Hangovers: signs and effective remedies

A hangover, also known as "post-drinking" or "mama" (in Russian), is a condition that occurs after drinking alcohol and is accompanied by unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms. A hangover occurs when the effects of alcohol begin to wear off and the body begins to restore its normal state.

The main signs and symptoms of a hangover may include:

1. Headache: One of the most common symptoms of a hangover is a headache. It can be severe and throbbing.
2. Nausea and vomiting: A hangover is often accompanied by feelings of nausea and sometimes vomiting.
3. Dry mouth and thirst: Alcohol dehydrates the body, so dry mouth and a strong desire to drink may occur after alcohol consumption.
4. Fatigue and weakness: A hangover is often accompanied by feelings of weakness and fatigue, as alcohol can disrupt normal sleep patterns.
5. Muscle and joint pain: Some people may experience muscle and joint pain after drinking alcohol.
6. Dizziness and unsteadiness: Alcohol can affect coordination of movements and cause dizziness and unsteadiness.
7. Upset stomach and diarrhea: Alcohol consumption can irritate the stomach and cause upset stomach and even diarrhea.
8. Insomnia or shallow sleep: Alcohol can affect sleep quality by causing insomnia or shallow sleep.
9. Mood Changes: Some people may experience mood changes, such as depression, irritability, or anxiety, after a hangover.
10. Problems with concentration and memory: Alcohol can affect cognitive function, which can manifest itself in difficulties with concentration and memory.

Hangovers usually go away over time as the body gradually gets rid of the alcohol and restores normalcy. Hangover treatment often includes hydration, rest, and taking over the counter pain medications if necessary. But the best way to avoid hangovers is to drink alcohol in moderation and responsibly.

Causes of the hangovers

A hangover is caused by alcohol consumption and is a collection of symptoms and conditions that occur after the effects of alcohol begin to wear off. The process of hangover development and its symptoms can be caused by the following factors and mechanisms:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it increases the frequency of urination. This causes the body to lose fluid and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration.
2. Toxins and Metabolites: Alcohol forms toxic metabolites, such as acetaldehyde, that can cause inflammation and damage to body cells. This can lead to headaches, nausea, and other hangover symptoms.
3. Vasodilation and vasodilation: Alcohol can cause blood vessels to dilate (vasodilation), which increases vascular resistance and can cause headache and a feeling of throbbing.
4. Gastrointestinal inflammation: Alcohol can irritate the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines, which can lead to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
5. Effects on the nervous system: Alcohol affects the central nervous system, which can cause mood changes, angst and depression.
6. Brain inflammation: Alcohol can cause inflammation and damage to the brain, which can contribute to headaches, difficulty concentrating, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Sleep disruption and fatigue: Alcohol can disrupt normal sleep patterns, causing insomnia or shallow sleep, leading to fatigue and feelings of weakness.
8. Alcohol Reduction Effects: When the effects of alcohol begin to wear off, the body goes into a state of withdrawal, which can also cause negative symptoms.

These factors and mechanisms can act in combination and vary depending on each person's personality and the amount of alcohol consumed. Treatment for a hangover usually involves hydration, rest, and taking anti-sickness medications if necessary. However, the best way to avoid hangovers is to drink alcohol in moderation and responsibly or not at all.

Symptoms of the hangovers

The symptoms and signs of a hangover can vary depending on individual sensitivity to alcohol and the amount of alcohol consumed. However, common hangover symptoms include the following:

Anxiety

Anxiety after a hangover can be caused by several factors, including physiological and psychological aspects. Here are a few reasons why you may feel anxious after drinking alcohol and tips to alleviate it:

1. Depressive effects of alcohol: After alcohol stops affecting your body, there is a period of withdrawal (hangover). At this point, the level of alcohol in your body decreases, which can lead to feelings of anxiety and restlessness.
2. Sleep disturbance: Alcohol consumption can affect the quality of sleep. Poor sleep or insomnia can increase feelings of anxiety.
3. Reduced neurotransmitter levels: Alcohol affects the chemical balance in the brain, including neurotransmitters responsible for mood and anxiety. After a hangover, levels of these neurotransmitters can be disrupted, which can cause feelings of anxiety.

You can try the following measures to alleviate anxiety after a hangover:

• Drink water: Hydration will help restore water balance and improve your overall health.
• Rest: Try to get a good night's sleep or rest to rejuvenate and improve your mood.
• Eat healthy: Eating a diet rich in protein and vitamins can help the body recover.
• Avoid alcohol: Refrain from additional alcohol consumption to avoid additional problems.
• Physical activity: Moderate physical activity can help improve mood and relieve anxiety.

If feelings of anxiety become too intense, do not go away over time, or interfere with your daily life, it is recommended that you consult a doctor or mental health professional for additional support and counseling.

Tachycardia and arrhythmia

Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and arrhythmia (irregular heart rhythm) can be among the symptoms of a hangover, especially if alcohol has been consumed in large amounts. These symptoms are usually related to the effects of alcohol on the heart system and can cause discomfort. Here's how these phenomena can be explained and what you can do about them:

Tachycardia:

• Mechanism: Alcohol can cause blood vessels to dilate and increase cardiac output, resulting in rapid heartbeat or tachycardia. This may be the body's response to try to compensate for the decrease in blood pressure caused by alcohol exposure.
• What to do: The primary importance is to try to calm down and relax. Deep breathing exercises and trying to improve blood circulation, such as raising your feet above the level of your heart, can help lower your heart rate. Limiting caffeine and other stimulants can also help reduce tachycardia.

Arrhythmia:

• Mechanism: Alcohol can affect the conduction of electrical signals in the heart, which can cause arrhythmias, or irregular heart rhythm.
• What to do: If you experience severe or prolonged arrhythmias, you should see your doctor. In some cases, additional tests and treatment may be needed. If the arrhythmia is mild and goes away on its own, try to relax and avoid physical activity.

It is important to remember that alcohol consumption can have negative effects on the heart system, and excessive alcohol consumption carries health risks. If symptoms of tachycardia and arrhythmia after a hangover become severe, persist, or cause concern, it is important to see a doctor for more detailed evaluation and treatment.

Pain in the heart area

Heart pain or discomfort in the heart area after drinking alcohol can have several causes and mechanisms:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol is a diuretic, which means that it helps to eliminate fluid from the body through urine. This can lead to dehydration, which can decrease blood volume and increase the heart's workload. As a result, the heart may work harder, which can cause discomfort or pain in the heart area.
2. Effect on heart rhythm: Alcohol can affect the heart rhythm by causing changes in the heart rate. This can cause palpitations or arrhythmias, which may be associated with pain or discomfort in the heart area.
3. Dilation of blood vessels: Alcohol can dilate blood vessels, including the coronary arteries that feed the heart. This can lead to an increase in oxygen supply to the heart, which can cause pain in that area.
4. Inflammation and irritation: Alcohol can cause inflammation and irritation of the esophageal mucosa, which can cause acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus. This can cause a burning sensation and discomfort in the chest area, which can sometimes be mistaken for heart pain.
5. Stress and Anxiety: Stress and anxiety levels may increase after alcohol consumption, which can cause physiologic reactions including increased cardiac activity and heart discomfort.

It is important to remember that if you experience serious heart pain or discomfort after drinking alcohol, you should see a doctor or call an ambulance immediately. Pain in the heart area can be a sign of serious heart problems that require medical evaluation and treatment. Never ignore pain in the heart area, especially after drinking alcohol.

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol is a medication from the group of beta-adrenoblockers that is commonly used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. It is not a hangover cure, and its use after drinking alcohol is not recommended without consulting a doctor. Let's take a look at its mechanism of action, dosage, contraindications and side effects:

Mechanism of Action:

• Bisoprolol belongs to the class of beta-adrenoblockers. Its mechanism of action is to block the action of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which leads to a decrease in heart rate, a decrease in the force of heart contraction and a decrease in blood pressure.
• This medication is used to control blood pressure and improve heart function.

Dosage:

• The dosage of bisoprolol depends on the patient's specific medical condition and may vary. The drug is usually taken daily as prescribed by a doctor.

Contraindications:

• Bisoprolol is contraindicated in case of allergy to the drug itself or to other beta-adrenoblockers.
• Bisoprolol is not recommended for use in bradycardia (reduced heart rate), bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart block and uncontrolled heart failure, and uncontrolled hypotonicity (low blood pressure).

Side effects:

• Side effects of bisoprolol may include decreased blood pressure, fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia, sleep changes, digestive problems, loss of sexual desire, etc.

