Urine of dark color: a symptom of disease, diagnosis, treatment

The pigment responsible for the brightness and saturation of the color of urine is urochrome. Normally, it is light straw or amber. Color depends on the time of day, by the evening the liquid can acquire a brownish tinge. But if the dark urine persists for several days, then this is cause for concern. Do not forget that the changes can be caused by the use of certain products or medications. If both factors are absent, then this is a sign of abnormalities in the functioning of the urinary system and requires careful diagnosis.

Risk factors

Dark urine is a superficial symptom of many diseases. The risk factors for its appearance depend on the general condition of the body. Most often it occurs with such pathologies:

• Cirrhosis and hepatitis of liver of different etiology.
• Jaundice of viral and mechanical origin.
• Stones in the gallbladder.
• Hemolytic anemia.
• Urinary tract infection.
• Cancer of the bladder, kidneys, liver, bile ducts, pancreas.
• Polycystic kidney disease.
• Porphyria.
• Intoxication.
• Tyrosinemia.
• Vasculitis.
• Injuries.

In addition to the above factors, changes in the secretion of fluids can occur with increased sweating and non-compliance with water balance. In any case, if this symptom persists for an extended period of time, you should seek medical help.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Symptoms

If dark urine has arisen because of pathological factors, then there are various painful symptoms. Most often, this deterioration in overall well-being, increased weakness, dizziness and headaches, fever.

In some cases, there are painful sensations, pain and burning sensation when urinating, pain in the area of the kidneys and lower back, pallor of the skin. In urine, blood clots can be present. Such symptoms require emergency medical care.

First signs

The nature of the change in urine depends on the causes of the onset. The first signs in the inflammatory process in the bladder or urethra are manifested by pain, cuts and burning.

If there is discomfort in the lower back, in the lower abdomen, on the left or on the right side of the abdomen, this is most likely a lesion of the kidney or ureter. Failures in urination and a decrease in the amount of secreted fluid may indicate a stone disease or tumor processes in the body.

[6]

Dark yellow urine

The color of urine allows us to judge the functioning of the whole organism, and especially about the state of the kidneys. Dark yellow urine, which persists for more than 1-2 days, indicates pathological processes. Its appearance may be associated with such diseases:

• Disturbances in the exchange of bile pigments.
• Dyspeptic processes in the intestine.
• Stagnant changes in the kidney and bladder.
• Dehydration of the body.
• Hemolytic anemia.
• Reception of antibiotics, laxatives or food additives.
• Eating foods rich in vitamins B and C.
• Tumor processes in the genitourinary system, kidneys or pelvic organs.
• Parasitic infestations.

In order to eliminate the dark yellow color, the cause of its appearance should be established. To do this, you need to seek medical help. The doctor will conduct laboratory diagnostics and, according to her results, prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Dark brown urine

One of the important indicators of human health is urine. By its color, they judge the general state of health and each organ separately. Dark brown urine alarms, but does not always indicate a pathology. The changes in the morning hours, when the liquid is concentrated due to the high content of urochrome, are not dangerous. But if the violation persists for several days, then it can talk about such problems as:

• Deficiency of fluid in the body.
• Reception of medicines.
• Increased sweating.
• The use of products with dyes, both artificial and natural.
• Inflammatory renal and hepatic pathology.
• Diseases of the genitourinary system.
• Prostatic disorders.
• Gynecological diseases.

Very often color disturbance is accompanied by additional symptoms. If there is dark brown urine, fever and pain when urinating, it is a sign of kidney disease. If the disorder is accompanied by disturbances of the stool and dyspepsia, it can be an intestinal pathology. Another dangerous combination is a dark brown liquid in combination with pain in the ovaries in women and difficulty urinating.

Any changes require attention. To determine the cause of the disorder, you need to seek help from a urologist or nephrologist. After a complex of diagnostic measures, the doctor will determine the causes of the pathological condition and suggest ways of treating it.

[7], [8], [9]

Dark urine with odor

The process of urination depends on the well-coordinated work of the kidneys, bladder and urethra. Normally, urine is odorless, it is clear or light yellow. Dark urine with a smell can indicate pathological processes in the body. If you have consumed certain products over the past 24 hours, for example, seafood, horseradish, garlic or asparagus, then the changes are natural. This can be observed with the use of medicines, herbal infusions or decoctions. In this case, it is not necessary to worry, because after the end of the course of taking the medicine, the color and smell are normalized.

But if your case does not apply to the above, then you should see a doctor. Because changes can indicate problems such as:

• Cystitis is an infectious disease that affects the bladder. Urine acquires a sharp ammonia smell and brown color. If non-infectious cystitis is diagnosed, then the liquid looks like a chemical by smell. Against this background there are pains during urination and in the lower abdomen.
• Urethritis - this pathology changes both the smell and color of the fluid. It may contain impurities of blood. Urination is painful and difficult.
• Venereal diseases - almost all diseases from this group have a common symptom. This is a urine with a fishy smell. This condition requires treatment, so you need to contact the venereologist.
• Inflammation of the kidneys - because of the infectious process in the kidneys, there are severe pain in the waist, changes in secretion of fluid and deterioration of overall health. Without timely treatment, the inflammatory process can lead to serious complications. This is also observed with renal failure, only in this case urine becomes very dark, and by smell resembles beer.
• Diabetes mellitus - due to the high sugar content, urine has a sweetish smell and muddy. With the progression of the disease, the liquid begins to smell like acetone.
• Unbalanced diet and starvation - due to a shortage of useful microorganisms, the body begins to work poorly. Kidneys are susceptible to acidosis, which causes urine to acquire an ammonia flavor.
• Dehydration - the imbalance of fluid in the body has a negative effect on overall well-being. It affects the color, and the smell of urine, it becomes dark with the smell of ammonia.

If the changes persist for several days or appear for no apparent reason, then you should seek medical help.

[10], [11], [12]

Dark Orange Urine

As a rule, dark orange urine signals about pathological processes in the body. But in some cases, such changes are considered normal. Consider the main factors contributing to the appearance of urine dark orange color:

• Products |

The consumption in large quantities of foods rich in vitamin A, B or C leads to the appearance of a saturated orange color. Such products include: citrus, dogrose, pumpkin, asparagus, persimmons, carrots, sorrel, spinach, black currant, raspberries, sea buckthorn. Changes are associated with the physiological characteristics of the body, so do not pose a health hazard.

• Medications

Prolonged use of certain medications can cause disorders of the urinary system. This is due to the fact that many medications are excreted from the body through the kidneys, so urine contains their active components or metabolites that stain it. Most often, this is observed with the use of laxative phenolphthalein, analgesic Uropyrin, antibiotic Rifampicin.

• Diseases

If the dark orange color of the secreted liquid is not associated with food or drugs, then this can be a signal of such pathologies: dehydration, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis, toxicosis in pregnant women.

When a dark orange urine is detected, it is necessary to determine the causes of its appearance. If the disorder is accompanied by various painful symptoms, then this is an occasion to immediately consult a doctor. More often patients face pains in the field of a loin and a dyscomfort at an emiction, probably rise in temperature of a body and arterial pressure, occurrence of edemas and another. The doctor will appoint a set of diagnostic measures that will help to establish the cause of the violations, and will select the appropriate treatment.

[13]

Dark red urine

The appearance of such a symptom as dark red urine, can be caused by both natural and pathological causes. In the first case, it is the use of products with coloring substances, for example, beets, cranberries, citrus fruits. This is also the case with the use of drugs based on bearberry for the treatment of urinary infections, poisoning with phenol-containing drugs, the use of sulfonamides. The color of urine is restored after stopping the use of drugs or products with dyes.

