Glyugitsir

Glugitsir is a combination drug containing two active ingredients: dextrose and sodium citrate.

1. Dextrose is a form of glucose, the main source of energy for the body's cells. Dextrose is used to quickly increase blood glucose levels and compensate for energy loss in cases of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) or during exercise.
2. Sodium citrate is a salt of citrate acid, which has alkaline properties. It is used as an alkaline supplement to increase urine alkalinity and prevent the formation of kidney stones. Sodium citrate can also be used to correct the acid-base balance in cases of metabolic acidosis.

Glugitsir is usually used in medical settings as an intravenous solution or as tablets for oral administration. It can be used in a variety of situations, such as treating hypoglycemia, restoring electrolyte balance, and during exercise or to prevent the formation of kidney stones.

Indications Glyugitsira

1. Hypoglycemia: Used to quickly increase blood glucose levels during hypoglycemia (low glucose levels), especially in patients with diabetes or during intense physical activity.
2. Correction of electrolyte balance: Sodium citrate contained in the drug can be used to correct electrolyte balance and increase urine alkalinity.
3. Prevent kidney stones: Sodium citrate may help prevent kidney stones by regulating urine pH and reducing the chance of crystal formation.
4. Treatment of metabolic acidosis: Sodium citrate can be used to correct metabolic acidosis, especially in patients with impaired renal function or other metabolic disorders.
5. Increasing energy: Dextrose can be used to increase energy in patients who are exhausted or during prolonged exercise.

Release form

Glugitsir comes in the form of a hemopreservative solution, which is used to maintain the stability of blood or its components, such as red blood cells or plasma.

Pharmacodynamics

1. Dextrose:

   • Dextrose, or glucose, is a simple sugar, the main source of energy for the body.
   • When dextrose enters the body, it is quickly absorbed and enters the bloodstream. This increases blood glucose levels (glycemia), which stimulates the pancreas to release insulin.
   • Dextrose can be used by cells to synthesize energy through the process of glycolysis.

2. Sodium citrate:

   • Sodium citrate is a salt of citrate acid.
   • It can be used to regulate the acid-base balance in the body. For example, it may help neutralize excess stomach acid, which may be helpful for excess acidity or reactive distress syndrome.
   • Sodium citrate can also increase blood alkalinity, which may be useful in treating some forms of metabolic acidosis.

3. Combined effect:

   • The combination of dextrose and sodium citrate in Glugitsir can help normalize blood glucose levels and regulate acid-base balance.
   • This medication can be used for a variety of medical conditions that require maintaining optimal glucose levels and acid-base balance in the body.

Pharmacokinetics

1. Dextrose:

   • Absorption: Dextrose is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream after oral administration.
   • Metabolism: Dextrose is a simple sugar and the main source of energy for cells. It is metabolized in tissues through the processes of glycolysis and oxidation.
   • Excretion: Residues of dextrose that are not used in metabolic processes are usually excreted through the kidneys in the form of urea or uric acid.

2. Sodium citrate:

   • Absorption: Sodium citrate can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, although absorption may be less efficient than dextrose.
   • Metabolism: Sodium citrate is usually broken down in the body into citrate ions, which can participate in various metabolic processes.
   • Excretion: Sodium citrate is excreted from the body through the kidneys in the form of urine.
3. Peak concentration and duration of action: Since glucose is a rapid source of energy, its peak concentration in the blood is usually reached within a short time after ingestion. Sodium citrate may have a slower absorption rate and therefore may have a slower effect.

Dosing and administration

1. Method of application:

   • Before use, solvents dilute Glugitsir powder according to the instructions on the package or as recommended by a physician.
   • Usually the resulting solution is used for intranasal administration.
   • For intranasal use, the solution can be administered using special nasal applicators or droppers.

2. Dosage:

   • The dosage of Glugitsir may vary depending on the patient's age, the severity of symptoms and the doctor's recommendations.
   • Usually for adults and children, it is recommended to administer 1-2 drops of the solution intranasally into each nostril, depending on the need and response to treatment.
   • The frequency of use may also vary depending on your doctor's recommendations and the severity of your symptoms.

Use Glyugitsira during pregnancy

The use of Glugitsir (dextrose, sodium citrate) during pregnancy in a clinical setting is associated with a risk of citrate toxicity, although serious consequences are rare and are usually associated with technical errors in dosing. Glugitsir is used to stabilize blood in extracorporeal procedures, and based on research, its use can be considered relatively safe if the correct dosage is followed and the patient is monitored. There were no significant changes in blood coagulation or other basic health parameters of patients, including pregnant women, when using this method (Egorov et al., 1991).