After drinking alcohol, it is important to be careful about taking any medication, including bisoprolol. Alcohol may interact with medications and increase their effects or cause unwanted effects. If you have symptoms of a hangover or need to take any medicine, it is recommended that you consult your doctor or pharmacist before using any medicine.

Anapriline

"Anapriline (or propranolol) is a medication that belongs to the group of beta-blockers. It can be used to relieve some hangover symptoms such as palpitations and anxiety. However, it is important to consult a doctor before using any medication, including Anaprylin. Here is information about the mechanism of action, dosage, contraindications and side effects of Anaprylin:

Mechanism of Action:

• "Anapriline is a beta-adrenoblocker that blocks the action of norepinephrine and epinephrine, hormones that can increase heart palpitations and anxiety.
• The drug reduces heart rate and adrenaline levels, which can help relieve symptoms such as tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) and nervousness.

Dosage:

• The dosage of "Anaprilin" depends on the specific situation and the doctor's recommendations.
• Typically, the starting dose may be 40 mg, but the dosage may vary depending on individual needs and response to the medication.
• The dosage and regimen should be prescribed by a physician.

Contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity or allergy to propranolol.
• Bronchial asthma or other chronic lung disease, as Anapriline may increase bronchial contraction.
• Heart failure, heart block, bradycardia (a very slow heartbeat), or low blood pressure.
• Diabetes, as Anaprylin may mask some symptoms of low blood sugar.

Side effects:

• Anaprylin side effects may include fatigue, dizziness, decreased sex drive, drowsiness, and others.
• In rare cases, bronchospasm, arterial hypotension, sleep disturbances and depression may occur.

It is important to note that Anapriline should not be used without consulting a doctor and the treatment should be prescribed and monitored by a specialist. If you have doubts or serious symptoms after a hangover, it is better to consult a doctor to get more appropriate recommendations and treatment.

Headache

Headaches after a hangover, known as hangover headache or alcoholic migraine, can be caused by several factors and mechanisms:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol acts as a diuretic, which means that it increases the excretion of fluids from the body through urine. This can lead to dehydration, which is one of the main causes of headaches.
2. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction: Alcohol can affect blood vessels in the brain. First, it can cause blood vessels to dilate (vasodilation), which can cause throbbing headaches. Then there is vasoconstriction (vasoconstriction), which can also cause pain.
3. Inflammation: Alcohol can cause inflammation in the body, and this can include the brain. Inflammation can cause pain and headaches.
4. Toxins and Metabolites: When alcohol is processed, the body produces toxins and metabolites that can negatively affect organs and cause hangover symptoms, including headaches.
5. Changes in chemical balance: Alcohol can disrupt the normal chemical balance in the brain, including levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These changes may also play a role in causing headaches.
6. Vascular Spasms: Some people may experience vascular spasms in the brain after drinking alcohol, which can cause pain.

A combination of all these factors can lead to the onset of a headache after a hangover. To relieve headaches, it is recommended that you drink plenty of water, get plenty of rest, avoid additional alcohol consumption, and use gentle pain relievers, such as acetaminephen or ibuprofen, if necessary, provided you have no contraindications for their use.

Nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting after a hangover can have different causes and mechanisms. These symptoms can occur due to the effects of alcohol on the body and its systems, as well as other factors. Here are a few possible causes and mechanisms of nausea and vomiting after a hangover:

1. Irritation of the stomach mucosa: Alcohol can irritate the stomach mucosa, which can lead to inflammation and gastritis. This irritation can cause feelings of nausea and vomiting.
2. Dehydration: Alcohol acts as a diuretic, which means it increases the frequency of urination and can lead to dehydration. Dehydration can cause nausea and vomiting.
3. Acetaldehyde Occurrence: When alcohol is processed, acetaldehyde is produced in the body, which is a toxic substance and can cause nausea.
4. Changes in glucose and electrolytes: Alcohol can cause changes in glucose and electrolyte levels in the body, which can affect the gastrointestinal tract and cause nausea.
5. Vasodilation: Alcohol can temporarilydilate blood vessels, including blood vessels in the brain, which can cause throbbing headaches and nausea.
6. Vascular Spasms: Some people may experience vascular spasms after drinking alcohol, which can cause nausea and vomiting.
7. Intestinal inflammation and irritation: Alcohol can irritate the intestinal mucosa and cause inflammation, which may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
8. Metabolic changes: Alcohol can cause changes in metabolic processes, which can affect stomach and intestinal function.

These are just some of the possible mechanisms that lead to nausea and vomiting after a hangover. It is important to note that the level of toxicity and hangover symptoms can vary from person to person depending on a variety of factors, including the amount and type of alcohol consumed, individual body characteristics, etc. Hangover treatment includes hydration, rest, and taking gentle painkillers if necessary. If symptoms are too severe or persist, it is important to consult a doctor.

Cerucal (metoclopramide)

Cerucal (metoclopramide) is a medicine that is commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting. It may also be used to relieve symptoms of nausea and vomiting that may occur after drinking alcohol or when you have a hangover.

Mechanism of action: Cerucal has its effect on the vomiting center in the brain and increases peristalsis (contractions) of the stomach and intestines. This helps to reduce nausea and prevent or relieve vomiting.

Dosage: The dosage of cerucal may vary depending on age, weight and symptoms. It is usually recommended to take 10 mg (one tablet) of cerucal as needed, but you should always follow the instructions on the package or your doctor's instructions.

Contraindications: Cerucal may have some contraindications and interactions with other medications, so it is important to consult your doctor before starting it. Contraindications may include liver disease, hypersensitivity to the drug, and other conditions.

Side Effects: Some of the possible side effects of cerucal may include drowsiness, headache, fatigue, dry mouth, changes in appetite and rarely movement disorders such as tremors.

Fatigue and weakness

Fatigue and weakness after a hangover can be caused by several factors and have several mechanisms:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol consumption can lead to dehydration because alcohol is a diuretic and increases the frequency of urination. Dehydration can cause fatigue and weakness.
2. Sleep Disorder: Alcohol consumption can disrupt the normal sleep cycle. At the beginning of the night, alcohol can help you fall asleep, but then it affects the quality of your sleep, making it less restorative. This can lead to feeling tired and weak the next morning.
3. Low blood sugar: Alcohol can cause low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia), which can lead to weakness and dizziness.
4. Main hangover symptoms: In addition to fatigue and weakness, hangovers are accompanied by symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting and general malaise, which can also contribute to feelings of weakness.
5. Changes in metabolism: Alcohol affects the body's metabolism, including liver function and metabolism. These changes can affect energy balance and cause weakness.
6. Psychological factors: Hangovers can be accompanied by stress, depression and anxiety, which can also increase feelings of weakness and fatigue.
7. Other factors: Weakness and fatigue may be related to individual body characteristics and the degree of alcohol consumption.

To combat fatigue and weakness after a hangover, it is recommended:

• Drink enough water to replenish lost fluids.
• Rest and sleep the missing hours of sleep.
• Eat balanced and light meals to improve digestion.
• Refrain from drinking alcohol again.
• Take medications to relieve hangover symptoms (if necessary) under a doctor's supervision.

If weakness and fatigue persist or worsen, the cause may be more serious and you should see your doctor for further evaluation and counseling.

Insomnia or restless sleep

Insomnia or restless sleep after drinking alcohol, also known as "hangover insomnia," can have several causes and mechanisms:

1. Effects on the sleep cycle: Alcohol can disrupt the normal sleep cycle. At the beginning of alcohol consumption, it can cause drowsiness, but over time it can lead to disruptions in the rapid eye movement (REM) cycle, which can cause restless sleep and frequent awakenings.
2. Dehydration: Alcohol is a diuretic and helps eliminate fluid from the body through urine. This can lead to dehydration, which can impair sleep quality and cause anxiety.
3. Increased heartbeat: Alcohol can increase your heart rate and cause arrhythmias. This can lead to anxiety and insomnia.
4. Withdrawal syndrome effects: After blood alcohol levels drop, withdrawal syndrome symptoms such as nervousness and restlessness can occur, which can interfere with sleep and cause insomnia.
5. Increased brain activity: Alcohol can affect brain function and stimulate neuronal activity, which can lead to restless sleep and insomnia.
6. Sickness Response Reflex: If you have had a bad hangover, insomnia may be related to the sickness response reflex, which can be accompanied by anxiety and restlessness.