The liquid released by the body acquires a dark red color and in pathological processes. Violation may be due to the ingress of blood or any of its elements into it. The presence of red blood cells indicates such problems as:

• Glomerulonephritis is a disease of the kidneys with a violation of the permeability of their blood vessels. It is characterized by a deterioration in the process of glomerular filtration, because of which the red blood cells fall into the urine, and not into the bloodstream. This pathology can arise as a separate disease, and as a complication of other processes.
• Urolithiasis - all concrements that form in the urinary tract, constantly change their localization. Uneven surface of the stones injures the mucosa of the urinary tract. This leads to the appearance of dark red urine.
• Hemoglobinuria - occurs when the pathologically rapid destruction of erythrocytes, when excess hemoglobin falls into urine.
• Cancer of the bladder.
• Blood clotting disorders.
• Injury in the lumbar region - any lesions that affect the kidneys or nearby vessels can cause the organ to stop filtering the incoming blood, and it will enter urine.
• Diseases of the genitals - infectious and inflammatory processes very often cause complications in the form of damage to blood vessels and tissues. This leads to the appearance of a turbid urine with bloody impurities.

In any case, if the red tinge of urine persists for an extended period of time, you should undergo a test and take all the necessary tests to determine the cause of the disease state.

Dark pink urine

Very often visual assessment of urine allows you to know about the state of the body. Dark pink urine can appear with the use of red beets, rhubarb, blackberry, black currant, cherries, carrots or products with artificial colors. Similar changes are observed when taking antibiotics and other medications.

There are also more serious causes of the appearance of urine of dark pink color. Consider the common diseases, which are characterized by violations:

• Pathologies of the urinary system

This can be various injuries and diseases of the urinary organs. Most often diagnosed with cystitis, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, urolithiasis, various oncological diseases, pyelonephritis, traumatic damage of the bladder, kidneys or urethra.

• Diseases of male organs

Dark pink urine can indicate prostate cancer. With its growth, the tumor neoplasm damages the walls of blood vessels, the blood from which enters the urethra. This pathology is accompanied by a sharp loss of body weight, fever, intoxication and general exhaustion of the body.

• Diseases of female organs

The disorder occurs when taking hormonal contraceptives, because of an irregular menstrual cycle or with ovarian dysfunction. Long-term use of oral contraceptives causes stagnation of blood in the pelvic organs, a decrease in the tone of the vessels and the rupture of small vesicles. In some cases, early menstrual periods or dysfunctional bleeding may be regarded as blood in urine.

When pathological symptoms appear, you need to remember which foods or preparations you have consumed in the last 2-3 days. If the changes are not related to physiological causes, you should consult a doctor and determine the true cause of the disorder.

[14], [15]

Dark urine with precipitate

In most cases, dark urine with sediment is associated with the intake of drugs or products that give the fluid such properties. In order to establish the true cause of turbidity, it is sufficient to pass urine to an analysis. Laboratory diagnostics will establish what triggered the violation.

Possible causes of turbidity:

• In combination with flakes, mucus, pus and an unpleasant odor, this indicates inflammatory processes of the urogenital system. Similar is observed with pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis.
• A light precipitate signals the initial stage of sand formation in the kidneys. These symptoms do not require special treatment, it is enough to take diuretics for cleansing the kidneys.
• Turbidity of the fluid in combination with a red tint indicates a trauma of the ureteral mucosa by stones. A bright red color is internal bleeding or kidney trauma by concrements.

If the turbidity occurred in the morning, this is due to the insufficient intake of fluid into the body. This is observed with increased work of sweat glands due to extreme heat, fatigue or after a steam bath. To eliminate the defect, it is enough to restore the drinking balance with the help of purified water or green tea.

Dark urine with sediment is observed when the adipose tissue disintegrates, which surrounds the kidney or with the congenital weakness of the lymphatic system. In some cases, such symptoms occur with a decrease in liver function, kidney disease, pancreatic disease. Turbidity can affect pregnant women. This is due to increased strain on the organs of the genitourinary system during gestation. Sometimes turbid urine occurs when slagging the body, infectious or venereal diseases.

[16], [17], [18], [19], [20]

Dark green urine

In a healthy person, urine has a light yellow color. Dark green urine occurs with certain physiological and pathological processes. The color of the secreted fluid depends on the pigments contained in it (urobilin, urochrome, bilirubin) and various impurities. Dark green color occurs in such cases:

• The use of coloring food.
• Application of medicines.
• A certain disease of the body.

Very often, after consuming asparagus, black licorice, green beer and other foods with food colorings of green color (lemonade, sweets, sauces), coloring of urine occurs. To restore the normal color of the liquid, it is sufficient to stop using the above products.

Such an unusual color may be an incidental symptom of some medicines, for example: Propofol, Indomethacin, Ripsapine, Amitriptyline. In addition, vitamin supplements and preparations containing blue dye, which is mixed with yellow urine, gives a dark green hue.

The appearance of a greenish shade can be caused by such diseases:

• Infectious lesions of the urinary tract - diseases of the kidneys, bladder, prostate, urethra. Active reproduction of infectious microorganisms forms pus yellow-green color, which penetrates into urine. This can all be accompanied by painful urination, cuts and burning in the urethra, general weakness, fever and low back pain.
• Parasitic infections - the activity of parasites causes changes in urine and feces. Very often it leads to serious diseases of the digestive system, which are accompanied by frequent diarrhea, vomiting, deterioration of general well-being.
• Diseases of the liver and gallbladder - cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and other diseases caused by poor performance of the gallbladder. The bile secreted by the body begins to accumulate, staining the liquid secreted by the body into a greenish color. This condition is accompanied by pain in the abdomen, weakness, vomiting, fever.
• Venereal diseases - for example, gonorrhea, which occurs in both men and women leads to changes in urine and is accompanied by painful symptoms.

Thus, if it is determined that the urine has acquired a dark green color due to the use of products or preparations, then it is not worth worrying. But if additional symptoms appear on the background of the changes, then you should consult a doctor.

[21], [22], [23]

The urine is dark as a beer

If your urine is dark, like beer, then this can indicate both natural and pathological reactions. This color often occurs with pyelonephritis, endometriosis, cystitis, urethritis, urolithiasis, autoimmune diseases. Also, we should not exclude diseases of an infectious nature and sexually transmitted diseases, lesions of the genital organs.

Natural causes include: the use of legumes, black tea, beef, drugs based on phenol or lysol, laxatives or B vitamins. The disorder may occur due to increased sweating, prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, toxicosis during pregnancy, as well as with febrile condition. If the unpleasant condition persists for several days or proceeds with additional symptoms, you should consult a doctor and take tests.

The urine is dark, like tea

A clear sign of dehydration is dark urine, like tea. This symptom can occur in such cases:

• Eating lots of legumes, rhubarb, aloe and other coloring urine products.
• Medicines: antimalarial, antibiotics, drugs for the treatment of urinary tract infections, laxatives with hay, cascara and metoclopramide.
• Medical diseases - it can be a violation of liver function, hepatitis, cirrhosis, glomerulonephritis or a rare genetic pathology tyrosinemia.

Also do not forget about injuries of the pelvic organs, violations due to increased physical exertion and a number of other factors.

A little urine of dark color

Many parents often face such a problem as little urine of a dark color in a child. A small volume of secreted fluid in most cases is associated with the gradual development of the child's body, its organs and systems, including the urinary. As for the darkening of urine, this factor can be associated with various causes, consider the most common:

• The use of medicines (antibacterial, antimicrobial), which stain urine. After stopping the course of treatment, the color is restored. Changes are observed with the use of vitamins of group B and C.
• Long stay in the sun on hot days, active games that promote increased sweating and inadequate water intake during the day.
• Eating natural products that color urine (beet, rhubarb, blueberry) and products with artificial coloring substances.

A little urine of dark color can be in the morning. During the day, the color and amount of fluid are normalized. If the violation persists for several days, it is worthwhile to see a doctor. Since the disorder can be associated with serious diseases (hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or urolithiasis, viral hepatitis, toxic damage to liver cells, glomerulonephritis, congenital pathologies).

[24]

Dark with foam urine

Appearance, consistency and shade of urine allow you to judge the state of the body. Dark urine with foam does not always indicate pathological processes and can be a harmless symptom. If the foam appeared once, you should observe your own state of health and, if necessary, seek medical help.

