Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride is a medicine that has detoxification as well as rehydration effects.

[1], [2]

Indications of the sodium chloride

The drug is saline solution and is used in situations where the body loses an excessively large amount of extracellular fluid. It is used in the development of conditions, as a result of which the supply of this liquid is sharply limited:

• associated with poisoning dyspeptic manifestations;
• diarrhea or vomiting;
• Burns occupying large areas on the body;
• cholera;
• hypochloremia or hyponatremia, against which dehydration is observed.

In addition, the solution is also used for external treatment - it can be used to wash the eyes and nose, as well as wounds. Together with this, he is prescribed for inhalation procedures and moistening of dressings.

The medicine can also be used to perform the forced diuresis procedure - for the treatment of intoxication or constipation, and also for endogenous bleeding (inside the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs).

Indications can also prescribe the use of sodium chloride as a solvent substance of drugs administered by the parenteral method.

[3], [4]

Release form

The release is carried out in the form of 0.9% solution - inside the ampoules in volume 5, 10 or 20 ml. This substance is used for the dilution of injecting drugs. In addition, the same solution is produced in vials of 100, 200 or 400 or 1000 ml. In this form, the drug is used externally, as well as for enemas and / or drip injections.

A 10% solution of the drug is also produced, which is released in flasks with a volume of 200 or 400 ml.

For ingestion, tablets of 0.9 g volume are also produced.

Another form of release - nasal spray, manufactured in 10 ml vials.

[5], [6], [7], [8], [9]

Pharmacodynamics

The drug has the ability to replenish the deficiency of the Na element inside the body, arising against the background of various diseases. Sodium chloride also increases the volume of circulating fluid inside the vessels.

Similar characteristics are due to the fact that the solution contains chloride ions, as well as sodium. These elements can pass through the cell wall, using a variety of movement mechanisms (amongst such a NaK pump). Sodium is also an important participant in the processes of impulses through neurons, and in addition to this process of renal metabolism and the electrophysiological processes occurring in the heart.

It was found that sodium chloride allows to maintain constant pressure inside the blood plasma, as well as extracellular fluid. If the body is healthy, then the required amount of these connected elements gets into it together with food products, but if there are any disorders (among them severe burns, vomiting and diarrhea), their enhanced excretion is observed. As a result, the body begins to lack these substances, which causes blood to thicken, there is a disruption in the work of the HC and blood flow, and in addition, spasms and convulsions appear in the smooth muscle region.

With the timely introduction of a therapeutic solution of NaCl into the blood, the balance of water and electrolytes is restored. But, because the level of osmotic pressure exerted by the solution corresponds to the indices of plasma pressure, it can not stay inside the vessels, so it is quickly excreted from the body. As a result, after 1 hour after the injection, a maximum of half of the injected solution is retained inside the vessels. Because of this, with blood loss, this remedy can not be as effective as possible.

The drug also has a detoxification and plasma-substituting effect.

After intravenous injection of the hypertonic form of the solution, the diuresis process is intensified, and also the lack of elements of Na and Cl inside the body is restored.

[10], [11],

Pharmacokinetics

Excretion of the solution from the body is carried out mainly by the kidneys. A small part of sodium is excreted with feces, and also excreted together with sweat.

[12],

Dosing and administration

Physiologic solution of the drug is required to be injected either by IV or IV.

Usually patients are prescribed an intravenous drip. Before the procedure, a dropper with a medical solution needs to be heated to a temperature of 36-38 degrees. The volume of solution administered to a person depends on his condition, and at the same time on the amount of liquid lost by the body. In addition, when choosing a dose, you need to take into account the weight of the patient and his age.

For a day, on the average, 500 ml of drug substance are allowed to be administered. The rate of administration is on average 540 ml / h. With severe poisoning, the volume of the injected drug can reach up to 3000 ml. If necessary, injections of 500 ml of solution are allowed, which are introduced at a rate of 70 drops / minute.

Children's daily portions are 20-100 ml / kg. The size of the dosage depends on the age, as well as the weight of the child. It is necessary to take into account the fact that in the case of prolonged use of the solution it will be necessary to monitor the electrolyte indices inside the urine with plasma.

For the dilution of drugs administered to patients through a dropper, it is required to use within the range of 50-250 ml of the drug per 1 portion of this drug. Features of injection in these cases are determined by the drug, which is dissolved.

A solution of the hypertonic type is required to be injected intravenously.

In the case of using drugs for rapid replenishment of the lack of NaCl ions, it is required to administer the drug by drop method (in a dose of 100 ml).

To perform rectal enema, which causes bowel evacuation, it is required to enter a 5% solution of the drug (100 ml dose). In addition, during the day, you can enter 3000 ml of saline solution.

Use enema hypertonic type should be slow, with such violations: increased rates of ICP, puffiness in the heart or kidney, as well as hypertension. The size of the administered dose is within 10-30 ml. It is forbidden to perform such an enema if the patient has inflammation or erosion inside the large intestine.

