Human papillomavirus: typing and genotyping

Medicine knows more than 120 types of HPV, which are classified using different approaches. There is a summary table of the main types of the virus, compiled based on the results of large-scale screening studies:

Symptoms	Type
Skin:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Common warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Flat warts	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher's warts	7
Epidermodysplasia verrucae	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Non-warty skin lesions	37, 38
Mucous membranes of the genitals:
Pointed condyloma	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Non-condylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70
Carcinoma	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Lesions of non-genital mucous membranes:
Laryngeal papilloma	6, 11, 30
Carcinoma of the neck, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All neoplasms are divided according to oncological danger, localization and shape of skin growths.

1. Localization of infection:
   • Alpha - affects the mucous membranes of the genitals in men and women, manifesting itself as condylomas.
   • Beta - affects the superficial layers of the epidermis, manifests itself on the superficial layers of the epidermis as classic warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its oncogenic potential, i.e. the ability to cause oncological degeneration of infected tissues. Genotyping identifies the following types of infection by the risk of oncogenicity:
   • Low risk – 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. They have a low chance of causing cancerous changes, but are responsible for the appearance of growths on different parts of the body, thereby causing aesthetic discomfort.
   • Intermediate – 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66. Belong to the category of probable risk.
   • Tall rice – 16, 18, 45, 56. They integrate their genome into healthy cells and are replicated with each replication of the host cell.
3. Forms of skin neoplasms. Papillomas are divided into five main categories.
   • Simple - the most common type of growths. As they develop, they form a keratinized tubercle of a warm color. Warts are localized on the skin, both singly and in groups. Most often they appear on the inner and outer side of the hand, lower part of the face (lips, chin). There are also plantar growths.
   • Flat - have a dark color and appear as small clusters on the skin. As a rule, they appear on the upper part of the body, less often on the genitals. Very often they make themselves known in adolescence when the immune system fails, appearing in the neck and on the arms.
   • Pointed - condylomas affect the mucous membranes and are included in the oncogenic risk category. They are characterized by rapid growth.
   • Filiform - acrochord or senile papillomas occur in middle-aged and elderly people. The peculiarity of such neoplasms is the presence of a stalk that supports the mole.
   • Internal moles – localized on internal organs. This category includes condylomas on the walls of the stomach and rectum, growths in the oral cavity and bladder.

The method of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depends on the type of neoplasm detected.

High-risk human papillomaviruses

HPV is one of the most common viruses. Most often, infection occurs through sexual and contact-household means. For many years, the virus can remain dormant and not manifest itself. It can be activated by various factors, for example, a weakened immune system or chronic diseases.

High-risk human papillomaviruses pose a particular danger. This category includes:

• Average oncogenicity – 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High carcinogenicity – 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Under the influence of certain factors, these types of infection can provoke malignant cell mutations. The most dangerous are genotypes 18 and 16. According to studies, they contribute to uncontrolled cell division of the epithelium and in 2/3 of cases of diagnosed cervical cancer, they are the main cause of the pathology.

Oncogenic human papillomaviruses

Carcinogenic HPV, i.e. viruses capable of causing malignant transformation of healthy cells, pose a serious danger. The risk group includes the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. They significantly increase the likelihood of developing cancer of the genitals, uterus, anus and urethra.

Oncogenic viruses manifest themselves as pointed condylomas on the genitals. Their appearance is a signal to seek medical help and remove neoplasms. Most often, cancer occurs from types 18 and 16, since 2/3 of cancer patients have one of these genotypes. The presence of HPV 56 and 66 in the blood is a reason to take tests for tumor markers, since these viruses lead to carcinoma.

At the same time, the presence of high-risk HPV in the blood is not a death sentence. Of course, the presence of the virus increases the chance of developing precancerous conditions by 60%, but with timely diagnosis, the development of pathology can be prevented.

Typing and genotyping of human papillomavirus

Classification of viral pathogens requires their thorough and comprehensive diagnostics. Typing is indicated to determine the nature of the disease caused by the papillomavirus and to make a prognosis. Genotyping of infectious DNA is aimed at identifying the type of pathogen. To conduct the analysis, skin and mucous membranes are examined, blood samples and other biopsies are examined.

