes a synergistic effect with respect to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, ampicillin and carbenicillin in influencing various bacteria.

Batricin and nystatin are combined with simultaneous administration.

The drug and curare-like drugs can not be used at the same time. The same applies to curarepotent drugs.

The same prohibition applies to antibacterial drugs that relate to aminoglycosides - Streptomycin, Monomycin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Gentamycin. This is due to increased nephro- and ototoxicity of the above drugs, as well as an increase in the level of muscle relaxation, which they cause and neuromuscular blockers.

With simultaneous administration it helps to reduce heparin in the blood by forming complexes with the above substance.

If the drug is placed in solutions with the following drugs, then their incompatibility will manifest themselves. This applies to sodium salt, Ampicillin, Levomycetin, antibacterial agents related to cephalosporins, tetracycline, isotonic sodium chloride solution, amino acid solutions and heparin.

• Polymyxin-m sulfate.

The drug is allowed to be used concomitantly with other antibacterial drugs that affect gram-positive microorganisms.

The drug is incompatible with solutions of Ampicillin and sodium salt, tetracyclines, Levomycetin, a group of cephalosporins. Also, this incompatibility is manifested in relation to the isotonic solution of sodium chloride, various amino acid solutions, as well as heparin.

A 5% glucose solution, as well as a hydrocortisone solution, is compatible with the drug.

If you take antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group with polymyxin sulfate, then this combination increases the nephrotoxicity of the above drugs.

Benzylpenicillin and Erythromycin salts lead to an increase in the activity of Polymyxin-M sulfate when used together.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

It is forbidden to use the drug in parallel with antibacterial drugs that have an ototoxic effect - they lead to damage to the hearing organs. These include the action of Kanimycin, Florimycin, Ristomycin, Gentamicin, Monomycin. The same prohibition applies to Furosemide and curare-like - relaxing skeletal muscles of medicines.

It is forbidden to mix the drug in one syringe or in one infusion system with antibacterial drugs from a series of penicillins and cephalosporins, which are beta-lactam antibiotics. Although the simultaneous use of these drugs leads to a synergy of their action in relation to some types of aerobes.

This incompatibility of the physico-chemical nature concerns also Heparin, therefore it also can not be used in one syringe with Streptomycin.

Slowing the removal of streptomycin from the body is promoted by such medicines as Indomethacin and Phenylbutazone, as well as other NSAIDs that contribute to the violation of renal blood flow.

Simultaneous and / or consistent use of two or more agents from the group of aminoglycosides - Neomycin, Gentamycin, Monomycin, Tobramycin, Methylmicin, Amikacin - leads to a weakening of their antibacterial properties and to a parallel increase in toxic effects.

Streptomycin is not compatible with the following drugs: Viomycin, Polymycin-in sulfate, Methoxyflurane, Amphotericin B, Etacrynic acid, Vancomycin, Capreomycin and other oto- and neofrotoxic medicines. The same goes for Furusenmid.

Streptomycin can enhance neuromuscular blockade if you simultaneously use funds for inhalation anesthesia, namely Methoxyflurane, curare like drugs, opioid analgesics, magnesium sulfate and polymyxins with the help of parenteral use. The same effect is achieved by transfusion of large amounts of blood and citrated preservatives.

Simultaneous use leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of drugs from the anti-miastenic group. Therefore, it is important to adjust the dosage of drugs from this group with parallel treatment with Streptomycin and at the end of such therapy.

• Neomycin sulfate.

Systemic absorption sometimes enhances the effectiveness of indirect anticoagulants by reducing the synthesis of vitamin K by intestinal microflora. Also due to this decrease the effectiveness of cardiac glycosides, fluorouracil, methotrexate, phenoxymethylpenicillin, vitamins A and B12, chenodeoxycholic acid, oral contraceptives.

Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Monomycin, Gentamicin, Viomycin and other nephro- and ototoxic antibiotics are incompatible with the drug. When they are taken together, the chances of developing toxic complications also increase.

When combined with the drug, there are means that lead to an increase in ototoxic, nephrotoxic effects, and may lead to a blockade of neuromuscular transmission. This aspect of interaction concerns inhalation of general anesthetics, including halogenated hydrocarbons, citrate preservatives used in transfusions of large amounts of blood, as well as polymyxins, ototoxic and nephrotoxic drugs, including capreomycin and other antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group, drugs that promote neuromuscular blocking transfer.

• Monomycin.

It is forbidden to use the parenteral drug and other antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group - Streptomycin sulfate, Gentamycin sulfate, Kanamycin, Neomycin sulfate. The same prohibition applies to cephalosporins, polymyxins, because these interactions lead to an increase in oto and nephrotoxicity.

It is not allowed simultaneous use of the drug and curare-like remedies, since this can lead to the development of neuromuscular blockade.

You can combine the drug and benzylpenicillin salts, Nystatin, Levorin. The joint use of the drug and Eleutherococcus for the treatment of dysentery has good efficacy.

Interaction of antibiotics in colitis with other drugs is an important aspect of maintaining human health. Therefore, it is important to read the instructions before using any medication and follow the recommendations given in it.

Conditions for storage of antibiotics in colitis

• Levomycetin.

The drug is contained in a place that is inaccessible to children at a temperature of not more than thirty degrees. In this case, the room should be dry and darkened.

• Tetracycline.

The medicine belongs to the list B. It is stored in a place inaccessible to children, in a dry, darkened room, at an air temperature of no higher than twenty-five degrees.

• Oletaterrin.

The drug is placed in a place that is not accessible to children. The temperature of the room in which the medicament is placed should vary from fifteen to twenty-five degrees.

• Polymyxin-in sulfate.

The drug is stored in a place inaccessible to children, which is protected from direct sunlight. The preparation should be kept in the original sealed packaging at an ambient temperature of no higher than 25 degrees.

• Polymyxin-m sulfate.

The drug belongs to the list B. It is stored at room temperature and in a place that is not accessible to children.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

The medication is assigned to the list B. Contained at an ambient temperature that does not exceed twenty-five degrees in a place where there is no child access.

• Neomycin sulfate.

The drug belongs to list B and is stored in a dry place at room temperature in the reach of children. Drug solutions are prepared immediately before use.

• Monomycin.

The drug is listed in list B and should be stored at a temperature of up to twenty degrees, in a dry place inaccessible to children.

It can be noted that the storage conditions for antibiotics in colitis are approximately the same for all drugs.

[25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33]

Shelf life

Each drug has its expiration date, after which it is forbidden to use it for the treatment of diseases. Antibiotics used in colitis are no exception. Let's consider in detail each preparation recommended at colitis.

• Levomycetin - the medicine is stored for five years.
• Tetracycline is three years from the date of release.
• Oletetrin - the drug must be used within two years from the date of manufacture.
• Polymyxin-in sulfate-drug is usable for five years from the date of manufacture.
• Polymyxin-m sulfate-a drug is suitable for use for three years from the date of release.
• Streptomycin sulfate - use of the drug is possible within three years from the date of release.
• Neomycin sulfate - the possibility of using a medicinal product is available for three years from the moment of its production.
• Monomycin - the drug should be used within two years from the date of release.

Antibiotics for colitis - this is an extreme measure, which can be resorted only to the proven intestinal infection that caused the disease. Therefore, if you suspect colitis, you should not engage in self-medication, but use the services of specialists who can correctly diagnose and prescribe appropriate methods of treating the disease.