Wash the purulent wounds in accordance with the prescribed doctor scheme. Compresses soaked in solution must be applied directly to the site with damage or injury. Such compresses help to remove pus and destroy pathogenic microbes.

The spray must be buried in the nose, before cleaning it. The dose for adults is 2 drops in each of the nostrils, and for the child - 1 drop. Use the spray for both therapy and prevention (in this case, the solution should be instilled for about 20 days).

In the form of inhalations, the drug is used to eliminate colds. In such cases, the solution should be mixed with bronchodilator drugs. Perform inhalation should be 3 times / day, each procedure for 10 minutes.

If this is absolutely necessary, it is possible to make the saline solution yourself. In this case, it is required to dissolve 1 teaspoon of common salt in 1 liter of boiled water. If you need to produce a certain amount of liquid (for example, a serving of salt is 50 g), you need to make all the necessary measurements. Such a solution is allowed to be used topically, for inhalations with rinses, and also for enemas. But under no circumstances is it allowed to use self-prepared solution for intravenous injection or eye treatment or open wounds.

[15], [16]

Use of the sodium chloride during pregnancy

Pregnant women can put a dropper with a solution solely in the presence of a very serious violation (for example, moderate or severe toxicosis, and besides gestosis). A healthy pregnant woman gets the substances contained in the solution, along with the food. It should also be taken into account that with an excess of sodium chloride inside the body, the patient may develop puffiness.

Contraindications

The main contraindications:

• the patient has hypokalemia or hyperchloremia / -natriemia;
• acidosis or hyperhidrosis of extracellular nature;
• pulmonary or cerebral puffiness;
• acute stage of left ventricular failure;
• the occurrence of circulatory disorders, against which a pulmonary or cerebral edema may develop;
• use of GCS in high dosages.

With caution, you should use a medicine for people with peripheral-type edemas, elevated blood pressure, CHF in decompensated stage, renal insufficiency in a chronic degree and with pre-eclampsia, and in addition to people who have been diagnosed with other conditions against which the delay of the Na element inside the organism .

When using the drug in the form of a solvent of other drugs, it is also necessary to take into account the above contraindications.

[13]

Side effects of the sodium chloride

The use of a drug can trigger the development of such adverse events: hyperhydria, acidosis or hypokalemia. But with the correct use of drugs, the appearance of negative reactions is unlikely.

When using a 0.9% solution of the drug as the main solvent, side symptoms are determined by the indications of those drugs, for dilution of which the solution is used.

If any complications develop, immediately consult your doctor.

[14]

Overdose

Due to drug intoxication, the patient may experience vomiting with nausea or diarrhea, and in addition, fever, abdominal pain, and a rapid heartbeat may occur. Along with this, because of an overdose, it is possible to increase the values of AD, the development of pulmonary or peripheral puffiness, muscle cramps, kidney failure, dizziness, weakness, generalized convulsions and coma. As a result of excessive injection of drugs, hypernatremia may appear.

Because of drug poisoning, sometimes acidosis of hyperchloric type develops.

When using the substance as a solvent for other agents, an overdose is often caused by the properties of the drug, which is dissolved with the help of sodium chloride.

If there was an accidental injection of a large dose of medication, it is required to immediately stop the procedure and find out if a person has negative reactions. If they are available, symptomatic therapy is used.

[17], [18], [19]

Interactions with other drugs

Sodium chloride can be combined with many drugs. It is this quality of the drug that determines the fact that it is often used as a solvent for other drugs.

During the dilution of other drugs, it is necessary to monitor the visual compatibility of substances, identifying the presence of sediment, as well as changing the shade of the solution, and so on.

The drug has poor compatibility with norepinephrine.

In the case of combined use with corticosteroids, it is required to regularly monitor the electrolytes in the blood.

As a result of joint use with spiraprilom or enalapril their antihypertensive properties are weakened.

The drug is incompatible with filgrastim, a substance that stimulates leukopoiesis, and in addition to antibiotic polypeptide type polymyxin B.

There is information that saline is able to increase the level of bioavailability of other drugs.

After dilution of antibiotics in the form of a lyophilizate with a solution, they undergo complete assimilation within the body.

[20], [21]

Storage conditions

Sodium chloride must be stored in a place that is inaccessible to children, and also protected from penetration of moisture, inside a completely closed container. The temperature should not exceed 25 ° C. If you use a sealed container for storage, freezing will not affect the drug characteristics of drugs.

[22], [23], [24], [25], [26],

Special instructions

Reviews

Sodium chloride gets a lot of feedback, most of which are positive - the drug is considered quite useful. In particular, it is often written about a spray for the nose - it is considered effective in eliminating the common cold, as well as in its prevention. The drug perfectly moisturizes the nasal mucosa, helping to speed up the healing process.

Shelf life

Sodium chloride in the form of a 0.9% solution (in ampoules) can be used for 5 years after the release of the drug. A solution of 0.9% (in bottles) - during the first year, and a 10% solution (bottles) - in the period of 2 years.

[27], [28], [29], [30], [31]