Consider the main causes of turbidity of the secreted fluid and the appearance of foam in it:

• A rapid urination process can cause foam. This is observed in people who have long restrained urination.
• Foamy urine is the norm in infants, as their excretory system only begins to function. This symptom is also observed during pregnancy.
• If the foam appears a couple of times a day, then most likely it is proteinuria. It arises because of the increased protein content, which is typical for diabetes, heart pathologies, various infectious processes.
• With inflammation of the urogenital system, urine acquires the color of beer and begins to foam strongly. In addition, there is an additional symptomatology in the form of increased weakness, stool, nausea, hyperthermia, cuts and burning.
• Gallstone disease - due to blockage of the bile ducts, bile is thrown into the blood, causing cholomics. Under the influence of bilirubin and acids, foam appears.
• In women, this may be due to premenstrual syndrome, but in men with retrograde ejaculation, when the seminal fluid enters urine.
• Oncological processes are often accompanied by foaming and darkening of urine. This is due to the presence in the blood of specific protein-paraproteins.

Foam and darkening of urine occur with an unbalanced diet, when the diet is dominated by protein products. This is also possible with excessive physical exertion.

[25], [26], [27], [28]

Dark amber color of urine

As a rule, a slight darkening of urine indicates a deficiency of fluid in the body. But dark amber color of urine can arise and because of the use of products, which contain coloring substances. Very often, this is observed with the use of drugs or after physical exertion.

If the changes are accompanied by additional painful symptoms, then you should immediately seek medical help. But in most cases, the color of the urine is normalized after resting and drinking abundantly.

[29]

Dark urine in women

This symptom, like dark urine in women, can occur for the following reasons:

• Deficiency of fluid in the body.
• Urinary tract infections.
• Jaundice or vasculitis.
• Elevated levels of bilirubin.
• Hemolytic anemia.
• Pregnancy.
• Cystitis.
• Food products with colorants.
• Dietary factors.
• Injuries of the pelvic organs.
• Oncological diseases of the pancreas and liver.

As a rule, the darkening of the secreted fluid is associated with inflammatory processes. Such pathologies negatively affect the circulatory process, because of which red blood cells penetrate into the tissues of the body. If pain, rubbing or burning occurs during urination, and there are blood impurities in the urine, this may indicate cystitis or endometriosis of the bladder.

Similar changes are often observed in pregnant women. This is due to hormonal changes and microscopic trauma to the uterus because of its growth. Also, do not exclude urolithiasis, cysts, pyelonephritis, kidney or liver cancers, small cell anemia. Some hormonal contraceptives contribute to a change in the color of urine. To establish the exact cause of the disorder, a general and biochemical laboratory study of urine and blood is shown.

[30], [31], [32], [33]

Dark urine during pregnancy

During the period of gestation of a child, the female organism faces increased loads. Dark urine during pregnancy can occur due to hormonal changes that occur in the mother's body or have a pathological character. Such a violation is observed with the use of foods and beverages with colorants, vitamins, medicines, as well as dehydration of the body. If the above factors are excluded, and the color of urine is kept dark and supplemented with painful symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor. The doctor will prescribe tests that will help determine the true cause of the unpleasant condition and prevent possible complications of pregnancy.

[34], [35], [36]

Dark urine after delivery

There are a number of physiological and pathological factors that provoke dark urine after childbirth. Violation may be due to birth trauma, especially if there is blood in urine. Also, do not exclude various infectious diseases.

If a woman takes medications, then this is another possible reason for the changes. The urine changes under the influence of some antibacterial agents, vitamin complexes. Staining occurs when certain products are used. This is observed with kidney, liver, urogenital system and other pathologies. To diagnose a painful condition, you should consult a doctor and take a set of laboratory tests.

[37], [38], [39]

Dark urine in men

Changes in the color of urine is an indicator of the state of the organism. Dark urine in men can indicate both a pathology in the work of internal organs, and appear for quite innocuous reasons. More often, color disorders are associated with factors such as:

• Dehydration of the body.
• The use of products with natural or chemical dyes.
• Admission of certain groups of drugs.

Dark urine in men arises also because of the presence of red blood cells, bilirubin, mucus or pus in it. Changes in fluid outflow may indicate such problems:

• Diseases of the liver and gallbladder.
• Kidney diseases.
• Prostatitis.
• Pathology in the work of the bladder.
• Injuries of the pubic region.
• Infection of the urethra.

In this case, the color of urine can vary from dark yellow to black. If such changes are accompanied by painful symptoms, then you should consult a therapist or urologist for testing and treatment.

[40], [41], [42]

Dark urine in the child

Many mothers, noticing the dark urine in the child begin to worry greatly. But do not worry beforehand, since such changes can occur for quite natural reasons. An increased concentration of urine is observed in the morning, when eating foods or drinks with dyes, when using medicines or vitamin complexes, or because of a deficiency of fluid in the body. But if there is an additional painful symptomatology on the background of a micturition, then you should immediately consult a doctor. Since  dark urine in a child  can indicate a serious intoxication of the body, liver, kidney or urinary tract diseases.

[43], [44], [45]

Dark urine of the newborn

The color of urine in the baby can vary from transparent to light yellow. The dark urine of the newborn is due to the small volume of water consumed. Because of this, the liquid becomes concentrated and gets a darker shade. In some cases, this symptom indicates a high content of salts.

If the dark color persists for a long period of time, then it can talk about liver or kidney disease. If there are problems in the bile excretory system, then laboratory tests will show high bilirubin levels. Also, do not exclude acute intestinal infections, especially if there is an additional painful symptomatology.

The changed color of urine in a baby may indicate such diseases:

• Dark yellow - increased content of bile pigments, infectious liver damage.
• Orange - dehydration, high content of oxalate salts, diarrhea and vomiting, high fever.
• Dark red is a high content of red blood cells, which can indicate a pathology of the kidneys or urinary tract.
• Dark green is a mechanical jaundice of a newborn.

In addition to color, it is necessary to pay attention to the smell of the liquid. Urine children have a faint smell without side contaminants. If the fragrance of rotten apples appears, this indicates an increase in acetone, which may be due to the development of diabetes. The smell of ammonia appears in the inflammatory process. This happens with cystitis, when bacteria decompose urine in the bladder.

Changes in the secretion of fluids are observed during the feeding of the baby, when the child is introduced into the diet vegetable products (beets, carrots, broccoli). In this case, the staining is natural and should not cause concern.

Noticing the baby's violation of normal color, transparency or smell of urine, you should slowly turn to the pediatrician. Since the presence of abnormalities can lead to intoxication, febrile state, cystitis, pyelonephritis, ulcerative colitis and other equally dangerous for newborn diseases.

[46], [47], [48], [49]

Dark urine in the elderly person

Various disorders of the urinary system in adulthood is not uncommon. Dark urine in an elderly person may indicate microbial processes, impaired bladder function or worsening of urine outflow. Also, tumor neoplasms should not be excluded. In men, this is a lesion of the prostate and urethra. If darkening is accompanied by painful sensations in the iliac region, this indicates embolism of the renal arteries.

Such disorders are observed in various forms of diabetes, chronic kidney and liver diseases. The presence of concrements in the kidney or bladder contributes to the violation of the color of urine. In older women, changes are most often associated with inflammatory processes due to infections of the kidneys or genitals. The disorder may be due to the use of medications, food or insufficient fluid intake.

[50], [51], [52], [53]

Forms

In most cases, back pain and dark urine are associated with kidney or bladder pathologies. Moreover, these symptoms are more common in women, which is due to the peculiarities of the structure of their body.

[54]

Back pain and dark urine

Consider the most frequent causes of a pathological condition:

• Pyelonephritis (acute, chronic) - in addition to severe discomfort in the spine, there are desires for frequent urination. Pain grows in cold weather. If both kidneys are affected, then hypertension develops. In the acute course of this pathology, the temperature rises sharply, vomiting, fever and general weakness occur. Without medical assistance, pain intensifies, purulent and bloody impurities appear in the urine.
• Cystitis - frequent urination accompanied by pain in the back, burning and cutting in the bladder. Urinary incontinence or fluid outflow is also very common. More often this disease is diagnosed in women. If the temperature rises and bloody contaminants appear in urine, then this indicates the development of complications.
• Urolithiasis - pain intensifies with physical activity and urination. Depending on the location of the stones, discomfort can occur in the lower abdomen, in the back to the right or left.
• Urethritis - on the background of rapid urination there is a strong burning and itching, pathological mucous discharge and severe back pain. The disease proceeds with signs of intoxication, that is, a febrile condition, fever, vomiting and diarrhea.