To improve the quality of sleep after drinking alcohol, it is recommended to follow the following guidelines:

1. Increase your water intake: Drink enough water to prevent dehydration.
2. Avoid large doses of alcohol: Moderate alcohol consumption can help prevent severe hangovers and sleep disturbances.
3. Relax before bed: Try relaxation techniques such as meditation, deep breathing or a warm bath before bed.
4. Limit alcohol consumption in the evening: Try to avoid drinking alcohol before bedtime.
5. Seek professional help: If sleep problems after drinking alcohol become systematic, contact a sleep specialist or physician for further advice and guidance.

Changes in appetite

Changes in appetite after a hangover can have several causes and mechanisms:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol consumption can lead to dehydration because alcohol acts as a diuretic, stimulating urination. Dehydration can reduce appetite and cause a dry mouth.
2. Gastrointestinal disorders: Alcohol can irritate the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines, which can lead to gastritis and other gastric disorders. These conditions can cause decreased appetite.
3. Effects of alcohol intoxication: A hangover can be accompanied by various unpleasant symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, weakness, etc. These symptoms may reduce the desire to eat.
4. Changes in metabolism: Alcohol affects the body's metabolism, including the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. This can affect feelings of hunger and satiety.
5. Psychological Factor: After a hangover, some people may feel guilty, ashamed or depressed about their drinking, which can affect their appetite.
6. Specific preferences: Some people may experience changes in their taste preferences after a hangover and prefer certain foods or avoid others.

The mechanisms of changes in appetite after a hangover can be complex and depend on individual factors. In most cases, when the body recovers from a hangover and all symptoms go away, appetite returns to normal. It is important to maintain hydration, eat a balanced diet, and pay attention to your well-being after drinking alcohol in order to regain your appetite and overall health. If changes in appetite persist or cause concern, it is important to consult your doctor.

Gastric disorders

Gastric upset, such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, is common after drinking alcohol and is one of the common symptoms of a hangover. Here are a few causes and mechanisms that can cause symptoms of gastric distress in hangovers:

1. Irritation of the stomach mucosa: Alcohol can irritate the stomach mucosa, which can cause inflammation and discomfort. This irritation can lead to nausea and abdominal pain.
2. Increased secretion of stomach acids: Alcohol can stimulate the stomach to produce more stomach acids. This can increase the acidity of stomach contents and cause nausea and discomfort.
3. Effect on stomach and intestinal motility: Alcohol can slow down the motility of the stomach and intestines, which can lead to food retention in the stomach and intestines. This can cause feelings of fullness and discomfort, and can lead to diarrhea and vomiting.
4. Dehydration: Alcohol is a diuretic and helps eliminate fluid from the body through urine. Dehydration can increase symptoms of stomach upset such as nausea and diarrhea.
5. Effects on neurochemical processes: Alcohol can affect neurochemical processes in the brain, including the vomit reflex system. This can make you more sensitive to nausea and vomiting.
6. Effect on digestion: Alcohol can slow digestion and increase the feeling of unpleasantness after eating.

The following is recommended to reduce the symptoms of stomach upset when hungover:

1. Increase your water intake to prevent dehydration.
2. Avoid drinking alcohol until your body has fully recovered.
3. Try to avoid spicy, fatty or acidic foods that can irritate the stomach.
4. Relax and give your body time to recover. You may need some rest and sleep.
5. If the symptoms of stomach upset become too severe or continue for a long time, it is recommended that you contact your doctor for medical attention.

High pressure

High blood pressure (hypertension) can be one of the symptoms of hangover in some people, and the mechanism of its occurrence is related to several factors:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol consumption can cause dehydration because alcohol acts as a diuretic, promoting fluid loss through the kidneys. Dehydration can lead to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure.
2. Vasoconstriction: Alcohol can also cause vasoconstriction, which increases vascular resistance and pressure in blood vessels. This may be worse in the morning after a night's sleep, when alcohol levels in the body are lowered.
3. Sympathetic Nervous System Activation: Alcohol consumption can activate the sympathetic nervous system, which can lead to increased heart rate and increased blood pressure.
4. Stress and Stress Hormones: Hangovers can be linked to the levels of stress and stress hormones in the body, which can also affect blood pressure.
5. Reduced sleep: After drinking alcohol, sleep may be disturbed or reduced. Lack of sleep can increase blood pressure and worsen hangover symptoms.

It is important to note that not everyone experiences high blood pressure after drinking alcohol, and it may depend on individual physiological characteristics and the amount of alcohol consumed. However, high blood pressure is a serious condition and if you experience this symptom after drinking alcohol, it is important to consult your doctor, especially if you have arterial hypertension or other cardiovascular problems.

How to lower blood pressure with a hangover?

A drop in blood pressure with a hangover can be caused by a variety of factors, and it is generally not recommended to take medication on your own without consulting your doctor, especially if you do not have accurate information about your blood pressure and medical conditions.

However, the following over-the-counter medications may help with some hangover symptoms, such as headache or insomnia:

1. Acetaminophen (paracetamol): This anti-sickness medicine may help with headaches or discomfort due to hangovers. However, you should be careful not to exceed the recommended dose and be aware that acetaminophen can affect the liver.
2. Ibuprofen: Another anti-inflammatory and pain medication that can help with headaches and muscle aches. Again, dosage recommendations should be followed.
3. Electrolyte drinks: Electrolyte drinks, such as sports drinks or oral re-hydration solutions, can help restore electrolyte levels and reduce dizziness and general malaise.

If you have high blood pressure and hangover symptoms, it is important not to take blood pressure medication without consulting your doctor, as uncontrolled blood pressure reduction can be dangerous and cause serious consequences.

The best strategy for managing hangovers and their symptoms is to drink alcohol in moderation or avoid alcohol altogether to avoid future hangovers. If you have frequent problems with alcohol hangovers or high blood pressure after drinking, see your doctor for a more detailed evaluation and recommendations.

Captopril for high blood pressure hangovers

Captopril (Capoten) is a medicine in the class of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) that is commonly used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and other cardiovascular conditions. It helps dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure by improving blood flow and reducing the workload on the heart.

If you have high blood pressure and hangover symptoms, it is important to consider the following:

1. Do not drink additional alcohol: Additional alcohol consumption can increase hangover symptoms and increase blood pressure.
2. Hydration: Drink plenty of water to reduce dehydration and keep your body hydrated.
3. Rest and sleep: Rest and a good night's sleep can help you recover and manage hangover symptoms.
4. Anti-sickness: If you have headache or discomfort due to hangover symptoms and are taking captopril, discuss with your doctor the possibility of using safe anti-sickness medicines such as acetaminophen (paracetamol). Avoid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as they can affect your blood pressure and kidneys.
5. Consult your doctor: If you have high blood pressure and hangover symptoms, it is important to consult your doctor. Your doctor can decide what treatment approach is best for you, including the possibility of adjusting your captopril dose or other medical recommendations.

It is important to remember that captopril and other medications should be taken only with a doctor's prescription and according to his recommendations.

Low blood pressure

Low blood pressure (hypotension) after drinking alcohol during a hangover can be due to several factors:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it promotes frequent urination. This can lead to significant fluid loss and dehydration of the body. Low fluid levels in the body can reduce blood volume and therefore blood pressure.
2. Vasodilation: Alcohol can dilate blood vessels (vasodilation), including arteries. This can increase the volume of blood that the blood has to supply, which can cause a drop in blood pressure.
3. Suppression of the sympathetic nervous system: Alcohol can depress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which can lead to a decrease in heart rate and vascular resistance, which can also contribute to lower blood pressure.
4. Low electrolytes: Loss of electrolytes through the urine due to alcohol consumption can lower total blood volume and sodium levels, which can cause hypotension.
5. Reduced pain perception: A hangover can be accompanied by pain or discomfort, and alcohol can reduce pain perception, which can lead to underestimation of symptoms.
6. Reduced heart activity: Alcohol consumption can slow heart activity and reduce the strength of heart contractions, which can also affect blood pressure.

These factors can act in combination and vary depending on the individual body and the amount of alcohol consumed. Low blood pressure with a hangover can cause symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, nausea and even loss of consciousness. It is important to remember that hypotension is a serious condition, and if you experience it after drinking alcohol, it is important to see a doctor to evaluate your condition and get medical advice.

