Kanamycin

Kanamycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the category of aminoglycosides.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]

Indications of the kanamycin

It is used to eliminate various pathologies of infectious origin.

The drug is administered parenterally in such cases:

• with pleural empyema, tuberculosis or pneumonia;
• with burns complicated by infections;
• at infectious processes in the field of NS and ZHVP, in respiratory organs, bones with joints, as well as in the peritoneum;
• when pyelitis with cystitis, pyelonephritis and other infections affecting the system of urination;
• at a sepsis, and besides after surgical operations.

Tablets should be administered with enterocolitis, dysentery, intestinal infections, hepatic coma, and in addition, with bacteriocarriers of dysentery origin and before performing surgical operations in the digestive organs.

Eyelids are prescribed for ulcers in the cornea, as well as for keratitis with blepharitis and bacterial conjunctivitis.

[7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]

Release form

The release is carried out in the form of lyophilizate for intravenous and intramuscular injections, in flakonchikah volume of 1 g, 10 pieces inside the box.

[14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]

Pharmacodynamics

The mechanism of drug exposure is based on the destruction of the bacterial cell walls, blocking the production of proteins, as well as the violation of the formation of the RNA complex, which has a transport and matrix character.

The active component passes inside the bacterial cells and is synthesized there with specific receptor proteins.

The medication affects the microflora of the gram-negative type, gram-positive microbes, and in addition to staphylococci with shigella, proteas and klebsiella, and also on the Neisseria, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The strains of the noted microbes are resistant to the influence of tetracycline, streptomycin, as well as chloramphenicol and benzylpenicillin with erythromycin.

The drug has no effect on yeast and protozoa fungi, viruses, anaerobic microflora and streptococci.

[20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26]

Dosing and administration

The medication is administered with the help of intravenous injections or via a dropper intravenously.

The size of a single medicinal portion for a dropwise intravenous administration is 500 mg. This dosage is diluted in 5% dextrose solution (0.2 l). When administered, the rate should be 60-80 drops / minute.

Infections with a non-tuberculosis origin are treated with a single 500 mg dose (a maximum of 2 g of the drug is allowed per day). The duration of antimicrobial treatment is about 5-7 days.

During the treatment of tuberculosis, the drug is used intramuscularly - once a day, inject a portion of 1 g or divide it into 2 applications of 500 mg.

On the interval before the procedure of intestinal sanation, it is required to administer to adults the intake of Kanamycin in a dose of 750 mg, at intervals of 5 hours. For a day, you can use a maximum of 4 g of the drug.

With encephalopathy of the hepatic character, 2-3 grams of medication is administered inside at intervals of 6 hours.

Inside the pleura, peritoneum and articular cavity, 0.25% solution in a dose of 10-50 ml is added as a wash.

To perform peritoneal dialysis, it is necessary to dilute 1-2 g of the drug in a dialysis liquid (0.5 L).

Aerosol inhalations are carried out using a dosage of a solution of 0.25 g - 2-4 procedures per day.

Inside the peritoneum, it is required to administer 0.5 g of a 2.5% solution.

The eye film should be removed from the pencil case or bottle using a sterile tweezers for ophthalmic procedures, then pull the lower eyelid and lay it inside the eye. Then you need to release the eyelid and keep the eye still for 60 seconds, so that the film is wetted with eye fluid, and became soft and supple. Use these films should not be more than 2 times / day.

[41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47]

Use of the kanamycin during pregnancy

The medicine can not be administered to pregnant women. After its use by pregnant women in children, deafness was congenital. The medication can be used only if there are life indications, in exceptional cases, when antibiotics from other categories have not been affected or can not be used.

Kanamycin is excreted in small portions with mother's milk (maximum 18 μg / ml) and is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract, which is why there were no negative effects associated with infants. But at the same time it is still recommended to give up breast-feeding for the period of therapy.

Contraindications

The main contraindications:

• neuritis in the region of the 8th pair of nerves of the skull;
• hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides.