The following main types of papilloma neoplasms are distinguished:

• Warts are round structures with clear boundaries and a size of 2-10 mm. As a rule, they do not pose a risk of malignant degeneration and are formed on damaged skin.
• Simple papillomas are soft, flesh-colored neoplasms that appear on different parts of the body, most often in the armpits, on the face, and on the neck.
• Pointed condylomas are growths with a soft texture and uneven shape. They most often affect the lining surfaces of the genitals and are carcinogenic. They grow quickly, damaging the DNA structure of healthy cells.
• Bowenoid papulosis is a rash affecting the skin with a high risk of developing epithelial cancer.

Genotyping of HPV is carried out to identify the features of its structure. Depending on the type and embedded information, the virus may or may not be carcinogenic. The following methods are used to determine the genotype:

• The polymerase chain reaction method detects the virus and determines its type. This method is based on the body's reaction to different viral structures. Blood, smears from the urethra, and cervix are used for the study.
• Hybrid HPV DNA capture is a more modern and accurate method. It determines the types of infection and the extent of damage to the body structures.

Genotyping allows us to determine the number of strains of the pathogen, their carcinogenicity and danger to humans. Typing allows us to accurately determine the type of infection: persistent or reinfection (chronic course of the disease).

Human papillomavirus 1

This infectious agent gives rise to the development of plantar and common warts. Very often, with this papillomavirus, deep lesions appear on the feet, causing discomfort and pain to the carrier. Growths can form on the back of the hands and on the chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers and toes.

This type of virus has low oncogenicity. However, it is impossible to completely remove it from the body. Modern drugs can temporarily suspend its activity. Treatment is aimed at eliminating aesthetic problems, that is, removing growths. Further therapy is carried out to increase the protective forces of the immune system. Drugs that suppress papillomatosis are prescribed without fail.

Human papillomavirus 4

Another common form of viral disease. It manifests itself as plantar and common warts. As they develop, the growths darken and acquire a rough surface. In some cases, smaller growths form around one large wart.

Patients complain of itching, burning and pain in the affected areas. HPV 4 also contributes to the development of calluses and corns on the soles of the feet.

This genotype does not pose a risk of malignant transformation. Treatment involves surgical removal of growths with subsequent immunotherapy of the patient.

Human papillomavirus 5

Responsible for the development of different types of growths. Most often, papillomavirus 5 leads to the appearance of warty or verruciform epidermodysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests itself in a large cluster of warts. The pathological condition develops in youth and continues throughout life. According to statistics, women get sick more often than men.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EVLL) is essentially a unique predisposition of the epidermis to infection with the papillomavirus. At the same time, HPV 5 has high carcinogenicity, that is, the risk of degeneration of skin changes into squamous cell carcinoma.

The disease is hereditary autosomal recessive. If both parents are infected, the child will be 100% sick. If one parent is infected, the child will be an asymptomatic carrier of EVLD.

Characteristic symptoms of epidermodysplasia:

• Warty growths of small size, which as they grow merge into large lesions.
• The rash appears on the face, back, neck, stomach and even on the buttocks.
• When the skin is damaged, linear wart-like structures appear at the site of the wound.
• On the body and limbs, the growths are larger and denser than on the face and neck.

The person does not experience painful sensations, but there is aesthetic discomfort. Immunotropic drugs and various drugs that suppress the growth of warts are used for treatment. If necessary, growths are removed using cryodestruction, laser cauterization or electrocoagulation.

Without timely treatment and with frequent trauma, papillomas caused by the type 5 virus have a high risk of serious complications. About 25% of patients are subject to the degeneration of neoplasms into squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus 6

The sixth type of HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and older people. The neoplasms are pink or flesh-colored and resemble cauliflower in shape. This type of papillomavirus is included in the group of infections with low oncogenicity and increases the risk of the following pathologies:

• Genital warts (condylomas).
• Laryngeal papillomatosis.
• Non-condylomatous lesions of the genitals.
• Conjunctival papillomas.

