Effective antibiotics for staphylococcus aureus: names of drugs

We have discussed the "personality" of staphylococcus and the possibilities of fighting it with antibiotics produced by the pharmaceutical industry in the form of tablets, ointments, powders, and solutions. It is time to move from general phrases to specific drugs that are most often used to fight staphylococcal infection.

Let's look at 10 drugs from different groups of antibiotics that are effective against staphylococcus, starting with penicillins and ending with new antimicrobial agents.

Methicillin

This antibiotic replaced penicillin to combat penicillinase-producing staphylococcus strains. Its appearance in the mid-20th century raised the fight against infection to a new level, because the drug was 100% effective. But already during the first year of using the drug, about 4 staphylococcus strains resistant to it appeared, and their number is growing every year. Nevertheless, the drug with a pronounced bactericidal effect is still often used today against sensitive strains of golden and other types of staphylococcus bacteria, which cause a large number of various purulent-inflammatory pathologies.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug, when administered intramuscularly, is characterized by rapid action, which does not require a long stay of the drug in the body. After 4 hours, its concentration in the blood decreases significantly.

The drug is produced, like penicillin, in the form of a powder, from which a solution for intramuscular injections is prepared immediately before use. To do this, 1.5 g of solvent is added to a bottle with powder (1 g). Water for injection, saline solution, and novocaine solution are used as a solvent.

Method of administration and dosage: The prepared solution of the drug is administered intramuscularly only. A single dose for adults is 1-2 g of methicillin (but not more than 12 g per day), the frequency is 2-4 times per day.

The drug can be used to treat newborns. Infants under 3 months can be given no more than 0.5 g of methicillin per day (vials may contain either 1 g or 0.5 g of the active substance). A single dose for children under 12 years of age is calculated as 0.025 g per kilogram of weight and is given 2-3 times a day.

There is no information about overdosing on the drug, but this does not mean that the dose can be increased unnecessarily to the limit values.

The drug, which belongs to the penicillin group of antibiotics, is not prescribed in case of hypersensitivity to beta-lactams and allergic predisposition of the patient's body.

Side effects. The drug has significant nephrotoxicity, which means it can have a negative effect on the kidneys. In addition, like other penicillins, it can provoke allergic reactions of varying severity. Sometimes patients complain of pain at the injection site.

Storage conditions. Store the medicine in its original packaging in a cool place, tightly sealed. If air gets into the bottle with the medicine, the medicine should be used immediately. The powder is stored hermetically sealed for 2 years.

Cefuroxime

Cephalosporins are quite effective antibiotics against staphylococcus, but in this case it is more appropriate to prescribe drugs of the 2nd and 3rd generations, which cope better with resistant strains. A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic of the 2nd generation, which can be successfully used to combat Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with the exception of strains resistant to ampicillin.

Like the previous drug, the antibiotic is produced in the form of a powder, packaged in transparent bottles of 0.25, 0.75 and 1.5 g. The powder is diluted and used for intramuscular or intravenous injections.

The pharmacodynamics of the drug is based on its bactericidal action against many pathogenic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. At the same time, it is considered resistant to beta-lactamases, which are synthesized by bacteria resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins.

Pharmacokinetics. When administered parenterally, the highest concentration in the blood is reached after 20-40 minutes. It is excreted from the body within 24 hours, which is why the frequency of administration is minimal. The dosages required for irradiation of bacteria are found in various human fluids and tissues. It has good penetrating ability, due to which it can penetrate the placenta and get into breast milk.

Method of administration and dosage. Powder in vials for preparation of intramuscular solution is mixed with injection solution or saline solution; glucose solution can also be used for intravenous administration.

Adults are usually administered 0.75 g of the drug (no more than 1.5 g at a time) at intervals of 8 hours, but in some cases the interval is reduced to 6 hours, and the daily dose is thus increased to a maximum of 6 g.

The drug is approved for use in infants. The dosage for babies up to 3 months of age is calculated as 30-60 mg per kilogram of the baby's weight, for older children - up to 100 mg / kg. The interval between administrations is from 6 to 8 hours.

An overdose is said to occur if the administered dose of the drug causes increased excitability of the central nervous system and the appearance of convulsions. In this case, assistance is provided by purifying the blood using hemo- or peritoneal dialysis.

There are very few contraindications to the use of the drug. It is not prescribed to those patients who have an intolerance to penicillins and cephalosporins.

The use of the drug during pregnancy is limited, but not prohibited. Everything depends on the ratio of risk to the child and benefit to the mother. But breastfeeding during treatment with Cefuroxime is not recommended, so that this does not lead to the development of dysbacteriosis in the child or the appearance of convulsions if the dose is too high.

Side effects of the drug occur in isolated cases, are usually mild and disappear after discontinuing the drug. This may include nausea and diarrhea, headaches and dizziness, hearing loss, allergic reactions, pain at the site of intramuscular injections. A long course of treatment may provoke the development of candidiasis.

Interaction with other drugs. Taking the drug simultaneously with NSAIDs can provoke bleeding, and with diuretics - increase the risk of developing renal failure.