Sweating

The body's sweating (perspiring function) can increase in a hangover due to several factors:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol acts as a diuretic, which means that it helps increase fluid excretion from the body by increasing urine output. This results in dehydration, and the body begins to sweat profusely to compensate for the fluid loss.
2. Vascular dilation and increased body temperature: A hangover can be accompanied by vascular dilation and changes in body temperature. This can lead to increased sweating as the body's response to temperature changes.
3. AlcoholIngredients: Alcohol itself and its metabolites can cause reactions in the body, including changes in blood flow and temperature regulation, which can also affect sweating.
4. Drink Ingredients: Some ingredients in alcoholic beverages, such as spices, can also help increase sweating.

5. Stress and Ensemble Emotions: A hangover can be accompanied by stress and discomfort, which can also cause sweating as a reaction to the stressful state.

Increased sweating during a hangover can dehydrate the body and worsen some hangover symptoms such as headache, fatigue and thirst. To cope with this, it is important to consume enough water and electrolytes to replenish losses and to rest so that the body can recover from the effects of alcohol.

Edema

Swelling can be observed in some people after alcohol consumption, including hangovers. They can be caused by several factors and the mechanism of development may include the following aspects:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it helps increase urination. This can lead to fluid loss and dehydration of the body. When the body is dehydrated, it can begin to retain fluid, which can cause swelling.
2. Inflammation and vasodilation: Alcohol can cause inflammation and dilation of blood vessels, which can cause fluid to leak into surrounding tissues and cause swelling.
3. Salt intake: In some cases, when drinking alcohol, people may increase their intake of salt and savory foods, which also contributes to fluid retention in the body.
4. Individual differences: Some people may be more prone to swelling due to genetic factors or the presence of medical conditions such as heart failure or kidney problems.
5. Use of alcohol with other substances: Combining alcohol with other substances, such as salts or medications, can increase the risk of swelling.

To reduce the risk of swelling after drinking alcohol or while hungover, the following is recommended:

• Consume alcohol in moderation and keep your fluid intake up.
• Avoid salty and fried foods before or after drinking alcohol.
• Follow a dietary regimen and drink enough water.
• If swelling does not decrease or is accompanied by other symptoms (such as difficulty breathing or chest pain), you should contact your doctor for evaluation and counseling.

If swelling has become systematic or bothersome, it is important to consult a doctor to rule out serious medical problems.

Shaking or trembling

Shaking or shivering can be one of the symptoms of a hangover, and its causes are related to different factors:

1. Dehydration: Alcohol consumption causes diuresis (frequent urination), resulting in loss of fluids and electrolytes. Dehydration can cause shivering because it affects the normal function of the nervous system and muscles.
2. Decreased blood sugar: A hangover can be accompanied by decreased blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia), especially if you have consumed alcohol with a high sugar content, such as liquors or sugary cocktails. Hypoglycemia can cause shivering and weakness.
3. Alcohol Poisoning: If a large amount of alcohol has been consumed, it can lead to alcohol poisoning, which can cause tremors, seizures, and other neurological symptoms.
4. Reduced sleep: Alcohol consumption can interfere with the quality and duration of sleep. Lack of sleep can lead to tremors and nervous tension.
5. Sympathetic Nervous System Activation: Alcohol consumption can cause activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which can lead to increased heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.
6. Central Nervous System Damage: Long-term and excessive alcohol consumption can cause damage to the central nervous system, including shaking and coordination disorders.
7. Stress and Anxiety: A hangover can be accompanied by stress and anxiety, which can also cause tremors.

Hangover shaking is usually temporary and will disappear as the body recovers and normalizes. However, if the shaking becomes severe, prolonged, or accompanied by other serious symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for a more detailed evaluation and medical advice.

Panic attacks

Panic attacks that occur after drinking alcohol or when hungover can have several causes and mechanisms of development:

1. Alcoholic effects on the nervous system: Alcohol has a depressant effect on the central nervous system, which can lead to changes in brain neurochemistry. These changes may contribute to anxiety and panic states.
2. Dehydration: Alcohol consumption causes frequent urination and dehydration of the body. Dehydration can lead to blood sugar levels, low blood pressure and disorientation, which can contribute to panic attacks.
3. Change in state of consciousness: The transition from intoxication to sobriety may be accompanied by a change in state of consciousness, which can cause anxiety and panic reactions.
4. Hypoglycemia: Alcohol consumption can lower blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia), which can cause panic attack-like symptoms such as shivering, sweating, dizziness, and severe anxiety.
5. Possible co-use of other substances: People who use alcohol may also use other substances that can affect their nervous system and cause anxiety reactions.
6. Emotional state: Alcohol use can worsen a person's emotional state, causing depression or increasing anxiety. It can also contribute to the development of panic attacks.

Panic attacks after drinking alcohol can be an unpleasant and frightening experience. It is important to remember that alcohol consumption can exacerbate mental and emotional states, and if you are experiencing panic attacks due to alcohol consumption, it is important to consider reducing or stopping alcohol consumption. If panic attacks become frequent or prolonged, be sure to see a doctor or therapist for professional help and support.

Stages

Typically, hangovers have the following stages:

1. Initial stage (first few hours after waking up):

   • Headache: Can be severe to moderate and is often centered in the frontal part of the head.
   • Nausea and vomiting: May be accompanied by a feeling of discomfort in the stomach.
   • Thirst and dehydration: Alcohol consumption can lead to dehydration, so the body requires plenty of water.
   • Fatigue and sleepiness: Many people feel tired and sleepy.

2. Duration and worsening of symptoms (after a few hours or days):

   • The headache may worsen.
   • Gastric pain or diarrhea may occur due to irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
   • Feelings of powerlessness and irritability.
   • Deterioration of mood and depression.

3. Final recovery (after 24-48 hours or more):

   • Symptoms are gradually improving.
   • The body restores homeostasis (balance) and begins to function normally.

The extent and duration of a hangover depends on many factors, including the amount of alcohol consumed, individual sensitivity to alcohol, hydration levels, and other factors.

Treatment of the hangovers

Hangover treatment usually involves several steps to relieve symptoms and restore the body. Here are the common steps in hangover treatment:

1. Hydration: A hangover is often accompanied by dehydration because alcohol can cause fluid loss. Therefore, the first step is to increase your water intake. Drink plenty of pure water, juices and hydrating drinks to restore fluid levels in the body.
2. Nutrition: Eat light, nutrient-rich foods to help your body recover. Bananas, eggs, chicken broth and vegetables can be helpful foods for hangovers.
3. Pain medications: Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help relieve the headaches and muscle aches that often accompany hangovers. However, do not consume alcohol while taking these medications, as it can harm your liver.
4. Relaxation: Rest and calmness can help your body recover. Try to sleep or rest during the day if possible.
5. Antiemetic medications: If you have severe nausea or vomiting, antiemetic medications may help, but use them with caution and only as recommended by your doctor.
6. Sodium and Potassium: If you have lost a lot of fluids and salts through vomiting or sweating, consuming sports drinks or foods rich in sodium and potassium can help restore electrolyte balance.
7. Thioctic acid preparations: Some people use thioktovic acid (lipoic acid) as an antioxidant to help the body clear acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite of alcohol, more quickly. However, the effectiveness of this method has not been sufficiently proven.
8. Time: Ultimately, hangover treatment takes time. The body recovers from the effects of alcohol consumption on its own. Therefore, it is important to realize that hangover symptoms will improve over time.

If you are experiencing severe or prolonged hangover symptoms, or if you have medical conditions that may affect your condition after drinking alcohol, it is important to consult your doctor for more detailed advice and recommendations.

Effective remedies for hangovers

There are several effective remedies and methods to alleviate hangover symptoms and speed up your body's recovery from alcohol. Here are some of them:

1. Drink water: Hydration is a key factor in hangover recovery. Drink plenty of water to balance the fluid loss caused by alcohol.
2. Electrolytes: Consume sports drinks or solutions with electrolytes to rebalance the salts in your body.
3. Food: Eat a light and nutritious meal. Bananas, eggs, oatmeal and chicken broth can help restore energy and electrolyte levels.
4. Vitamins and minerals: Many people take vitamin complexes, including vitamins B and C, to help the body recover.
5. Sleep: Rest and adequate sleep are important parts of recovery. Try to get a short afternoon nap if you are able.
6. Avoid alcohol: Refrain from drinking alcohol, at least until you have fully recovered.
7. Pain medications: If you have a headache, you can take over-the-counter pain medications such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen. Avoid taking aspirin as it can irritate the stomach.
8. Relaxation: Using relaxation techniques, such as a hot shower or bath, can help relieve tension and pain.
9. Antioxidants: Foods rich in antioxidants can help the body fight free radicals. Include fruits and vegetables in your diet.
10. Sports: Moderate exercise can aid recovery, but avoid intense workouts.
11. Relaxation: Try relaxation techniques such as yoga or meditation to relieve stress and improve your overall well-being.
12. Self-help: Knowing your limits and measure in drinking alcohol is key to preventing hangovers.