If painful symptoms occur in women, it can be associated with various neoplasms, adnexitis, infectious lesions of internal organs. In some cases, it is a sign of miscarriage, early pregnancy or uterine fibroids.

Discomfort in the back and a change in the color of urine in men, can indicate a prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis. Very often the pathological condition is supplemented with pains in the lower abdomen, on the inner surface of the thigh and in the groin. Against this background, there is a decrease in libido or a complete rejection of sexual intimacy.

To determine the cause of a painful condition, you need to see a doctor. Mandatory diagnosis is performed: ultrasound of the pelvic organs, laboratory tests, radiography of the bladder, spine and pelvic bones, laparoscopy and others.

[55], [56]

Pain in the right hypochondrium, right side and dark urine

In most cases, pain in the right hypochondrium, right side and dark urine, signal about diseases of the biliary system. It can be cholelithiasis, cholecystitis or bend of the gallbladder. But the discomfort on the right indicates not only problems with the liver. In the region of the right hypochondrium, several vital organs are located, the defeat of which causes pathological symptoms.

The focus of pain and urine changes can be associated with appendicitis, pathologies on the part of the ovaries, ureter, thick or ascending colon. Very often, pathological symptoms are supplemented with stool disorders, swelling, poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, fever.

Consider the main causes of discomfort in the right side and discoloration of the secreted fluid:

• Diseases of the liver - painful sensations are manifested at any time of the day. There is a heaviness and raspiraniya in the right side. If it is cirrhosis, then urine is bloody, there is burning and discomfort just below the ribs on the right. With hepatitis, urine resembles a dark frothy beer, yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes and eye protein is observed.
• Cholecystitis and inflammation of the gallbladder are characterized by stabbing pains that are given in the back. Against this background, the general condition worsens, nausea, fever and vomiting with mucus appear. Urine is dark, cloudy with blood.
• With inflammation of the large intestine, colic occurs on the lower right. The pains are spasmodic and can spread to the entire abdomen.
• Inflammation of the appendix and inflammatory processes in the kidneys are accompanied by pain in the right side, which can give back. Against this background, the general condition worsens, the temperature rises, vomiting, swelling and urination disorders appear.

Since pain in the right hypochondrium and dark urine occur in many diseases, it is very important to conduct a full diagnosis. For this purpose, an extensive analysis of the released fluid, a biochemical blood test, ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs and a number of other studies are done. Based on the results of the diagnosis, a treatment plan is drawn up or additional tests are performed.

Abdominal pain and dark urine

Severe abdominal pain and dark urine very often signal problems with the urinary system. If pathological symptoms are supplemented with nausea and increased sweating, this indicates kidney stones or an attack of renal colic.

Unpleasant feelings occur with cystitis, which is more prone to women. In this case, the pain is sharp, acute and intensified during urination. The change in the color of urine in combination with a pain symptom in some cases speaks of infectious diseases, such as:

• Chlamydia is a venereal disease in which pathogens spread to the genitals and urinary tract. The released fluid becomes a murky color, the process of urination can be complicated and painful.
• Gonorrhea - in women the bacteria of this infection affects the genitourinary system and the cervix. This causes severe pain, swelling of the genital organs and inflammation of the gonads. Urine with bloody impurities, sometimes greenish.
• Ureplazmoz - infection occurs during sexual contact. Malicious microorganisms penetrate the genitourinary system, causing burning, pain while urinating and in the lower abdomen, clear discharge.

When determining the cause of pathological symptoms, additional symptomatology is of great importance. When cystitis is a pain not only in the abdomen, but also in the lumbar region. With urethritis - a sharp increase in temperature, rezi when urinating. In inflammatory processes in the urogenital system, there are cutting sharp pains, frequent urge to go to the toilet, worsen overall health.

For the diagnosis take urine and blood tests, various strokes. If necessary, perform an ultrasound. Treatment depends on the results of diagnosis and the cause of discomfort. With cystitis prescribe antibiotics and immunoprotectors, with infectious lesions - anti-inflammatory drugs.

[57], [58], [59], [60], [61]

The lower abdomen and dark urine aches

A very nonspecific symptom, when the abdomen hurts and dark urine, occurs with many diseases. When determining the cause of a painful condition, that is, during a survey, the nature of the pain (acute, spasmodic, increasing) and the presence of concomitant symptoms (chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, bleeding, etc.) are taken into account.

Let's consider the basic symptomatic complexes which are accompanied by pains in the bottom of a stomach and dark urine and their reasons:

• Diseases of the reproductive system - abnormal vaginal bleeding, severe pain during menstruation.
• Infections of the small pelvis - a sharp increase in temperature, chills, acute pain in the lower abdomen.
• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - eating disorders, nausea, vomiting, dark frothy urine, pain.
• Intraperitoneal bleeding is a strong pulling pain in the lower abdomen and an unconscious condition.
• Pathologies from the side of the urinary tract - pain in the lower back and lower abdomen, the presence of impurities in the blood in the urine, painful urination.
• Infectious inflammation of the pelvic organs - abnormal discharge from the genitals, discomfort in the lower abdomen, urine greenish or purulent.

If such discomfort occurs in a woman, then it is necessary to determine whether it is associated with the menstrual cycle, pregnancy or gynecological diseases. Unpleasant sensations can be caused by a rupture or torsion of one of the digestive tract.

During the diagnosis, a general blood test is performed with the counting of the formed elements, a urinalysis with microscopic examination, sowing and a breakdown for antibacterial drugs. If necessary, ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs.

Jaundice and dark urine

The presence of decay products in the body of erythrocytes and hemoglobin causes jaundice. Visually, the disorder is manifested by the yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes. Thus the skin color can be from dark orange to bright-lemon. Jaundice acts as a clinical manifestation of various pathologies. Its appearance does not depend on age or gender.

Jaundice and dark urine are symptoms that indicate an increased level of bilirubin in the body. Pathological symptoms are supplemented by changes in feces, which in most cases are discolored.

Let's consider variants of color of allocated liquid and a feces at various kinds of frustration:

• Hepatic jaundice is a urine of beer color, it has bilirubin and urobilin. The feces are discolored.
• Mechanical - dark brown urine, feces colder.
• Hemolytic - urine is dark, contains urobilinogen and strobobilinogen, feces are dark brown.

According to medical statistics, jaundice among newborns ranks 4 in the structure of diseases of the first week of life. It is diagnosed in 1% of babies. Also common is mechanical jaundice. It occurs in 40% of patients with cholelithiasis. In 99% of cases, the disease develops with tumor lesions of the liver and biliary tract.

Dark urine in the morning

If the body is working normally, the liquid released during the urination is pale yellow or amber in color. Dark urine in the morning  in most cases indicates an increased concentration of urochrome. This condition has its medical name - morning hyperchromia. A similar physiological factor normalizes during the day, and urine acquires a normal color. But if the disorder persists for a long time and is supplemented by painful symptoms, then immediately seek medical help.

[62], [63]

Dark urine in the evening

Using in the course of the day products or drugs that affect the concentration of urochrome, you can notice dark urine in the evening. Such changes are considered natural, as the state of urine is restored independently for a short period of time.

But if the dark urine lasts for several days in a row, is not associated with taking medications or staining products and is supplemented by painful symptoms, then this is an occasion to consult a doctor. Most often, patients complain of increased sweating, fever and chills, lower abdominal pains that can be given back. Urine can acquire an unpleasant odor. Typically, such symptoms indicate a progressive inflammatory or infectious process.

[64], [65]

Dark urine and temperature

Violations of the fluid released during urination can be caused by both physiological and pathological causes. Dark urine and temperature occur in the second case. As a rule, such a state is observed in infectious and inflammatory processes.

Feverish condition and frustration of the urinary system often accompany such pathologies:

• Cirrhosis
• Hepatitis
• Cholestasis
• Pancreatitis
• Glomerulonephritis
• Porphyria
• Polycystosis
• Hemochromatosis
• Tyrosinemia
• Intoxication of the body
• Metabolic disorders
• Dehydration
• Oncological processes

Darkening of urine in combination with fever occurs during pregnancy during toxemia, as well as for colds, ARVI. If unpleasant symptoms persist for several days, you should seek medical help.