In most cases, the virus does not manifest itself in any way. But such a factor as a weakened immune system can cause its activation and the appearance of skin changes. Infectious infection most often manifests itself as pointed condylomas in the genital area and on the mucous membranes. In severe cases, other localizations of growths are possible.

If the cervix is affected, there is a risk of dysplasia, and if left untreated, oncological changes. The disease requires urgent treatment, as the tissues are constantly growing, and the infection quickly spreads throughout the body. The virus contributes to the destruction of the mucous membrane of the genitals, oral cavity, larynx and respiratory tract.

Treatment consists of antiviral and general strengthening therapy, surgical removal of the neoplasm. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures: personal hygiene, balanced nutrition, and increased immunity.

Human papillomavirus 7

As a result of HPV 7 infection, so-called butcher's warts or Butcher's warts appear on the skin. They are painless, light-brown growths that are most often localized on the elbows and shoulders.

Butcher's warts occur in people who frequently come into contact with raw meat. The infection enters the skin through small injuries. The growths appear on the elbows and hands as convex, painless formations.

Human papillomavirus 11

Papillomavirus type 11 is most often diagnosed in women, and it manifests itself as pointed condylomas. The skin and mucous membranes are involved in the pathological process. This HPV has low carcinogenicity, that is, it is not subject to malignant transformations.

The risk group for this disease includes men and women who are sexually active and frequently change sexual partners. Infection can occur with other sexually transmitted infections. When infected with genome 11, the pathogen integrates into the human chromosome set, infecting the carrier's daughter cells.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• Single or multiple rashes.
• In women, growths appear on the labia, cervix, clitoris, and urethra.
• In men, neoplasms appear on the head and body of the penis, scrotum, and frenulum.
• In both sexes, papillomas have adjacent localizations: anus, perineum, oropharynx, bladder, perianal area.

Patients complain of itching and burning in the area of the rash, severe pain during urination and sexual intercourse. Discharge from the genitals is also possible. As the infection progresses, the normal cellular morphology of the affected tissues is replaced by a rougher one, causing the development of dysplasia.

Diagnostics are carried out by the type of rash structures and are not difficult. It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, but there are a number of treatment methods that allow suppressing its activity. Special medications are used for this. Cryodestruction methods, laser therapy and other surgical techniques are used to remove skin changes.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection is based on the use of barrier methods of contraception to prevent infection during sexual intercourse. It is also recommended to strengthen the immune system to increase its protective properties.

Human papillomavirus 12

Under the influence of certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest itself as verruciform or warty epidermodysplasia. This pathological condition is also called Lewandowsky-Lutz disease. It refers to genetic disorders.

The main symptom is the generalized formation of flat wart-like structures on the skin. At the initial stage, the growths are small in size and are localized on the forearms, shins and hands. In rare cases, the rash affects the skin of the face, neck and torso. As the infection spreads, the number of warts increases. The neoplasms merge, occupying the entire surface of the skin. The elements have different colors from light pink to dark brown. In their density, they do not differ from healthy tissue.

Papillomavirus 12 requires complex diagnostics. This is due to the fact that the disease it causes can lead to pronounced dermatological defects and severe complications. In ¼ of patients, the affected tissues transform into squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus 16

One of the most common papillomaviruses, diagnosed in 60% of people, is HPV 16 (Human papillomavirus). This type of infection is oncogenic and leads to the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous lesions of the genitals.
• Genital carcinoma.
• Carcinoma of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus integrates into the DNA of healthy cells, thereby disrupting the body's natural antitumor immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, genotype 16 is the main cause of cervical cancer.

The immune system of a healthy person can cope with papillomatosis on its own within 6-12 months after infection. That is why HPV 16 testing is performed 3-4 times. If diagnostic results are positive, patients are prescribed antiviral drugs and immunostimulants, vitamins. All neoplasms are subject to removal due to the risk of their malignancy.