Caution is necessary when used in individuals with trembling paralysis, myasthenia gravis, botulism, kidney disease, and in the elderly. During therapy it is necessary to take into account the degree of necessity of drug use.

[27], [28], [29], [30], [31]

Side effects of the kanamycin

The use of the substance can cause some side effects:

• disorders in the digestive system: diarrhea, bloating, oil or foam character, vomiting, malabsorption, nausea, as well as an increase in liver enzymes;
• disorders of hematopoietic function: development of leuko-, thrombocyto- or granulocytopenia, as well as anemia;
• symptoms from the NA: neurotoxic effect develops, which manifests itself in the form of paresthesias, epilepsy, numbness with tingling, and in addition to this muscle twitching. There are also headaches, a feeling of drowsiness or weakness and a stopping of the respiratory process due to impaired transmission of impulses through the muscular nerves;
• disturbances in the function of the sensory organs: the medication has an ototoxic effect, due to which there is a weakening of the hearing down to deafness, and in addition, an ear ringing or lining occurs. The medication affects the function of the vestibular apparatus, provoking nausea with vomiting, dizziness, and loss of motor coordination;
• signs of the urinary system: the development of albuminuria, cylinduria, microhematuria, as well as nephrotoxicity and thirst. There is also an increase in the frequency of urination;
• Other: febrile condition, rashes, edema Quincke and itching.

The use of eye films can cause for a few minutes the sensation of a foreign object in the eye, and in addition edema, flushing of the eyelids, and lacrimation.

[32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]

Overdose

Intoxication manifests itself in the form of symptoms such as worsening of appetite, thirst, hearing loss, ataxia, respiratory distress, dizziness, ear ringing or pawning, and nausea.

It is necessary to conduct a procedure of hemodialysis - to remove the blockade of transmission of neuromuscular impulses and complications from its development.

In addition, peritoneal dialysis and the administration of anticholinesterase substances and calcium salts can be used.

[48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53]

Interactions with other drugs

Kanamycin potentiates the muscle relaxant properties of polymyxin, curare-like agents and general anesthetics, and also reduces the effect of anti-miasthenic drugs.

It does not have drug compatibility with such drugs as streptomycin, gentamicin, viomycin, heparin with erythromycin, and besides, penicillin, capreomycin, nitrofurantoin and cephalosporin with amphotericin B.

Penicillins with cephalosporins and other β-lactam antibiotics can reduce the effect of aminoglycoside in people with CRF severely.

Cisplatin with nalidixic acid, vancomycin and polymyxin increase the risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

Sulfonamides and NSAIDs, and in addition cephalosporins and penicillins with diuretics (especially furosemide) potentiate nephrotoxicity with neurotoxicity - due to the blocking of the processes of elimination of aminoglycosides as a result of competition for active isolation within the nephron tubules. This eventually leads to an increase in their values inside the blood serum.

After the injection of drugs in the peritoneal area in combination with the introduction of cyclopropane, the likelihood of apnea increases significantly.

When parenteral administration of indomethacin increases the risk of toxic effects of aminoglycosides - due to a decrease in clearance rates and the prolongation of the half-life.

When used in combination with methoxyflurane, polymyxins, and opioid analgesics, nephrotoxicity and respiratory arrest are observed.

[54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64]

Storage conditions

Kanamycin should be kept out of the reach of small children, a dark place. Temperatures are not higher than 25 ° C.

[65], [66], [67]

Shelf life

Kanamycin can be used for 2 years after the release of the drug.

[68], [69], [70]

Application for children

In newborns, as well as premature infants due to poorly developed renal function, a longer half-life is observed, which can cause cumulation of the drug and the development of a toxic effect. Because of this, use of Kanamycin in this group of patients and children under the age of 1 is allowed only if there are life indications.

[71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81]

Analogues

An analogue of the drug is the drug Kanamycin Sulfate.

[82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88]

Reviews

Kanamycin receives good reviews about its drug effectiveness. Although some patients note that the drug often causes the appearance of negative reactions.