Sterility analysis: how to take what shows

In modern medicine, there is an increasing need to investigate the sterility of biological fluids. For this, an analysis is carried out for sterility. Almost all fluids are examined, including: blood, urine, breast milk. The aim of the study is to identify bacterial microflora in liquids, which normally should be sterile. The detection in bacteria of bacteria speaks of bacteremia, which indicates the generalization of the infectious process.

This analysis is especially important for people with HIV infection, because it makes it possible to detect infection in the blood and prevent its further development. The appearance of bacteremia is a bad sign, because with HIV infection, reduced immunity, and the body is not able to fight the infection.

In addition, those infected with AIDS are often carriers of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Also this method can not only identify the causative agent of the disease, but also determine the spectrum of its sensitivity to antibiotics. The importance of the study consists of the ability to identify one particular causative agent of the disease, to reveal its sensitivity, to determine the degree of dissemination.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]

Indications for the procedure of the analysis for sterility

Indication for the analysis is a general deterioration of well-being, increased fatigue, the inability to normalize body temperature for a long time . Rent, if you strongly pull the lower back and pain gives in the kidney zone. Violation of normal urination also serves as an indication for delivery of the analysis. If there is a smell when urinating, urine becomes cloudy and a sediment appears, it is also necessary to pass the analysis.

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Preparation

It all depends on what kind of analysis you need to pass. The first condition to be observed is the purity of the genitals. In this case, soap should not be used, because it significantly distorts laboratory indicators, can affect their reliability. It is necessary to prepare a sterile container in which urine will be collected. Such a capacity can be bought at the pharmacy, it is sterile and ready for use. Or you can sterilize.

Before taking the test, you need to stop taking antibiotics, antifungal agents, because the tests will be false-negative. Before collecting the analysis, you must stop taking any medications.

For the study, an algorithm is needed: first a little urine is released, then the main part is taken, and urination is completed. Urine should be morning, taken immediately after a person woke up. Approximately 50-100 ml of liquid is required for analysis. The lid is tightly closed, the analysis is delivered to the laboratory within 1-2 hours.

When taking other tests, the recommendations are almost the same. The main conditions - compliance with sterility, refusal to take antibiotics for 14-15 days, refusal to eat food and water for 4-5 hours before the test.

[8], [9], [10], [11],

Technique of the analysis for sterility

The main method of investigation is bacteriological culture. For this purpose, a nutrient medium is prepared under sterile conditions. At the first stage, a universal nutrient medium is used, for example meat-peptone broth, agar medium. Primary seeding of biological material is carried out. They are then incubated under a thermostat at a human body temperature.

Part of the material is subjected to a microscopic examination method, during which a smear is prepared, it is examined first under a small, then under a large increase. This will make it possible to make a preliminary detention. You can find signs of inflammation, the appearance of impurities, protein, sediment, which could indicate a variety of inflammatory or infectious processes.

Incubation is carried out for several days (an average of 3-5 days), after which the largest colonies are selected. Produce them by re-settling on selective nutrient media on Petri dishes. A part of the cultures are crossed to the jambs, they are incubated for a few more days. After the abundant growth is obtained, we select the colony, investigate its microscopic, biochemical, immunological properties.

Produce a species and generic identification of the microorganism, which is the causative agent of the disease. After this, the concentration of bacterial cells is determined using a spectrophotometer or turbidity standard. If necessary, a study is conducted on antibiotic susceptibility, as well as sensitivity to bacteriophages.

To do this, use the method of disc-diffusion analysis, or the method of decimal dilution. By the degree of delay in bacterial growth, sensitivity to antibiotics is assessed, the rating of the most effective of them is determined, and the optimal concentration is selected.

To confirm the diagnosis of bacteremia, multiple tests are used.

Blood test for sterility

The aim of the study is to assess the sterility of the blood and the detection of bacteremia. The detection of such pathologies may indicate the development of a pathological and infectious process. Predominantly the study is aimed at the detection of opportunistic, pathogenic microflora, fungus. Such clinically important pathogens as staphylococcus, streptococcus, enterobacteria, fungus of the genus Candida are considered rather dangerous .

This study is especially important for patients with HIV infection. It is used for suspected generalization of the infectious process, development of purulent-septic processes. It is also used before prescribing antibacterial therapy to rule out incorrect appointments. It is spent to people with a long fever.

The essence of the method consists in the detection of bacteria that penetrate from the vascular bed into the bloodstream. The thing is, hundred with a strong inflammation of the bacteria from a nearby foci of infection can penetrate into the blood. Then with a current of blood, bacteria can be spread all over the body, they can penetrate into other organs and tissues, causing inflammatory and infectious processes there. Infection can spread throughout the body, like metastases in cancerous tumors. Complication is a violation of the heart, liver. This process can be prevented if the necessary measures are taken in a timely manner.

The analysis makes it possible to identify such diseases as meningitis, myocarditis, pyoderma, osteomyelitis, sepsis. The end result is the detection of the causative agent of the disease, its concentration. Also, an effective antibacterial agent and its dosage are selected.