Human papillomavirus 18

One of the most common urogenital viral infections is papillomatosis. Type 18 of this infection is associated with diseases such as 16 HPV: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has high oncogenicity. By integrating into the human genome, it provokes the growth of benign growths, which gradually degenerate into cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV 18 is detected in women with uterine cancer.

Immediately after infection, the virus does not make itself known, but after the action of certain factors it manifests itself. Its main symptom is papillomatous growths on the surfaces of the genitals and the cervix.

Treatment is prescribed only after a comprehensive diagnosis and determination of the probability of malignancy of neoplasms. Therapy consists of surgical removal of growths, 2-3 courses of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs. It should be taken into account that today there are no medications that completely neutralize the 18th genotype of the papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 21

Another type of infection that causes epidermodysplasia verruciformis is HPV 21. However, it is a virus with low carcinogenicity. Most often, it manifests itself as anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Since the infection does not penetrate the blood, but affects only the skin, then scrapings of the epidermis and smears from the mucous membranes are used for diagnosis. The treatment is complex, aimed at removing skin defects and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 31

Today, more than a hundred papillomaviruses are known, among which are oncogenic, that is, those that can provoke malignant processes in the body. HPV 31 is an infection of moderate carcinogenicity, which, under the influence of certain factors, leads to oncological lesions.

31 genotypes are associated with the following diseases:

• Neoplasia of 2 and 3 degrees of severity.
• Cervical dysplasia and cancer.
• Penile cancer.
• Anal cancer.
• Cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.
• Bowen's disease.
• Erythroplasia of Keir.
• Dental complications.

Infection most often occurs during unprotected sexual intercourse and is equally dangerous for both women and men. Infection is possible when the virus comes into contact with an open wound or during the birth process, i.e. transmission from mother to child.

With a strong immune system, the virus may not make itself known for a long time. But as the body weakens, it begins to progress. The infection manifests itself as growths on the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals, both externally and externally. In rare cases, type 31 leads to the development of bowenoid papulosis, which manifests itself as smooth nodules on the surface of the external genitalia.

At the first symptoms of the disease, it is necessary to begin treatment. This is due to the fact that the infection spreads very quickly, affecting healthy tissues and contributing to their malignancy. Without timely diagnosis and treatment, a number of complications arise that are dangerous to human life.

Human papillomavirus 33

This type of HPV is most often diagnosed in women, as it contributes to the development of such diseases:

• Non-condylomatous lesions of the genitals.
• Carcinoma of the genital organs.
• Cervical dysplasia.
• Cervical cancer.

The pathological condition is considered anthroponotic, infection occurs only between people. 2-4 months after HPV 33 enters the body, genital warts with accompanying painful symptoms begin to form on the genitals.

According to medical statistics, in 80% of cases the infection is diagnosed during a gynecological examination. Skin lesions are dangerous due to the development of erosions, which without timely treatment can lead to tumor lesions of the cervix.

Human papillomavirus 35

Infection with this HPV is dangerous due to the development of malignant processes in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but only in the latter it causes serious problems.

The infection manifests itself as condylomatous lesions of the perineum, external genitalia, anus and oral cavity (root of the tongue, inner part of the cheek). Infection can cause the development of dysplasia and cancerous processes of the cervix.

It is not so easy to cure HPV 35, so special attention is paid to preventive measures: protected sex, healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system, etc. In case of infection, treatment consists of a set of methods aimed at eliminating skin defects and suppressing the activity of papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 39

This genotype is a serious danger and threat to life, as it promotes the degeneration of healthy tissues into malignant ones. Women are most sensitive to HPV 39, as it leads to damage to the internal genital organs. Infection can cause dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.

The infection may not show any symptoms for a long period of time, feeding on healthy tissue and increasing in size.

• External symptoms of infection include skin growths on the inner walls of the vagina, mucous membranes of the cervical canal, and in the cervix.
• Less often, condylomas form on the external genitalia, as well as around the opening of the urethra or near the anus.
• The neoplasms appear as single or multiple growths that outwardly resemble cauliflower.