Remember, the best way to avoid hangovers is to drink alcohol in moderation or abstain completely. If you have frequent hangover problems, seek advice from a doctor or addiction specialist.

What to drink for a hangover?

If you have a hangover, it is recommended that you consume some drinks and foods that can help you feel better. Here are some of them:

Read also:

• Painkillers for hangovers
• Hangover sedatives
• Hangover juices
• Hangover teas
• What can and cannot be eaten when hungover?

Water

Water is one of the most important and effective drinks for relieving hangover symptoms. Alcohol can cause dehydration in the body, and drinking plenty of water can help replenish lost fluids and improve your condition after a hangover.

Here's how you can use water to relieve hangover symptoms:

1. Drink plenty of water: Drink water throughout the day after drinking alcohol. This will help avoid dehydration and reduce headaches and dry mouth.
2. Cold water: Cold water can be especially refreshing and help relieve thirst.
3. Water with lemon: Adding fresh lemon juice to water can help improve the flavor and restore lost vitamins.
4. ElectrolyteDrinks: If you have sports drinks or electrolyte solutions available, they can help restore the balance of salts and minerals in the body.
5. Regular portions: Divide your water intake into several small portions throughout the day to make it easier for your body to absorb the liquid.
6. Soups and broths: Chicken broth or vegetable soups can help replenish lost electrolytes and minerals.

Remember that water is an important element of hangover recovery, but it is also important to pay attention to other aspects such as eating, resting, and taking medication if necessary.

Mineral waters

Mineral waters, including Essentuki, can be helpful after a hangover due to their composition, which includes minerals and electrolytes. They can help replenish some of the losses and relieve some hangover symptoms. Essentuki, for example, is known for its hydrocarbonate and sulfate content, which can have a positive effect on digestion and relieve symptoms.

To benefit from mineral water after a hangover, follow these guidelines:

1. Choice of mineral water: Choose mineral water of medium mineralization, as highly mineralized waters may cause stomach irritation. Essentuki 17 and Essentuki 4 are considered the most suitable for this purpose.
2. Temperature: Many people prefer to drink mineral water at room temperature, but you can also chill it if you feel more comfortable doing so.
3. Moderation: Do not overdo the amount of mineral water you drink. One or two cups is enough.
4. Inmoderation: Mineral waters can be beneficial, but they should not replace water. Also consume plain drinking water to keep your body hydrated.
5. Listen carefully to your body: If mineral water makes you uncomfortable, stop drinking it and prefer regular water.

Remember that alcohol consumption should be moderate or completely avoided to prevent a hangover. It is also important to rest and pay attention to your general well-being after drinking alcohol.

Electrolytes

After a hangover, it is important to restore the balance of electrolytes in your body, as drinking alcohol can cause dehydration and loss of electrolytes. Restoring electrolytes can help you feel better and recover faster. Here are a few ways you can do this:

1. Drink water: The number one way to restore fluid and electrolyte balance is to drink water. Consume water throughout the day to hydrate your body and eliminate dehydration.
2. Isotonic drinks: These drinks contain electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chlorine that can help restore balance. Popular isotonic drinks include sports drinks such as Gatorade or Powerade. However, avoid drinks that are high in sugar.
3. CoconutWater: Coconut water is rich in potassium and other electrolytes and can be a good way to restore balance.
4. Broths: Broths, such as chicken or beef broth, contain sodium and other electrolytes and can help restore salts in the body.
5. Bananas: Bananas are rich in potassium, which is one of the important electrolytes. Consumption of bananas can help restore potassium levels.
6. Electrolytesupplements: You can find electrolyte supplements in powder or tablets in pharmacies and sports nutrition stores. They are designed to restore electrolytes and can be helpful.
7. Food: Include nutritious foods rich in electrolytes such as nuts, fruits and vegetables in your diet.
8. Avoid alcohol: To prevent additional electrolyte losses, avoid alcohol consumption at least until full recovery.

Rehydron

Rehydrone is an electrolyte drink that contains salts and minerals such as sodium, potassium, and glucose that are essential for restoring the body's electrolyte balance. Taking rehydrone can be helpful after a hangover to relieve symptoms and restore fluid levels. Here's how you can use it:

1. Prepare rehydration: Follow the instructions on the package to prepare rehydration correctly. You will usually need to dilute the rehydration powder in a certain amount of water. It is usually recommended to use 1 sachet of rehydration powder per 200-250 ml of water.
2. Drink rehydrone: Drink prepared rehydrone slowly and gradually throughout the day. This will help restore fluid and electrolyte levels in the body.
3. Follow the instructions: It is important to follow the instructions on the package and not to exceed the recommended dose of Rehydron.

Rehydrone helps restore levels of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes that may be lost through diuresis (frequent urination) when drinking alcohol. It may help relieve hangover symptoms such as headache, nausea, and dehydration.

In addition to drinking rehydrone, it is also important to drink water to avoid dehydration and eat in moderation, preferring light and digestible foods. Avoid additional alcohol consumption and rest to allow the body to recover.

Sugar

Sugar, as a product, can lead to some relief from some hangover symptoms, but this has more to do with individual experience and subjective feelings than with a scientifically proven mechanism of action. Here's how sugar can affect some hangover symptoms:

1. Glucose boost: Sugar (glucose) can increase blood sugar levels, which may help with reducing symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) that can accompany a hangover.
2. Energy Boost: Sugar can provide the body with energy and help manage feelings of weakness and fatigue after alcohol consumption.
3. Psychological effects: Consuming sweets can induce feelings of pleasure and comfort, which may relieve some of the discomfort associated with hangovers.

Dosage: The dosage of sugar varies and depends on individual preferences. A person can consume sugar in the form of sweet drinks, candies, fruits, etc. It is important not to over consume sugar as it can cause other health problems.

Contraindications and side effects: Sugar consumed in reasonable amounts usually has no serious contraindications or side effects for most people. However, excessive sugar consumption can contribute to weight gain, tooth decay, and other health problems.

It is also important to remember that sugar is not a panacea for hangovers. The best way to deal with a hangover is to drink in moderation or abstain from alcohol, and to follow sound self-care after drinking, including drinking plenty of water, resting, and eating nutritious food.

Asparkam

"Asparkam" (potassium and magnesium asparaginate) is not usually used to treat hangover headaches, and its mechanism of action is not aimed at alleviating hangover symptoms. The drug is intended to compensate for potassium and magnesium deficiencies in the body and is used as prescribed by a doctor to treat other conditions. Here is more information about Asparkam:

Mechanism of action: "Asparkam" contains potassium and magnesium in the form of asparaginate. Potassium and magnesium are trace elements necessary for the normal functioning of the body. Potassium is involved in the regulation of heart rhythm and muscle function, including the muscles of the heart. Magnesium is also important for muscle and nervous system function and for maintaining normal heart rhythm.

Dosage: The dosage of "Asparkam" depends on the clinical situation, patient's condition and doctor's prescription. The drug is usually prescribed by a doctor to treat conditions associated with potassium and magnesium deficiency in the body.

Contraindications:

Contraindications to the use of Asparkam may include:

• Individual intolerance to the components of the drug.
• Severe renal failure.
• Hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood).
• Hypermagnesemia (high levels of magnesium in the blood).

Side effects:

Asparkam side effects may include:

• Dyspeptic disorders (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
• Hyperkalemia or hypermagnesemia if the dosage is exceeded.

Zorex

"Zorex" is a combination drug that contains calcium pantothenate and unitiol (or cysteamine). This medication is sometimes used to treat and prevent hangover symptoms. Here are the components of Zorex that may have an effect on hangovers:

1. Calcium pantothenate: Calcium pantothenate is a form of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid). This vitamin plays an important role in metabolism and can help the body recover from alcohol consumption. It is also involved in the synthesis of some important molecules such as acetylcholine, which affects the function of the nervous system.
2. Unithiol (cysteamine): Unithiol is an amino acid that may help restore levels of glutathione, an antioxidant that is involved in processing alcohol in the body. Increased glutathione levels may help in the faster and more efficient removal of toxins associated with alcohol metabolism.