Venous blood serves as a biological material for the study. The fence is manufactured in a laboratory, a polyclinic, a medical center using standard methods. Sometimes, to stimulate the release of bacterial cells from the depot (spleen, liver), a solution of epinephrine is first introduced. It requires an average of 5-10 ml of blood, carried out according to a standard procedure.

[12], [13], [14], [15], [16],

Urine test for sterility

The goal is to detect bacteria. Normally, urine is a sterile biological fluid. Bacterial microflora appears only when the disease develops. Usually the need for such an analysis arises if the general analysis of urine indicates the development of the inflammatory and infectious process. This is indicated by the presence in the urine of bacteria, epithelium, mucus, leukocytes, erythrocytes.

When carrying out and taking the material it is important to maintain sterility. The end result is the detection of bacterial microflora, its quantitative and qualitative indices, the selection of an antibiotic, the optimal dosage.

Urine test for sterility in a child

Indications for analysis include suspicion of bacteremia and sepsis, with severe form of inflammatory and infectious diseases. For infants, there are special urinals. Thus the ureter is established in the morning, it can not be installed from the evening. This is due to the fact that the study should only use the morning portion of urine. It is recommended to install it 2 hours before the child wakes up. Thanks to modern design, you can easily install it without waking up the child.

The child should be washed in the morning. In this case, only pure water is used, without the use of any antiseptic, cosmetic, soap. Dry the skin with disposable towels. After collecting urine, there are 2 hours to deliver it to the laboratory. Otherwise, the results will be distorted, or the analysis will not work at all. It is done long enough - 10-20 days. This is determined by the growth rate of microorganisms. Treatment usually begins after the results of the study are obtained.

Urinalysis for sterility in pregnant women

It is carried out during the development of the infectious process, regardless of the term. Also appoint irrespective of complaints and pathologies. The analysis is dealt twice, because bacteremia often does not manifest itself. Can cause complications during childbirth, contributes to infection

Breast milk analysis for sterility

Breastfeeding is very important for a child, since it can provide him with strong immunity, reduces the risk of allergic reactions. But in some cases, for example, with bacteremia, milk can only harm the child, causing infection, up to sepsis. The study is necessarily conducted with the development of inflammatory and infectious processes in the mammary gland. This makes it possible to quickly identify the causative agent of the disease and choose the appropriate treatment.

The purpose of the analysis of milk for sterility is to identify the causative agents of infectious diseases, microorganisms, the source of which is inside the body, or in the external environment. The most dangerous pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic form of infection, as well as fungus. Identify the species and genus of microorganisms, as well as their quantitative indices. Most often in breast milk, there are staphylococci, streptococci, fungi of the genus Candida, Klebsiella.

Rent in medical centers, laboratories. On average, the analysis is performed from 7 to 10 days. At collection it is necessary to consider that the fence should be made from each mammary gland in a separate container. Before the fence hand must be washed and soap, treat the mammary glands, treat the hands and the alveolar zone with alcohol solution. The last serving is used. Requires an average of 10 ml of milk. In the process of the fence, you need to make sure that your hands do not touch the nipples.

[17], [18], [19], [20]

How much analysis is done for sterility?

The analysis for sterility  is performed from 7 days to 1 month. It is determined by the growth rate of microorganisms, so it is not possible to accelerate it. In some cases, it is possible to add growth factors, which will speed up the analysis for sterility for several days.

Normal performance

For each type of analysis, the indicators are different. Normally, many biological fluids must be sterile. At a pathology, in biological liquids microorganisms are found out. The severity of the infection process depends on specific indicators. The unit of measurement is CFU / ml, that is, the number of colony forming units in 1 ml of liquid.

On average, there are general indicators. So, for the accidental ingress of microflora into the biological fluid, the indices are up to 1000 cfu / ml. This is the so-called transitory microflora, which does not require treatment. If the number of microorganisms varies from 1000 to 10 000 cfu / ml, the analysis requires re-holding, since the result is uncertain, it can fluctuate depending on the effect of many external and internal factors. Indicators over 10 000 cfu / ml indicate the presence of an infectious process, requires compulsory treatment. Usually, in this case, you need to take antibiotics.

[21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26]

The device for analysis

Complex analysis of laboratory equipment is required for the analysis. So, for the primary seeding, micropipettes and dispensers, a centrifuge for the separation of biological fluids, are required. For the preparation of nutrient media, a steam bath or a mediator is used (a special device for the preparation of artificial media). To maintain optimal conditions, the required temperature is the thermostat. To ensure and maintain sterility requires a dry-fire cabinet, autoclave, desiccator.

Autoclaves are used for the disposal of spent biological material. To maintain sterility and prevent infection, gas burners or spirits, fume hoods, ultraviolet lamps are used. Various microscopes (light, phase-contrast, luminescent, atomic-force and others) are used to evaluate the results.