Skin lesions have an average risk of malignancy, i.e. degeneration into a cancerous tumor. Their appearance is a reason to seek medical help for diagnosis and treatment. To minimize the risk of trauma to condylomas and eliminate aesthetic inconveniences, their surgical removal is performed. Patients are prescribed a complex of antiviral drugs and immunostimulants.

Human papillomavirus 44

From an oncological point of view, HPV type 44 does not pose any danger. However, infection with this infection manifests itself in genital warts and pointed condylomas on the cervix and other important organs.

Treatment of skin growths is carried out to eliminate aesthetic discomfort, that is, the neoplasms are removed. Also, all patients are prescribed a course of antiviral drugs and immunostimulants to suppress papillomatous infection in the body.

Human papillomavirus 45

Another representative of the group of oncogenic papillomaviruses with a high risk of degeneration is type 45. The infection is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Pointed condylomas.
• Bowenoid papulosis.
• Genital warts.
• Cervical dysplasia and cancer.

Infection occurs during unprotected sexual intercourse. A man is a carrier of the virus, but may not know it. In women, the infection manifests itself as wart-like growths on the genitals. The pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. More than 20 years may pass from the moment of infection to the development of a malignant tumor caused by HPV 45.

If pathological changes in the skin in the genital area and anus occur, seek medical help. In addition to external symptoms, there is a deterioration in general health. Many infected people note the appearance of itching and burning in the genital area, atypical vaginal discharge, discomfort when urinating and during sexual intercourse.

During the diagnostic process, PCR, daigen test, calculoscopy, biopsy and cytological examinations are performed to identify the pathogenic genotype. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. In mild cases, general strengthening drugs are prescribed, while antiviral therapy is performed in the middle stage. In severe cases, a comprehensive approach is indicated, which consists of drug and surgical methods.

Human papillomavirus 51

This type of HPV is an anogenital infection of medium oncogenic risk. Infection occurs mainly through sexual intercourse and can lead to the following problems:

• Cervical dysplasia and cancer.
• Oncological lesions of the anus, vulva or vagina in women.
• Malignant neoplasms in the anal area and penis in men.
• Genital warts.
• Giant condyloma of Buschke-Loewenstein.

To diagnose HPV 51, the patient must take a urogenital smear. It is used to clinically confirm the presence of infection in the body, genotyping and assess the risk of malignancy.

There are no specially developed drugs for the treatment of this type of infection. Therapy is aimed at preventing malignant transformations and mobilizing the body's antitumor immunity.

Human papillomavirus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 is identified in 70% of cases in women over 35 years of age. Infection most often occurs during unprotected sexual intercourse. The disease is associated with the following pathologies:

• Pointed condylomas on the genitals and in the anal area.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Cervical dysplasia and cancer.

The first signs of infection do not appear immediately and are characterized by condylomatous growths on the labia and vaginal mucosa. Active progression of the infection leads to a decrease in the body's protective functions and its aging.

It is impossible to completely cure the virus, but with early diagnosis and proper therapy, it is possible to protect cells from destruction and malignancy. This involves surgical removal of growths, a course of antiviral therapy, and taking medications to strengthen the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 53

Infection with HPV 53 is possible through contact with the mucous membrane or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has low carcinogenicity, so it does not pose a risk of malignant transformation.

After infection, the virus can remain dormant for a long period of time. The action of various factors, for example, the weakening of the protective properties of the immune system, leads to its activation. Because of this, epidermal cells begin to actively divide, forming wart-like growths and pointed condylomas.

Treatment of human papillomavirus type 53 involves removing skin growths, taking antiviral drugs and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 56

One of the types of papillomavirus infection is HPV 56. This type is characterized by high oncogenicity and is associated with the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous lesions of the genitals.
• Cervical dysplasia and cancer.
• Carcinoma of the genital mucosa.

The virus is dangerous for both women and men, causing genital warts and other tumors. The infection enters the body through the mucous membranes during unprotected sex or with open wounds of the epidermis.

Pathogenic microorganisms can remain latent for a long period of time. Under the influence of certain factors, they become active and manifest themselves as various skin growths that cause aesthetic inconvenience and painful sensations.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. Therapy consists of taking antiviral drugs, surgically removing growths and strengthening the immune system. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures to protect the body from infection.