Dosage, contraindications and side effects: The dosage of "Zorex" may vary depending on the manufacturer and your doctor's recommendations. The drug is usually taken orally, diluted with water. Contraindications and side effects may be minimal, but it is important to consider individual differences and potential reactions to the components of the drug. As with any medication, you should consult your doctor before using it to make sure it is safe and appropriate for you.

It is also important to remember that Zorex or any other drug is not a substitute for moderate alcohol consumption or an important hangover prevention tool. The best way to deal with a hangover is to drink alcohol in moderation or abstain from alcohol, and to follow sound self-care after drinking, including drinking plenty of water, resting, and eating nutritious food.

Alcoseltzer

"Alcoseltzer" is the commercial name for some combination medications designed to relieve hangover symptoms. These preparations may contain various active ingredients such as acetaminophen (paracetamol), aspirin, caffeine and other substances. The mechanism of action, dosage, contraindications and side effects may vary depending on the specific composition of the drug "Alcoseltzer", as many different products may have this name.

Usually, medications designed to relieve hangover symptoms contain the following ingredients and actions:

1. Acetaminophen (paracetamol): May help relieve the headache and fever that can accompany a hangover.
2. Aspirin: It has anti-inflammatory properties and can also help in relieving pain and headaches.
3. Caffeine: Acts as a stimulant and can help you stay awake.
4. Other additives: "Alcoseltzer" may include vitamins, minerals and other components that contribute to the recovery of the body after alcohol consumption.

Dosage and recommendations for use may be indicated on the package of a particular drug "Alcoseltzer". Contraindications and side effects may also vary depending on the composition and dosage. It is important to strictly follow the manufacturer's instructions and do not exceed the recommended dosage to avoid possible negative consequences.

Dalimag

"Dalimag" is a drug that, judging by its composition, can be advertised as a hangover remedy. However, it should be noted that the efficacy and safety of such hangover remedies may be questionable, and they may not have a scientifically proven mechanism of action.

Dalimag formulation includes several components such as glycine, potassium chloride, succinic acid, milk thistle fruit extract, medicinal ginger rhizome extract, coconut oil, and ginkgo biloba leaf extract. Let's take a look at some of these ingredients and their possible effects:

1. Glycine: Glycine is an amino acid that may help improve nervous system function and promote relaxation.
2. Amber Acid: Amber acid has antioxidant properties and may help protect cells from damage.
3. Medicinal ginger rhizome extract: Ginger may have antiemetic and anti-inflammatory effects, which may be helpful for some hangover symptoms.
4. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract: Ginkgo biloba may improve blood circulation and have some neuroprotective properties.

Dosage, contraindications and side effects of "Dalimag" may vary depending on the specific drug and manufacturer's recommendations. Before using "Dalimag" or similar drugs, it is recommended to consult a doctor to learn about the recommendations for use and possible risks.

Stop the hangover

"Stop Hangover" is the commercial name of a preparation that is offered as a hangover cure. The composition of this preparation includes various components such as glucose, citric acid, anhydrous sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, succinic acid, taurine, ascorbic acid, amino acids (L-lysine, L-cysteine, L-arginine), inositol, B vitamins (B2, B3, B5, B6, B12) and possibly other components.

The mechanism of action of "Stop Hangover" for hangover is supposed to be due to the combination of components:

1. Hydration: Glucose and carbonic anhydrous sodium can help restore fluid and electrolyte levels in the body, which is important in hangovers due to dehydration.
2. Antioxidant Action: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and succinic acid are antioxidants and may help fight free radicals and oxidative stress that can occur after alcohol consumption.
3. Amino Acids: L-cysteine, L-arginine and L-lysine are amino acids that may play a role in the body's metabolic and recovery processes after alcohol consumption.

Dosage, contraindications and side effects of "Stop Hangover" may vary depending on the specific drug and manufacturer's recommendations. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and not to exceed the recommended dosage to avoid possible negative consequences.

Before using Stop Hangover or similar products, it is recommended that you consult your doctor or pharmacist to make sure they are safe and appropriate for you, especially if you have any chronic conditions or medications you are taking.

Mexidol

Mexidol is a drug containing ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate that is sometimes used to relieve hangover symptoms. Its mechanism of action, dosage, contraindications and side effects may vary by country and region, so it is important to follow the instructions on the package or get advice from a doctor or pharmacist before use. Here is some general information:

Mechanism of Effect:

• Mexidol is supposed to have antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. It may help protect nerve cells from free radicals and have a positive effect on brain function.
• This drug may also have antioxidant effects and help the body recover from alcohol consumption.

Dosage:

• The dosage of mexidol may vary depending on the drug and your doctor's recommendations.
• It is generally recommended that one or more tablets (125 mg each) be taken at the same time as or after alcohol ingestion and repeated throughout the day if necessary.

Contraindications:

• Contraindications for mexidol can also vary and should be checked on the package or with your doctor. However, it is usually not recommended for use with a known allergy to the drug or its components.

Side effects:

• Side effects of mexidol may include stomach upset, headache, allergic reactions, and other symptoms.
• Side effects are usually rare and easily tolerated, but in some cases they can be more serious.

It is important to note that using any medication after drinking alcohol can be dangerous and should be coordinated with a doctor. Mexidol or any other drug is not a panacea for hangovers, and the best way to avoid hangovers is to drink alcohol in moderation and responsibly. If you have concerns or medical conditions that may interact with Mexidol, consult your doctor before using it.

Furosemide

Furosemide is a diuretic that is commonly used to increase the excretion of salts and water from the body. Its use after a hangover is not standard practice and, as with other medications, care should be taken when using it.

The mechanism of action of furosemide for hangovers is not directly related to the treatment of hangover symptoms. It acts as a diuretic by increasing the excretion of sodium, potassium and water through the kidneys. This can lead to a reduction in swelling and a decrease in circulating blood volume, which can have an effect on the body's hydration. However, this approach may have certain risks and side effects.

The dosage of furosemide may depend on the individual characteristics of the patient and the doctor's prescription, if its use is considered necessary. Self-medication with furosemide without consultation with a medical specialist is not recommended.

Contraindications to the use of furosemide may include the following:

• Hypersensitivity to furosemide or other components of the drug.
• Periods of exacerbation of kidney, liver or heart disease.
• Electrolyte disorders, such as hypokalemia (decreased potassium levels in the blood).
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding.
• Gout (arthritis caused by a disorder of uric acid metabolism).

Side effects of furosemide may include:

• Dehydration (fluid loss).
• Decreased levels of potassium, sodium, and other electrolytes in the blood.
• Increased uric acid levels (risk of gout).
• Dizziness, headache and weakness.
• Increased heart rate.
• Stomach upset, nausea and vomiting.
• Allergic Reactions.

It is important to note that the use of furosemide after drinking alcohol is not recommended without medical advice, as it can aggravate the condition and lead to dangerous changes in the body's electrolyte balance. If you have any doubts or concerns after drinking alcohol, it is advisable to consult a doctor for expert help and advice on managing hangover symptoms.

Limontar

The drug "Limontar" contains citric acid and succinic acid and is often used to treat and prevent hangover symptoms. Here are the possible mechanisms of action of its components:

1. Citric Acid: Citric acid is an organic acid that can help increase the pH level in the stomach. This can help produce and excrete acetic aldehyde, one of the toxic metabolites of alcohol, more quickly, which can reduce hangover symptoms.
2. Amber Acid (succinate): Amber acid is a metabolic product that is involved in metabolism and may help increase the formation of acetylcholine, which affects nervous system function. It can help relieve symptoms of the jitters and jitteriness that sometimes accompany hangovers.

Dosage, contraindications and side effects: The dosage of "Limontar" may vary depending on the recommendations of your doctor and instructions on the package. The drug is usually diluted with water and taken orally. Contraindications and side effects may be minimal, but it is important to consider individual differences and potential reactions to the components of the drug. As with any medication, you should consult your doctor before using it to make sure it is safe and appropriate for you.

It is also important to remember that Limontar or any other drug is not a substitute for moderate alcohol consumption or an important hangover prevention tool. The best way to deal with a hangover is to drink alcohol in moderation or abstain from it, and to follow good self-care after drinking alcohol, including drinking plenty of water, resting, and eating nutritious food.

Citric acid

Citric acid is not a standard hangover cure, nor does it have a direct mechanism of action on hangover symptoms. Although citric acid is commonly used in the food industry as a preservative and acidity in food products, it is not a medication designed specifically to relieve hangover symptoms.

Hangover treatment usually involves dealing with specific symptoms such as headache, nausea, dehydration and stomach discomfort. This is done using various medications and methods such as analgesics, antiemetics, rehabilitative medications to restore hydration, and food and drinks that help replenish nutrients.