[66]

Dark urine after temperature

Many people are faced with such a condition as dark urine after the temperature. Changes can be associated with the use of various medications, for example, antibiotics or antipyretic drugs. Increased concentration of secreted fluid is observed after the transferred inflammatory, infectious or viral diseases.

Very often, pathological symptoms occur in children and adults, after suffering colds or poisoning. In this case, the violation indicates the cleansing of the body of toxins and other pathogens. But if the darkening of the liquid lasts for several days, you should seek medical help.

[67], [68]

Vomiting and dark urine

There are many pathologies that are characterized by symptoms such as vomiting and dark urine. A painful condition can be associated with such causes:

• Disease or damage to the central nervous system.
• Intoxication of the body: food, medicinal, alcoholic.
• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Psychogenic factors.
• Tumor processes in the body.
• Infectious and inflammatory diseases.
• Elevated temperature and dehydration of the body.

If vomiting and dark urine persist for an extended period of time, you should consult a therapist or gastroenterologist. Treatment of a pathological condition is impossible without diagnosis and establishing the cause of its occurrence.

Nausea and dark urine

Many diseases cause such a symptomatic complex as nausea and dark urine. Most often, unpleasant feelings arise because of such reasons:

• Intoxication of the body.
• Early pregnancy.
• Menstruation.
• Reception of medicines.
• Fasting or unbalanced diets.
• Dehydration, heat or sunstroke.
• Severe headaches, migraines.
• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Pancreatitis.
• Diseases of the gallbladder.
• Cholelithiasis
• Kidney inflammation.
• Oncological diseases.

Since in some cases pathological symptoms are associated with urgent conditions or severe pathologies, you should seek medical help as soon as possible.

Dark urine and weakness

Reducing the strength and tone of the body, this is a fairly common symptom. Dark urine and weakness arise against a background of strong physical and emotional stress, with genetic, autoimmune or mental pathologies. In some cases, the causes of the disease state are associated with pregnancy, inflammatory, infectious or endocrine diseases.

Regardless of the nature of the origin, increased weakness and changes in urine require careful diagnosis. Based on the results of the studies, the doctor will choose the optimal method of treatment. Very often to eliminate the symptoms of the disorder, it is enough to normalize the day's regimen, to eat properly and maintain the water balance in the body, to minimize nervous overstrain and to control physical activity.

[69], [70], [71], [72]

Headache and dark urine

Symptoms such as headache and dark urine have certainly occurred in everyone. The causes of this condition can be associated with non-pathogenic and pathogenic factors. In the first case, it is dehydration of the body, nervous experiences and stress, reactions to products or preparations with coloring pigments.

Special attention should be paid to the pathological factors of the disease state:

• Organic damage to the brain.
• Inflammatory diseases.
• Craniocerebral injury.
• Neoplasms.
• Migraine.
• Arterial hypertension.
• Infectious diseases.
• Disorders of metabolic processes in the body.
• Intoxication.

If headaches last for a long period of time, and the color of urine is not normalized, you should immediately seek medical help.

Diarrhea and dark urine

Symptoms such as diarrhea and dark urine do not often appear simultaneously. But in most cases they signal about pathologies from the digestive tract, genitourinary system and other internal organs.

In some cases, urine diarrhea and darkening appear as side effects of certain medications. If a painful condition occurs with additional symptoms, for example with bouts of nausea and vomiting, then this may indicate intestinal infections and other digestive system disorders.

Diarrhea and dark urine are a kind of protective reaction of the body to intoxication with slags, toxins and other harmful substances. The disorder can be associated with eating foods that stain the kidney secretion and lead to stool disorders. Similar symptoms are observed with alcohol poisoning, vomiting and general weakness may be associated with them. If this condition persists for an extended period of time, you should consult your doctor.

[73], [74], [75]

Constipation and dark urine

Constipation is the most common and dangerous violation in the work of the digestive tract. The pathological condition is characterized by a delay in the stool in the body for a period longer than two days. Constipation and dark urine very often occur simultaneously. Such a symptom complex indicates the intoxication of the body with its own waste of life. At the same time, the longer a person can not get rid of accumulated slags, the more intense the internal poisoning.

Frequent constipation contributes to putrefactive processes in the intestines, which causes damage and wear of the mucous membrane. It is the mucosa that ensures the normal functioning of the microflora. Against this background, the general condition worsens. There is lethargy and fatigue, appetite worsens, there is a heaviness in the stomach. Systematic and prolonged constipation has a more vivid symptomatology:

• Muscle and joint pain.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Increased temperature.
• Headache.
• Increased weakness, drowsiness, fatigue.
• Loss of appetite.

If the constipation proceeds in a chronic form, then there are such symptoms:

• Scurf yellow in the tongue.
• Changes in body weight.
• Unpleasant odor from the mouth.
• Frequent and unreasonable headaches, dizziness.
• Loss of appetite and sleep disturbance.
• Chronic nervousness.
• Urine acquires a rich dark color and unpleasant odor due to a malfunction in the kidneys.
• Swelling due to the accumulation of excess fluid in the body.

The pathological condition adversely affects the condition of the skin. This is due to the fact that the epidermis reflects the work of the liver and kidneys. With constipation, the skin becomes porous, peels and thickens. There are various eruptions, most often at the temples and in the forehead. Because of intoxication, exacerbation of chronic dermatitis, weakening of the protective properties of the immune system is possible. This condition requires emergency treatment.

[76], [77], [78], [79]

Dark urine and pain when urinating

In a healthy person, the work of the urinary system does not deliver painful sensations, and urine has a light color without impurities or sediment. Dark urine and pain during urination are observed in many pathological conditions of the body. Isolate infectious-inflammatory and non-infectious causes of the disease state.

Non-infectious factors:

• Traumatic impact.
• Increased physical and emotional stress.
• Pathology of urinary system of non-infectious nature.
• Neurogenic factors.

Absence of infectious process, soreness with urination and darkening of secreted fluid accompanies such diseases:

• Urolithiasis or nephrolithiasis.
• Renal colic.
• Gout.
• Malignant and benign tumors of the urinary system.
• Oncological lesions of other organs and systems.
• Irritation of the external opening of the urethra and genitals.

Infectious-inflammatory causes include:

• STDs.
• Cystitis.
• Pyelonephritis.
• Glomerulonephritis.
• Inflammation of the prostate, urethra.
• Inflammation of the uterus, the vagina.
• Inflammatory processes in the intestines, complicated the organs of the genitourinary system.

The painful process can be accompanied by additional symptoms: pulling pains in the lower abdomen, rubbing in the urethra during passage of urine, deterioration of overall well-being, increase in temperature. This symptomatology requires careful diagnosis and treatment.

[80], [81], [82]

Frequent urination and dark urine

The problem of frequent urination and dark urine is known to many. Similar symptoms accompany both infectious and inflammatory processes. Most often, discomfort occurs in such cases:

• Non-diabetes mellitus of central origin, nephrogenic.
• Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2.
• Use of diuretics and other medications.
• Soltering kidney diseases.
• Diabetic neuropathy.
• Urinary tract infection.
• Interstitial cystitis.
• Prostate cancer.
• Excessive use of liquid.
• Stress incontinence.
• Neurogenic bladder.
• Consequences of surgical intervention.
• Hyperactive bladder.
• Hormonal changes.
• Other neuropathies: multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease.

Since many diseases can lead to frequent urination and darkening of urine, it is very important to establish the cause of discomfort in a timely manner and receive adequate treatment.

White feces and dark urine

This combination of white feces and dark urine in most cases indicates inflammation of the liver, that is, hepatitis. Adverse symptoms are complemented by yellowing of the proteins of the eyes, mucous membranes and skin. With inflammation of the liver, there is a violation of the function of bile formation, because of what bile ceases to enter the intestine. This leads to the appearance of discolored stool. Darkening of urine is associated with an increased content of bilirubin in it.