If it is necessary to use Glugitsir during pregnancy, it is important to carefully monitor the patient's condition and adjust the dosage according to clinical indications to minimize risks. You should always consult with your doctor to evaluate all possible risks and benefits of such treatment.

Contraindications

1. Hypersensitivity: People with known hypersensitivity to dextrose, sodium citrate or any of the ingredients of the drug should not use Glugitsir.
2. Hyperglycemia: The use of Glugitsir may be contraindicated in patients with hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) as it contains dextrose, which may increase blood glucose levels.
3. Hypernatremia: Patients with hypernatremia (high levels of sodium in the blood) should avoid the use of Glugitsir due to the sodium citrate content.
4. Heart failure: In patients with severe heart failure, the use of Glugicir may be contraindicated due to the possible risk of worsening the condition.
5. Liver Impairment: Patients with severe hepatic impairment should use Glugicir with caution and under medical supervision, as changes in drug metabolism may require dosage adjustment.
6. Renal failure: In the presence of severe renal impairment, dosage adjustment of Glugitsir or its discontinuation under medical supervision may be required.
7. Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Data on the safety of Glugitsir during pregnancy and breastfeeding are limited, so its use during this period should only be done on the advice of a physician.
8. Children: The effectiveness and safety of Glugitsir in children may not have been sufficiently studied, so its use in children may require consultation with a doctor.

Side effects Glyugitsira

1. Hyperglycemia: Excessive consumption of dextrose can lead to elevated blood glucose levels, especially in patients with diabetes.
2. Hypernatremia: Elevated levels of sodium citrate can lead to fluid and electrolyte imbalances and cause hypernatremia (increased sodium levels in the blood).
3. Metabolic alkalosis: Excessive intake of sodium citrate can cause metabolic alkalosis (increased blood pH), which can lead to various symptoms such as dizziness, drowsiness, muscle cramps and abnormal heart rhythms.
4. Gastrointestinal Disorders: Digestive disturbances, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain, may occur.
5. Hyperkalemia: Some patients may develop hyperkalemia (increased levels of potassium in the blood) as a result of the use of sodium citrate.
6. Allergic reactions: Rarely, allergic reactions to the components of the drug may occur, manifested in the form of skin rash, itching, swelling or hives.
7. Hypertension: Blood pressure may increase with dextrose consumption.
8. Changes in urine pH: Sodium citrate can change the pH of urine, which may affect the composition of urinary stones and the risk of stone formation.

Overdose

1. Hyperglycemia: Excessive consumption of dextrose can lead to elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). This can cause symptoms such as polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (frequent urination), fatigue and drowsiness.
2. Hypernatremia: Excessive intake of sodium citrate can cause high levels of sodium in the blood (hypernatremia), which can lead to a variety of symptoms, including headache, drowsiness, muscle cramps, vomiting and seizures.
3. Acid-base imbalance: Because sodium citrate affects acid-base balance, excess consumption can cause various disorders, including alkaline deficiency and metabolic alkalosis.
4. Digestive disorders: Excessive consumption can lead to various digestive disorders such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
5. Other possible complications: Depending on the individual characteristics of the body and the amount of the drug used, other complications may occur, such as hypertension, the threat of pulmonary edema, as well as possible allergic reactions.

Interactions with other drugs

1. Medicines that affect blood glucose levels:

   • Medicines such as insulin or blood glucose-lowering drugs to treat diabetes can affect your blood glucose levels. When used simultaneously with Glugitsir, they can lead to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Patients receiving insulin or antidiabetic drugs may require regular blood glucose monitoring and dosage adjustments.

2. Medicines that affect electrolyte balance:

   • Because sodium citrate is a source of sodium, drugs that affect electrolyte balance, such as diuretics or potassium supplements, may interact with Glugicir, changing sodium levels in the body and increasing the risk of hypernatremia or hyponatremia.

3. Drugs affecting urine acidity:

   • Sodium citrate may increase urine pH. Therefore, its use with drugs that change the acidity of urine, such as drugs containing aminoglycosides or acyclovir, may affect their effectiveness or unwanted effects.

4. Drugs affecting kidney function:

   • Because sodium citrate is excreted from the body through the kidneys, medications that affect kidney function may affect its metabolism and elimination. For example, some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the excretion of sodium citrate.

5. Medicines affecting the gastrointestinal tract:

   • Because dextrose and sodium citrate are administered orally, medications that affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as antacids or drugs containing aluminum or magnesium, may interact with Glugicir, altering its absorption or effectiveness.