Before using any drug or supplement to treat a hangover, it is important to consider possible contraindications and side effects. If you have any doubts about the use of citric acid or any other remedy, it is advisable to consult your doctor or pharmacist.

Folic acid (vitamin B9)

Folic acid (vitamin B9) is not a specific hangover cure, but its use can have some positive effects on the body when hungover. It plays a role in the metabolism of alcohol and could boost the body's overall health during this period. However, it is not a cure and other measures may also be required to alleviate hangover symptoms.

Mechanism of action of folic acid in hangover:

1. Alcohol impairs the absorption of folic acid in the body.
2. Folic acid is involved in cell formation and repair processes, which can help repair damaged tissues.
3. Folic acid can improve liver function, which suffers from the effects of alcohol.

The dosage of folic acid for hangovers is usually around 400-800 micrograms per day. However, it is important to consult your doctor before starting any vitamins or supplements, including folic acid.

Contraindications and side effects may occur with excessive use of folic acid or in people with individual intolerances. This may include allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disorders, and other symptoms.

Folic acid, while it can help a little with hangovers, is not a panacea, and the best way to prevent hangovers is still to drink alcohol in moderation and take precautions.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an important mineral that plays a role in many biological processes in the body, and it can be useful in the context of hangovers. Here is information on the mechanism of action, dosage, contraindications and side effects of magnesium after a hangover:

Mechanism of Effect:

• Magnesium can have a relaxing effect on blood vessels and muscles. This can be helpful in hangovers, as alcohol can cause vasodilation and spasms, which can worsen headaches.
• Magnesium is also involved in the formation of neurotransmitters that can affect mood and sense of well-being.

Magnesium dosage after a hangover:

• Magnesium dosage may vary depending on the product and form of magnesium (e.g., magnesium supplements or preparations).
• It is generally recommended for adults to take 200 to 400 mg of magnesium per day after a hangover. The dosage can be divided into several doses.
• It is important to follow the recommendations on the product packaging or your doctor's advice.

Magnesium contraindications:

• Allergy to magnesium or other components of the drug.
• Renal failure.
• Myasthenia gravis (muscle disease).
• Uncontrolled diabetic neuropathy.

Magnesium side effects:

• Magnesium is usually well tolerated at the correct dosage, but excessive amounts can cause diarrhea and stomachaches.
• In rare cases, allergic reactions may occur.

Before using Magnesium After Hangover or any other magnesium product, it is recommended that you consult your doctor to make sure it is safe for you. Do not exceed the recommended doses, and if you experience any unusual symptoms or side effects, stop taking it and consult your doctor.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, can be used after a hangover, but its mechanism of action is related to general support for the body's recovery process and is not directly related to treating hangover symptoms such as headaches. Here is some information about vitamin C:

Mechanism of Action: Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps protect body cells from free radical damage, including that which can occur with alcohol consumption. It is also involved in many physiological processes such as collagen synthesis (an important component of skin and connective tissues), iron absorption from food, and immune system maintenance.

Dosage: Vitamin C dosage may vary depending on the body's needs and individual factors. It is generally recommended to consume no more than 2,000 mg of vitamin C per day for adults to avoid side effects such as stomach upset. However, the specific dosage can be clarified with your doctor.

Contraindications: Vitamin C is generally considered safe with proper dosage, but there are some contraindications:

• Individual intolerance or allergy to vitamin C.
• Certain medical conditions such as hemochromatosis (an iron metabolism disorder).
• Kidney failure (in some cases).
• Iron levels in the body: vitamin C can increase iron absorption, so it should be taken cautiously in case of elevated iron levels.

Side Effects: Vitamin C is usually well tolerated, but in high doses may cause the following side effects:

• Gastric disorders, including diarrhea and nausea.
• Elevated iron levels in the body with prolonged high-dose use.

It is important to remember that vitamin C can help restore the body's overall health after a hangover and support the immune system, but it is not a panacea for hangover symptoms such as headaches. Other methods and medications are often used to relieve these symptoms. If you have serious hangover symptoms, it is better to consult your doctor for more appropriate help.

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, can be used to relieve some hangover symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. However, its effectiveness in this case may be limited. Here's how it can work and what dosages, contraindications and side effects may be associated with its use:

Mechanism of Effect:

• Anti-emetic effects: Vitamin B6 may have some anti-emetic (antiemetic) effects, which may help reduce the nausea and vomiting that can accompany hangovers. It affects neurotransmitters in the brain that are involved in regulating gag reflexes.

Dosage:

• The dosage of vitamin B6 can vary, but taking 25-50 mg of vitamin B6 several times a day is usually recommended to relieve hangover symptoms. However, you should be careful not to exceed the recommended dosage, as too much vitamin B6 can cause unwanted side effects.

Contraindications:

• Vitamin B6 is generally considered safe when used properly and has no serious contraindications. However, some people may have allergic reactions to vitamin B6. It is also worth avoiding exceeding the recommended dosage.

Side effects:

• Side effects from vitamin B6 are usually rare when taken in normal doses. However, when taken in large amounts, it can cause unwanted effects such as stomach upset, abdominal pain, drowsiness, tingling, and even neuropathy (nerve damage). It is therefore important to stick to the recommended dosage.

If you are experiencing severe hangover symptoms, including vomiting and nausea, and you are considering taking vitamin B6, it is recommended that you consult your doctor before starting treatment. Your doctor will be able to provide better advice on dosage and safety.

Lipoic acid

Lipoic acid, or thioctic acid, is sometimes used as a hangover cure and antioxidant. Its mechanism of action for hangovers is related to its ability to help the body degrade and remove acetaldehyde, which is a toxic metabolite of ethyl alcohol (alcohol). Here's how you can use lipoic acid for hangovers:

1. Dosage: The recommended dosage of lipoic acid for hangovers is usually around 300-600 mg. You can take it as a supplement, but no more than one dose per day.
2. Mechanism of Action: Lipoic acid promotes the formation of glutathione, which helps to degrade acetaldehyde and other toxins formed during the metabolism of alcohol. This can speed up the process of cleansing the body of harmful substances.
3. Contraindications: Lipoic acid is generally considered safe, but some people may be sensitive to it and experience side effects. Contraindications may include an allergic reaction to the drug, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. You should also be careful when taking lipoic acid in high doses as it can cause side effects such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
4. Side effects: Lipoic acid is usually well tolerated in small doses, but when taken in large amounts it can cause side effects such as abdominal pain, dizziness, allergic reactions and diarrhea. Therefore, it is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult your doctor before taking it.

It is important to remember that the best way to prevent hangovers is to drink alcohol in moderation and to take care of yourself while drinking. Lipoic acid can help alleviate hangover symptoms a bit, but it is not a panacea and is not a substitute for a healthy lifestyle.

Amber acid for hangovers

Amberic acid (or succinate) is an organic compound that is synthesized in the body during metabolism. In some cases, it is used as a dietary supplement or drug. However, there is insufficient clinical evidence to support the efficacy of succinic acid in the treatment of hangovers.

Mechanism of action in hangovers: There is no conclusive evidence as to how succinic acid may affect the processes associated with hangovers. Many hangover symptoms, such as headache and nausea, are related to alcohol metabolism and its effects on the body. Amber acid may not have specific properties that can alleviate or prevent these symptoms.

Dosage: The dosage of succinic acid, when used as a dietary supplement or medicine, may vary depending on the specific product. For dietary supplements, the recommendations on the package are usually followed. If you intend to use succinic acid in any form to treat a hangover, it is important to follow the instructions on the package or consult your doctor.

Contraindications and side effects: Since succinic acid may be available in various forms and preparations, contraindications and side effects may vary. It is important to carefully review information about a particular drug and consult with your doctor to avoid adverse reactions or interactions with other medications.

Note that proven methods such as hydration, nutrition, rest, and, if necessary, pain medications are generally recommended to treat hangovers, which can help manage symptoms.

Acetylcysteine

Acetylcysteine (N-acetylcysteine or NAC) is often used as a treatment for paracetamol overdose and as a mucolytic for various respiratory conditions. Recently, acetylcysteine has also been investigated as a potential hangover symptom reliever. Here's how it may affect the body, along with information on dosage, contraindications, and side effects:

Mechanism of Effect:

• Acetylcysteine is a precursor to glutathione, an important antioxidant that may help protect the body's cells from free radical damage.
• It can also help loosen phlegm and mucus in the airways, which can be helpful for coughing and stuffiness after drinking alcohol.