Light feces and discoloration of the secreted fluid are observed in disorders of the stomach. Similar symptoms can be associated with eating habits or exacerbation of chronic diseases. Discoloration of excrement is characteristic of people who abuse alcohol. Another possible cause of the disorder is the depletion of the body due to increased physical exertion or taking antibiotics. To establish the exact cause of the disorder, you need to see a doctor and go through a set of diagnostic measures.

Yellow feces and dark urine

The appearance of yellow feces and dark urine indicates increased bilirubin, which is secreted by the liver together with bile. In some cases, such changes are associated with the characteristics of food or medication.

A healthy person has a yellow stool - this is normal. But if it is supplemented by a darkening of the secretion of the kidney fluid, then this indicates a pathological narrowing of the bile ducts. This condition requires medical attention, especially if a painful condition appears.

Gray feces and dark urine

Stools of gray color and changes in the secretion of the kidney fluid are most often associated with recently consumed products. It can be rice, potatoes, food with artificial colors. The same symptoms are observed with barium radiography, when taking antacids, calcium and anti-diarrhea drugs.

Gray feces and dark urine may be a warning signal of the acute phase of hepatitis. Inflammatory processes in the liver lead to a violation of the function of bile formation. Because of this, the bilirubin produced by the body goes through the kidneys and skin. If the stool is permanently gray, then this indicates that it does not reach the intestine. This may be a sign of cirrhosis or liver cancer. Adverse symptoms require medical intervention and thorough diagnosis.

Black feces and dark urine

Frequent symptoms of a perforating ulcer of the stomach or duodenum are black feces and dark urine. They are observed with alcohol abuse, the use of certain medications (Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen and other NSAIDs, Acetaminophen) or narcotic drugs that cause gastric bleeding. Such changes are typical for gastritis, inflammation of the inner walls of the stomach, internal bleeding or tumor lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

But in some cases black feces and dark urine are harmless symptoms caused by the use of food additives, activated carbon, drugs with bismuth or iron preparations. If changes in bowel movements persist for a long period of time and are supplemented by such symptoms: sudden weight loss, frequent headaches and dizziness, nausea and vomiting, fever, then this may indicate colon cancer.

Bitterness in the mouth and dark urine

A symptom that occurs in many people in the morning is bitterness in the mouth and dark urine. This can indicate the course of various chronic pathologies in the body. Unpleasant sensations appear with the use of alcohol, strong drugs, acute or fatty foods.

Discomfort occurs with diseases of the gallbladder and liver, after increased physical exertion. And also with gastrointestinal diseases, hormonal disorders, parasitic invasions of the body, during pregnancy. In either case, bitterness in the mouth and dark urine should not be left without medical attention, especially if such symptoms persist for an extended period of time.

[83], [84], [85]

Dark urine after exercise

Normally, the liquid released during the urination process has a light color and a weak ammonia odor. Dark urine after physical exertion in most cases appears due to dehydration of the body. Dehydration during training negatively affects the overall well-being. There may be sudden headaches, fainting, weakness. To restore normal health, it is enough to fill the balance of fluid.

Regular physical activity provokes significant changes in the chemical composition of urine, which affects its physico-chemical properties. The change in color is due to the appearance of chemicals that are not at rest.

• Protein - a person who does not exercise, during the course of the day, no more than 100 mg of protein is excreted. In athletes, this indicator is much higher.
• Glucose - in the urine collected before exercise, this substance is practically absent. After training, the glucose content increases significantly.
• Ketone bodies (aceto-acetic acid and P-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone) are not found at rest. But with muscle work or a decrease in the reabsorption function of the kidneys, their number increases.
• Lactate - lactic acid appears after training with submaximal capacity. When it appears, it is possible to reduce the amount of fluid released.

If the darkening of urine after physical exertion is maintained even if the water balance is observed, then it is worthwhile to see a doctor. It is necessary to pass an analysis of urine, feces and blood. According to the results of laboratory diagnostics, the doctor will make a plan for the treatment of a morbid condition or prescribe additional studies.

[86], [87], [88], [89]

Dark blood in the urine without pain

Very often the presence of bloody impurities in urine is associated with various disorders in the functioning of the body and a high content of erythrocytes. Such a symptom as dark blood in the urine without pain is haematuria. It indicates the pathological processes of the urinary and pelvic organs. Hematuria is observed with some gynecological diseases, blood diseases with hypercoagulability.

The presence of dark blood in the urine without pronounced painful sensations can be associated with such causes:

• Endometriosis of the urinary system.
• Cystitis and urethritis.
• Mechanical traumatization of the kidneys.
• Pregnancy.
• Prolonged use of anticoagulants.
• Injury of the urethra due to insertion of a catheter or endoscope.
• Infectious lesions of the urino-genital organs.

If bloody impurities completely dissolve in urine, then the problem points to the kidneys. Most often this is associated with renal bleeding. For the diagnosis, a three-stage urine sample is taken. If blood clots appear at the end of urination, then the problem is in the bladder.

Another possible variant of the pathological condition is glomerulonephritis. With this condition, the urine acquires a dark-bloody color, which resembles the color of meat slops. Against this background, there are swelling, increased blood pressure, joint pain.

[90], [91], [92]

Diagnostics of the urine dark color

Any changes in the work of organs or systems require careful observation, since they can indicate the development of a serious disease. Diagnosis of dark urine begins with the collection of anamnesis. The doctor is questioned about the possible causes of the violation, used on the eve of products and medications, possible injuries, chronic pathologies. After this, the patient is assigned a set of laboratory and instrumental studies.

The main diagnostic measures:

• General analysis of blood and urine.
• Urinalysis by Nechiporenko.
• Sowing urine for infection.
• Biochemical blood test for clotting.
• Ultrasound examination of the genitourinary system.
• Intravenous urography and cystoscopy.
• Three-glass urine sample.
• Examination from a gynecologist / proctologist / urologist.
• Intravenous urography and the study of red blood cells.

To obtain reliable diagnostic results, it is necessary to prepare for its conduct. On the eve of the urine sampling for analysis, you should abandon fatty, acute and salty. In advance, buy a sterile container in the pharmacy. The procedure is best done in the morning after sleep and shower. Collected urine immediately carry in the laboratory, the material can not be left in a warm room, as this will lead to the appearance of sediment, which will affect the results of the diagnosis.

[93], [94], [95], [96]

Analyzes

To determine the causes of dark urine, a complex of laboratory studies is shown. Urinalysis is of particular importance. The diagnostic process takes into account the results of blood tests (general and biochemistry), fecal analysis and other studies.

To date, the analysis of urine is very fast, despite a large number of criteria and indicators. The properties and composition of the fluid can vary within very wide limits and depend on the state of the kidneys and the body as a whole. That is why urine analysis is of great diagnostic value.

The analysis is analyzed according to the following indicators:

1. Color - depends on the concentration ability of the kidneys and the amount of fluid used. Intensive staining is observed with significant extrarenal fluid loss (increased sweating, fever, diarrhea). Changes in pink-red or dark-brown color with blood impurities occur with various tumoral processes, kidney infarction, urolithiasis, tuberculosis. Black color is characteristic for melanoma, melanosarcoma, alkaponuria.
2. Transparency - Normally, urine is transparent, and this property should be preserved for 1-2 hours after the analysis is collected. Turbidity may be associated with such causes: a large number of leukocytes due to the inflammatory process, the presence of bacteria, increased protein, salt and epithelial cells, the inclusion of red blood cells.
3. Acidity, pH - the usual reaction is weakly acidic, and allowable pH fluctuations in the range of 4.8-7.5. An increase in pH is possible with infectious diseases of the urinary system, kidney failure, due to prolonged vomiting, hyperkalemia. The decrease in pH can occur with dehydration, fever, diabetes, tuberculosis.
4. Specific gravity - Normally, this indicator has a wide range of values from 1.012 to 1.025. Specific gravity is determined by the amount of substances dissolved in the liquid (salts, urea, creatine, uric acid). The condition at which there is an increase in density of more than 1.026 is hypersthenuria. This is observed with the growth of edema, diabetes, toxicosis during pregnancy, nephrotic syndrome, the introduction of X-ray contrast substances. A decrease in the specific density of less than 1.018 is hypostenuria. This condition is possible with diabetes insipidus, chronic renal failure, acute damage to the kidney tubules, taking diuretics, a sharp increase in blood pressure and with a plentiful drink.
5. Protein - in a healthy person the concentration of this substance does not exceed 0.033 g / l. If this value is exceeded, this may indicate inflammatory processes in the body or nephrotic syndrome. Elevated protein is observed in colds, pathologies of the kidneys and urinary tract, cystitis, during pregnancy and with increased physical exertion.
6. Glucose - in normal state, sugar in the urine is not detected. At the same time, the concentration of not more than 0.8 mmol / l is not a deviation. Increased glucose most often indicates such pathologies: pancreatitis, Cushing's syndrome, pregnancy, sweets abuse, diabetes mellitus.
7. Ketone bodies are oxalic and acetoacetic acid, acetone. The presence of these substances indicates a violation of metabolic processes. Most often ketone bodies indicate: diabetes, alcohol intoxication, acute pancreatitis, prolonged fasting, thyrotoxicosis, abuse of fatty and protein foods, CNS trauma.
8. Epithelium - epithelial cells are always present in the analysis of urine. They penetrate into the urine peeling off the mucous membrane of the urinary tract. Isolate transitional, flat and renal epithelium. An increase in the number of these cells in the urinary sediment is observed when heavy metal salts are poisoned and inflammatory processes in the body.
9. Cylinders are squirrels curdled in the lumen of the renal tubules. Normally, this indicator is absent in the general analysis. Its appearance is a sign of pathology from the kidneys, scarlet fever, osteomyelitis, infectious hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus.
10. Hemoglobin is normally absent, but its presence may indicate muscle damage, severe physical exertion, hemolytic anemia, intoxication with medicines or other toxic substances, sepsis, burns.
11. Bilirubin - in a healthy person this substance is excreted in the bile with feces. His presence in urine indicates hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic insufficiency, cholelithiasis, destruction of red blood cells.
12. Erythrocytes - in the analysis of a healthy person are absent. Their occurrence is most often associated with taking medications, excessive physical exertion, diseases of internal organs.
13. Leukocytes - in the normal state of the body they are contained in a small amount. Their increase is indicated by inflammatory processes in the kidney or urinary tract.
14. Bacteria are normal, the urine in the kidneys and the bladder is sterile. But in the process of urination, it receives microbes that penetrate the urethra. The bacterial count increases significantly in urinary tract infections.
15. Mushrooms, mucus and salt - Candida fungi enter the bladder from the vagina, antifungal therapy is indicated for their elimination. Normally, mucus is absent. Its presence indicates an acute or chronic inflammatory process of the genitourinary system. Salts are observed in metabolic disorders, anemia, beriberi.

A healthy person should not have such components in the analysis of urine: bilirubin, urobilinogen, salts (urates, phosphates, oxalates), glucose, ketone bodies.

To obtain reliable results of laboratory diagnostics special attention must be paid to the correct urine collection. Before collecting it, you should hold the toilet urinary organs. This will prevent urine from contaminating third-party pollutants. For collection it is better to use sterile containers, that is containers for bioassays. The day before the test, you should stop taking medications and other substances that can affect the physico-chemical parameters. The optimal material for the study is the liquid collected in the morning immediately after sleep. That is urine, which physiologically accumulated at night.

[97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103]

Instrumental diagnostics

In the process of determining the causes of the color change of urine, various methods are used. Instrumental diagnostics is divided into invasive and non-invasive.

Non-invasive is carried out at the stage of diagnosis as well as differentiation and most often consists of such procedures:

• Ultrasound examination - allows you to assess the condition of internal organs. Particular attention is paid to the pelvic organs, kidneys and liver. With the help of ultrasound it is possible to detect concrements, tumor neoplasms, inflammatory processes or congenital pathologies.
• Urography (review, excretory) - with its help you can assess the anatomy and function of the kidneys, identify abnormalities in the development of ureters, stones and pathological structures in the urinary tract.
• Multispiral computed tomography - is assigned for examination of the anatomy of the kidneys and ureters. Provides information on the features of blood supply to organs and the presence of various disorders.

Invasive diagnosis is less frequent and, as a rule, has a more precise character. Can be used as the first stage of surgical treatment. The main invasive methods include: ureteropyelography, ultrasonography, ureteropyeloscopy. A percutaneous kidney biopsy for diagnostic purposes or radioisotope methods of investigation is also possible.

Differential diagnosis

Since the violation of the color of urine can be caused by various reasons, special attention is paid to differential diagnosis. This type of research is aimed at identifying the true cause of the disorder from a variety of diseases and syndromes with similar symptoms.

Consider the main differentiation of changes in the urinary system, depending on the color of urine:

Colour	Cause	Disease
Dark yellow	Increase in the concentration of bile pigments	Vomiting Diarrhea Fever Dehydration
Dark red	Erythrocyturia Hemoglobinuria Myoglobinuria Porphyrinuria Urarturia	Nephrolithiasis Injuries Infections of the kidneys Glomerulonephritis
Meat slops	Increase in erythrocytes	Glomerulonephritis
Dark brown	Urolinogen	Hemolytic anemia
The black	Hemoglobinuria	Hemolytic anemia Alkatopuria Melanosarcoma
Dark green	Bilirubinuria	Mechanical jaundice
Greenish-brown	Bilirubinuria Urobilinogenuria	Parenchymal jaundice

 

In the process of differential diagnosis, the presence of clinical symptoms is taken into account. Against the backdrop of urine darkening pains in the loin (more often unilateral) and lower abdomen, various dysuric phenomena may appear. All this, combined with the results of the studies performed, is taken into account in setting the final diagnosis.

[104], [105]

Treatment of the urine dark color

From the causes of the disorder, the treatment of urine of dark color depends entirely. If the disorder is accompanied by a marked pain syndrome, the patient is given an anesthetic and can apply a cooling bandage to the bladder. Treatment of a pathological condition can be as follows:

• Operative intervention (emergency or planned) with trauma or tumor neoplasm.
• The use of antibiotics in infectious or inflammatory processes.
• Removal of stones with urolithiasis and the introduction of antispasmodics, which facilitate the movement and the passage of stones.
• If there is blood in the urine, that is, hematuria or proteinuria is diagnosed, then corticosteroids are prescribed.
• If the violation is associated with dehydration, then a plentiful drink is shown.
• If the problem is related to the use of products or medicines, they must be deleted or replaced.

Some conditions do not require specific treatment. To eliminate them, it is enough to observe the rules of healthy eating, personal hygiene or strictly bed rest.

Medications

The choice of a drug for the treatment of changes in the color of urine and concomitant painful symptoms, depends entirely on the etiology of the pathological process. Consider the main drugs used for the most common causes of darkening of urine.

• Liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis) - patients are prescribed hepatoprotectors, immunostimulants and other drugs. The most commonly used are Hepatosan, Heptral, Phosphogliv, Resalyut, LIV-52, Allocho, Hofitol, Festal, Essildin, Essentiale, Livolin Forte and others.
• The defeat of the gallbladder and bile ducts (cholestasis, cholelitaz, pancreatitis) - for complex treatment very often resort to the use of drugs based on ursodeoxycholic acid - Ursosan, Holudexan, Ursofalk. Also, the use of antispasmodics - Dospatalin, Mebeverdin, hepatoprotectors - Essentiale, LIV-52, Heptral, analgesics and antibiotics - Cefazolin, Nalfubin, Ketanov.
• Infectious diseases of the genitourinary system - various antibacterial drugs from the group of penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones - Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Cefixim, Cefipim, Azithromycin and others. Antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal drugs may also be prescribed.
• Kidney diseases (polycystosis, nephrolithiasis, glomerulonephritis) - various antispasmodics, analgesics, antiseptics, diuretics and dissolving concrements are used.
• Dehydration of the body - Regidron, Gastrolit, Citraglukosan. The treatment is aimed at restoring the water-salt balance in the body and consists of rehydration and a supporting phase.

Medicines are chosen by the doctor, individually for each patient and for each specific case.

Vitamins

In the treatment of any disease it is necessary to use an integrated approach. Vitamins are used as a supplement to the main therapy.