Human papillomavirus 58

The viral pathogen from the category of medium risk of malignant transformation is type 58. The infection is included in the alpha group, that is, it contributes to the emergence of such pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous lesions of the genitals.
• Condylomas of the inner surface of the anus.
• Cervical dysplasia and cancer.

After introduction into the body, it provokes the appearance of small growths with a dense and soft structure. Depending on the localization, they can be light pink or brown. This genotype very often appears on the neck, in the armpits, in the intestines, external and internal genitals, and the bladder.

The danger of infection is explained by the latent course of the infectious process. Since the pathogen can remain dormant for a long period of time. Timely diagnostics and a comprehensive approach to treatment can prevent complications of Human papillomavirus type 58.

Human papillomavirus 59

HPV genotype 59 is an oncogenic virus. Under the influence of certain factors, it can cause damage to the tissues of the cervix and uterine epithelium, causing a precancerous condition. Infection with this pathogen occurs during unprotected anal or vaginal contact, less often during oral sex.

Often, the infection does not manifest itself for a long time. But the appearance of skin growths and warts indicates its activation. Pointed condylomas are formed on the external genitals and their mucous membrane. If growths appear on the cervix, this is manifested by bloody discharge and severe pain during urination and sexual intercourse. HPV 58 can also cause changes in the surface layer of the rectal mucosa, both in men and women.

To diagnose the disease, viral DNA and PCR tests are performed. Treatment consists of taking antiviral drugs to suppress the infection. Removal of growths is also indicated to reduce the risk of their trauma and degeneration into malignant tumors. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures and vaccinations that prevent relapses of the infection and reduce the risk of infection with other genotypes.

Human papillomavirus 66

Very often, the appearance of warts and papillomas on the body is associated with infection with the papillomavirus type 66. In this case, skin growths have the most inappropriate localization: armpits, perianal and periorbital area, perineum, mucous membranes of the genitals. It is the aesthetic discomfort and frequent trauma to neoplasms that makes people seek medical help.

As a rule, after infection, the infection remains dormant for a long period of time. However, under the influence of certain factors, it is activated. Such factors include:

• Weakening of the immune system's defenses.
• Unbalanced diet.
• Bad habits.
• Frequent change of sexual partners and unprotected sexual intercourse.
• Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules.
• Frequent abortions and others.

Treatment of HPV 66 is aimed at removing skin growths and eliminating factors that provoke the spread of infection. Antiviral therapy and vitamins are administered to boost immunity. Preventive measures include vaccination, timely treatment of any diseases, and a healthy lifestyle.

Human papillomavirus 67

According to the conducted studies, HPV type 67 belongs to viruses with an average oncological degeneration status. That is, infection with this genotype under certain conditions can provoke precancerous conditions.

The infection penetrates through mucous membranes and damaged skin. The infection manifests itself as papillomatous growths on the body. Growths can also form on the mucous membrane of the cervix. However, if there are no pathological changes on the part of this organ, the average titer of the virus does not pose a danger and is considered a normal condition.

Before starting treatment, the patient must undergo PCR diagnostics, take a cytological smear and a number of other tests. This will confirm the genotype of papillomatosis and assess the percentage of its carcinogenicity. Therapy consists of surgical removal of altered tissues and a course of antiviral therapy.

Human papillomavirus 68

This type of infection develops due to the impact of a viral agent that has penetrated the body through mucous membranes or wound surfaces. Most often, infection occurs during unprotected sexual intercourse and makes itself known when the immune system's defenses are weakened.

HPV genotype 68 has low oncogenicity and manifests itself as skin growths of various localizations. Strong spread of defects and their frequent traumatization are dangerous. Since at this stage the viral DNA replaces healthy cells, changing their structure. If the problem is left without medical assistance, then the active progression of papillomavirus type 68 can lead to carcinoma.

To prevent serious consequences and various complications of HPV, when the first warts or papillomas appear, you should contact a dermatologist or therapist for their treatment and prevention.