Dosage:

• The dosage of acetylcysteine may vary depending on the specific drug and the purpose of use.
• If you decide to use acetylcysteine after a hangover, you should strictly follow the instructions on the package or get recommendations from your doctor.
• It is usually recommended to take 600-1200 mg of acetylcysteine to relieve hangover symptoms.

Contraindications:

• Acetylcysteine can cause allergic reactions in some people, so it should not be used if you have a known allergy to this drug.
• It is also not recommended to use acetylcysteine for self-medication without consulting your doctor, especially if you have any medical problems or are taking other medications.

Side effects:

• Side effects of acetylcysteine may include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea. These symptoms are usually easily tolerated and temporary.
• Rare but serious side effects can include allergic reactions including rash, itching, swelling of the throat, and even anaphylactic shock.

It is important to note that the effectiveness of acetylcysteine in relieving hangover symptoms is still subject to research, and the results of studies are conflicting. Before using acetylcysteine or any other medication after a hangover, it is recommended that you consult with your doctor to discuss your situation and get recommendations regarding safety and dosage.

Fosfalugel

"Fosfalugel" is a medication that is often used to relieve symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders such as heartburn, bloating, and stomach discomfort. It contains antacids such as aluminum and magnesium hydrogen carbonate, which act as alkaline substances and can neutralize excess stomach acid.

In the context of hangovers, "Fosfalugel" can be used to relieve some of the symptoms, such as heartburn or burning in the stomach, that sometimes accompany hangovers. Its mechanism of action in hangovers is related to the neutralization of acid in the stomach, which can reduce irritation of the mucous membrane and alleviate discomfort.

The dosage of "Fosfalyugel", contraindications and side effects may depend on the specific drug and manufacturer's recommendations. Usually "Fosfalyugel" is taken in accordance with the instructions on the package or with the advice of a doctor.

Alcodetox

"Alcodetox" is a drug that contains vitamin C, succinic acid, willow bark extract and calcium pantothenate. This drug is claimed by some manufacturers as a hangover remedy, but it should be noted that its effectiveness and safety may be questionable and depend on the individual characteristics of the patient. Before using "Alcodetox" or similar remedies, it is recommended to consult a doctor to learn about recommendations, dosage and possible side effects.

The mechanism of the effect of "Alcodetox" and similar remedies on hangovers may be related to their components:

1. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): Vitamin C has antioxidant properties and may help mitigate the negative effects of oxidation that can occur after drinking alcohol.
2. Amber Acid: Amber acid also has antioxidant properties and may help protect cells from damage.
3. Willow Bark Extract: Willow bark extract may have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties that may help relieve some hangover symptoms.
4. Calcium pantothenate (provitamin B5): Calcium pantothenate is a form of vitamin B5 and may help support a healthy nervous system.

Dosage, contraindications and side effects of "Alcodetox" may vary depending on the manufacturer and regional recommendations. Before you start using this drug, it is important to carefully study the instructions on the package and consult a doctor to make sure that it is safe and suitable for you.

Bathhouse

Bathing after a hangover can have both positive and negative effects on the body, and the effect will depend on the specific circumstances and the state of health of the person. Here's how bathing with a hangover works, as well as contraindications:

Mechanism of Effect:

1. Relaxation: Visiting a bathhouse can help relax muscles and reduce tension, which has a positive effect on your overall health.
2. Sweating: The increased temperature in the sauna promotes sweating through the skin. This can help the body get rid of some toxins, including alcohol, through sweat.
3. Improved circulation: In a bath, blood vessels dilate, which can improve circulation and reduce headaches and dizziness.

Contraindications:

1. Heart problems: Bathing can increase the strain on the heart and blood pressure, so people with heart disease or hypertension should be cautious and consult a doctor.
2. Hypertension: High blood pressure can be aggravated by the increased temperature in the bathhouse.
3. Pregnancy: Pre gnant women are not recommended to visit a bathhouse, especially in the first trimester.
4. Acuteor chronic illnesses: People with acute or chronic illnesses that may be aggravated by heat should also refrain from going to the bathhouse.

Hot bath

A hot bath can help with hangovers, although its mechanism of action has more to do with a general feeling of relaxation and comfort than a medical treatment. Here's how a hot bath can affect your body when you're hungover:

1. Muscle relaxation: Hot water can help relax tense and tired muscles, which can be helpful if you are feeling stiff and sore after drinking alcohol for a long time.
2. Improve blood circulation: Hot water can help dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow, which can help reduce headaches and decrease overall malaise.
3. Relaxation and Stress Relief: A hot bath can help you relax and de-stress, which can be especially helpful if you're feeling anxious and stressed.

Contraindications to hot baths for hangovers include:

• Heart problems: If you have heart problems or are taking medicines that affect your heart rhythm, a hot bath can be dangerous. Hot water can increase the strain on your heart.
• High blood pressure: Hot water can cause high blood pressure. If you have hypertension or high blood pressure, you should avoid bathing too hot.
• Skin Problems: If you have open wounds, burns or irritations on your skin, a hot bath can aggravate your skin and cause additional discomfort.
• Dehydration: A hot bath can increase dehydration as it can cause sweating. After the bath, it is important to drink enough water to replenish lost fluid.

Sports activities

Physical activity and sports after a hangover can have both positive and negative effects, depending on your condition and level of intoxication. Here is some information about the effects of sports after a hangover and contraindications:

Mechanism of Effect: Physical activity after a hangover can help you recover and feel better for several reasons:

1. Improved circulation: Physical activity helps increase blood flow and tissue oxygenation, which can help you feel more alert.
2. Sweat secretion: Exercise promotes active sweat production, which can help you get rid of toxins and alcohol through your skin.
3. Endorphin production: Moderate physical activity promotes the production of endorphins, natural analgesics and mood-boosters, which can help you feel better.

Contraindications:

Despite the potential benefits of physical activity after a hangover, there are a few contraindications and restrictions to be aware of:

1. Serious Poisoning: If your hangover condition is too serious and you are experiencing severe dizziness, nausea, vomiting or other severe symptoms, physical activity can make the situation worse.
2. Dehydration: A hangover can causedehydration, and intense exercise can exacerbate this condition. It is important to drink enough water before and during physical activity.
3. Increased exertion: Unless you are an experienced athlete and are used to intense workouts, you should not start an intense workout right after a hangover. It can be too taxing on your body.
4. Continued alcohol consumption: Physical activity after alcohol consumption can lead to additional dehydration and worsening of the condition. Therefore, it is important to avoid drinking alcohol during or after exercise.

It's important to remember that everyone is different, and how you feel after a hangover and physical activity can greatly depend on your condition and fitness.

Prevention

Hangover prevention involves a number of methods and steps that help reduce the likelihood of hangovers or make them less intense. Here are some hangover prevention tips and steps:

1. Moderate alcohol consumption:

   • Know your limits and consume alcohol in moderation.
   • Watch the amount of alcohol you consume and do not drink large quantities.

2. Eating before drinking alcohol:

   • Eat a normal meal before drinking alcohol. Food in the stomach can slow the absorption of alcohol and reduce its effects on the body.

3. Hydration:

   • Drink water throughout the evening, especially in between drinking alcohol. This will help prevent dehydration.

4. Electrolytes:

   • Consume electrolyte drinks such as sports drinks or oral re-hydration solutions to restore electrolyte levels in the body.

5. Breaks between drinks:

   • Take breaks between alcoholic drinks to give your body time to process the alcohol.

6. Do not mix different types of alcohol:

   • Avoid mixing different types of alcohol (e.g., vodka, wine, beer) during the same evening.

7. Avoid tobacco and drugs:

   • The use of tobacco and drugs in combination with alcohol can increase its negative effects.

8. Self-care:

   • Get enough sleep before and after drinking alcohol. Lack of sleep can make hangover symptoms worse.

9. A plan for hangovers:

   • If you know you are going to drink alcohol, prepare ahead of time. Know how to get home or to a place to sleep safely, and have hangover remedies on hand if they work for you.

10. Vitamins and minerals:

    • Vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin B-complex and magnesium, can help support the body while drinking alcohol.

11. Responsibilities:

    • It is important to remember that responsible drinking and respecting your own health are important factors in hangover prevention.

These methods and steps can help reduce the risk of hangovers and their symptoms. However, everyone reacts differently to alcohol and it is not always possible to prevent hangovers completely. It is important to be able to drink alcohol in moderation and responsibly and to listen to your body.