If it is found that the changes in the fluid released during the urination are associated with kidney pathologies, the patients are recommended to take vitamins such as retinol, tocopherol, omega-3, vitamins of group B (B1, B2, B3, B6, B12), ascorbic acid, pectins, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium.

To maintain normal liver function, vitamins such as A, E, C, omega-3, B2, lipoic acid and various microelements are used. For the gallbladder and bile ducts vitamins A, C, E, group B, folic acid are useful.

Physiotherapeutic treatment

Such a symptom as dark urine, can be caused by various diseases. Various methods are used to solve them. Physiotherapeutic treatment is in most cases included in the complex of medical procedures. Let's consider the basic fizioprotsedury, which action is directed on restoration of normal functioning of an organism.

Kidney diseases:

• Diathermy on the kidney area to restore blood circulation.
• Drinking mineral water.
• Microwave, ultrasound and UHF therapy.
• Chloride sodium and carbonic baths.
• Amplipulse therapy.
• DC treatment.

Physiotherapy is contraindicated in polycystic kidney disease, decompressed hydronephrosis, thermal stages of pyelonephritis, with acute course of primary or secondary pyelonephritis.

Cystitis:

• Irradiation of the bladder area with an infrared lamp.
• UHF-therapy.
• Paraffin application on the lumbar region or locally.
• Chloride sodium or sessile baths from running water.

Contraindications: prostate adenoma of the 3rd stage, stricture of the urethra and pathology requiring surgical intervention, concrements and foreign bodies in the bladder, ulcerous form of cystitis, leukoplakia.

Urolithiasis disease:

• Inductothermy.
• Drinking mineral water.
• Amplipulse therapy.

Treatment is not carried out with stones more than 10 mm in diameter, acute pyelonephritis, pathological changes in the ureter and kidneys, cicatricial changes in the ureter.

Prostatitis:

• Mud treatment.
• Hydrogen sulfide and turpentine baths.
• Microclysters.
• Amplipulse therapy.
• US, UHF and microwave.

Physioprocedures are contraindicated in polyposis of the rectum, cracks in the anal opening, acute inflammatory diseases of the prostate gland, adenoma.

Alternative treatment

There are many alternative means for eliminating various pathologies, including a symptom such as dark urine. Alternative treatment is recommended after consultation with the attending physician.

• Take the fresh spinach, squeeze out the juice from it and mix it in equal proportions with the coconut milk. Take 2-3 tablespoons before each meal. Boiled spinach can be added to garnishes.
• A teaspoon of fenugreek seeds fill with a glass of boiling water and allow to brew until completely cooled. Take ½ cup per day. Ground the seeds of fenugreek with the seeds of pile and ground ginger. Dissolve the herbal mixture in 50 mg of honey or brew a glass of boiling water. The medicine should be taken 2-3 times a day.
• Grind the pomegranate peel and mix with water until a pasty state is obtained. Take ½ teaspoon of paste 2 times in bitches for 5 days.
• A teaspoon of cumin fill with 250 ml of boiling water and let it brew for 5-7 minutes. Strain the infusion, and after cooling add 1 spoonful of honey. Take the medication in the morning and evening until the condition returns to normal.
• Handful of field horsetail pour boiling water and let it brew until completely cooled. Strain and take 1/3 cup 2-3 times a day.

Do not forget that before using the methods of alternative medicine, it is necessary to establish the true cause of the pathological condition.

[106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111]

Herbal Treatment 

Another option of alternative medicine is the treatment with herbs. If changes in the color of urine are associated with problems on the part of the genitourinary system, then for the normalization of the state, you can use such recipes:

• 4 tablespoons millennia, pour 1 liter of wine and boil over medium heat for 5 minutes. Allow to infuse for 10-15 minutes and strain. Take infusion of 150 mg 3 times a day. This remedy can also be used for jaundice.
• Mix in equal proportions grass nettle, hips, celery. Pour a couple of tablespoons of the mixture into 500 ml of water and bring to a boil. The broth should be brewed until completely cooled. After which it should be filtered and take every hour for 1-2 tablespoons.
• Take 500 ml of red wine and 20 g of blackberry roots. Boil the medium over low heat until evaporation is half. Take the medicine 2 tablespoons 2-3 times a day.
• Grind 20 grams of barley seeds and mix them with 15 g of peony roots, 5 g of herbs, 5 grams of juniper fruit. Pour the vegetable mixture of 1 liter of red wine and let it brew for 12 hours. After this, boil for 15 minutes. After cooling, strain, and add 3-4 tablespoons of honey. Take the drug for 1 spoonful every hour for 3-5 days.

Before applying the above methods, make sure that there are no allergies to the vegetable ingredients used.

Homeopathy

An alternative method of treatment, which is used in many diseases - is homeopathy. Consider the main homeopathic remedies for the treatment of dark urine and urine with blood impurities.

• Terebentin 3,6 - hematuria, oliguria.
• Phosphorus 6, 12 - a disorder caused by severe dystrophic processes in the kidneys.
• Witch hazel 3X, 3 - changes due to abundant venous bleeding.
• Ferrum acetylum 3,6 and Arnica 3X, 3 - trauma of the urinary tract, urolithiasis.
• Croutus 6, 12 - pathology associated with blood clotting disorders.
• Millifolium 3X, 3 - physical activity, increased sweating.
• Hina 3X, 3 - anemia, exhaustion of the body.

The above preparations can be taken only by the prescription of a homeopath physician, who selects the dosage and determines the duration of therapy for each patient individually.

Surgery

If the violation of the color of urine is associated with various injuries, then surgical treatment is indicated. This type of therapy is used for concrements in the ureter, kidney, urinary or gallbladder. Surgery is combined with drug treatment and various physiotherapy procedures.

For example, with stones in the urethra or ureter, heat procedures are prescribed in combination with antispasmodics, which facilitate the exit of stones to the outside. If the stone can not come out on its own, then it is removed with the help of cystoscopic or surgical intervention.

Emergency surgical treatment is performed with kidney trauma and damage to other internal organs that cause hematomas and tissue rupture. In other cases, conservative therapy is indicated.

Complications and consequences

Such a symptom as dark urine, occurs with many diseases and pathological conditions. The consequences and complications of this violation completely depend on the cause, which provoked it. Consider the most common problems that can cause a darkening of urine left without medical assistance:

• Cirrhosis of the liver.
• Diseases of the urinary tract.
• Hepatitis.
• Cancer of the liver, pancreas.
• Diseases of the genital organs.
• Intrauterine changes.
• Inflammation of the prostate.
• Jaundice.
• Concrements in the kidney or bladder.
• Dehydration of the body.

Untimely treatment of a doctor leads to a sharp deterioration in the condition, increasing pain symptoms, intoxication of the body, obstruction of the urinary tract, anemia.

[112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118]

Prevention

The simplest and most affordable way to prevent changes in the color of urine is not to take the coloring of the liquids, liquids, vitamin supplements and medications that are discolored. Prevention of more serious causes of the disorder can reduce the risk of their occurrence. Let's consider the basic preventive measures at various pathological conditions.

• Urinary tract infections - drink more fluid, the first urge to urinate should be urinated, wiping after the toilet should be front to back.
• Concrements in the kidneys - minimize consumption of salt and protein products. Drink more fluids.
• Tumor lesions of the bladder and kidneys - abandon bad habits, avoid exposure to chemicals, maintain a normal weight, eat properly, observe the water balance, maintain physical health.

In addition to the above recommendations, you must avoid hypothermia in the cold season and prevent the feet from freezing. Particular attention should be paid to the issue of personal hygiene. It must be washed in the morning and in the evening. Avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse and promptly treat any diseases.

[119], [120], [121], [122]

Forecast

Dark urine in most cases acts as a temporary symptom that passes by itself. The forecast of this violation completely depends on the reasons that provoked it. If it's a bacterial infection, then the treatment is done with antibiotic drugs. If the changes are caused by food or medicine, then the products can be discarded and the medicines replaced with analogues. But if the disorder persists for a long period of time and proceeds with a progressive painful symptomatology, you should immediately consult a doctor. Timely recourse to medical care is a guarantee of a positive prognosis and a rapid restoration of the normal functioning of all body systems.

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