"Ceforuxime" increases the toxicity of aminoglycosides. And phenylbutazone and probenecid increase the plasma concentration of the antibiotic, which can cause increased side effects.

Antistaphylococcal cephalosporin is not used together with erythromycin due to the phenomenon of antagonism (mutual weakening of the antimicrobial effect).

It is recommended to store the antibiotic in its original packaging away from light and heat. The maximum permissible storage temperature is 25 degrees. The shelf life of the antibiotic is 2 years, but the prepared solution must be used immediately.

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Oleandomycin

A long-known antibiotic from the macrolide group, which can be successfully used to combat various types of staphylococcal infection, effective even in septic lesions. It shows sufficient activity against penicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus. It shows a pronounced bacteriostatic effect, inhibiting the synthesis of microorganism proteins.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is quickly and well absorbed in the intestines when taken orally, appearing in the blood in maximum concentration after 1-2 hours. The dose required to achieve the therapeutic effect is maintained for 4-5 hours. Subsequent administration of the drug increases the duration of the therapeutic effect almost twice. The antibiotic does not accumulate in the body. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys, but some part is also found in the bile.

The antibiotic is available in the form of tablets for oral administration, which should be taken after meals to prevent irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa. A single dose is 2-4 tablets of 125 mg. The frequency of administration is from 4 to 6 times a day. No more than 2 g of the drug can be taken per day.

The drug can be prescribed to small children under 3 years of age. In this case, the maximum daily dose should not be higher than the calculated ratio of 20 mg per kilogram of the baby's weight. Children under 6 years of age can be given 250-500 mg per day, children aged 6-14 years - 500-1000 mg. The maximum dosage for adolescents over 14 years of age is 1.5 g per day.

The drug is approved for use during pregnancy, but special caution should be exercised. However, in case of hypersensitivity to the drug and severe liver damage, including episodes of jaundice in the past, the drug should not be prescribed.

The antibiotic has few side effects. These are mainly allergic reactions and dyspeptic symptoms.

The drug combines well with other antibiotics; combination therapy only enhances the antimicrobial effect and prevents the development of resistance.

It is recommended to store the drug in a dark place at room temperature for no more than 2 years.

Oleandomycin itself has recently lost some of its popularity, giving way to more modern drugs, such as the combination antibiotic Oletetrin (oleandomycin plus tetracycline).

Lincomycin

A bacteriostatic antibiotic from the lincosamide group with slow development of resistance. Active against various types of staphylococcus.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug can be administered in different ways. When it enters the gastrointestinal tract, it is quickly absorbed and enters the blood, where it shows a maximum concentration after 2-3 hours. It has good penetrating ability, so it can be found in various physiological environments of the body.

The metabolism of the antibiotic is carried out in the liver, and its excretion and metabolites from the body are carried out by the intestines and partly by the kidneys. After 5-6 hours, only half of the administered dose of the drug remains in the body.

In pharmacies, antibiotics can be found in different forms: in the form of oral capsules, a composition for the preparation of a solution that can be administered both intramuscularly and intravenously, powder for the preparation of an intramuscular solution, and an ointment for external use.

Method of administration and dosage. The capsules should be taken either an hour before meals or a couple of hours after. The dosage for adults is 2 capsules. The drug in this dose is taken three times, and sometimes 4 times a day for 1-3 weeks.

Capsules can be given to children from the age of 6. Up to the age of 14, the child's dose is calculated as 30 mg per kilogram of the child's weight. The frequency of administration is 3-4 times a day. In case of severe infections, the dosage can be doubled.

For parenteral administration, adult patients are given 0.6 g of antibiotic at a time. The frequency of administration is 3 times a day. In case of severe infections, the dose can be increased to 2.4 g per day.

The pediatric dosage depends on the child's weight and is calculated as 10-20 mg for each kilogram of the patient's body weight.

The drug is administered intravenously only using a system, dissolving the drug in saline. The administration should be carried out at a rate of about 70 drops per minute.

The preparation in the form of an ointment should be applied to the diseased areas in a thin layer after preliminary treatment with an antiseptic solution. The frequency of application of the ointment is 2-3 times a day.

Contraindications for use. The drug is not prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity to lincosamides, severe liver and kidney pathologies, in the 1st trimester of pregnancy, during lactation. Starting from the 4th month of pregnancy, the antibiotic is prescribed based on the complexity of the situation and the possible risk.

Parenteral administration of the drug and external treatment are permitted from the age of 1 month, oral administration - from 6 years.

Caution should be exercised in patients with fungal diseases and myasthenia, especially with intramuscular administration.

Side effects of the drug depend on the route of administration. When taken orally, the most common reactions are from the gastrointestinal tract: nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, inflammation of the esophagus, tongue and oral mucosa. The activity of liver enzymes and the level of bilirubin in the blood may increase.

Common symptoms include changes in blood composition, allergic reactions, muscle weakness, headaches, and increased blood pressure. If the drug is administered intravenously, phlebitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) may develop. If administered intravenously too quickly, dizziness may occur, blood pressure may drop, and muscle tone may sharply decrease.

When applied locally, rare allergic reactions are mainly observed in the form of rash, skin hyperemia, and itching.

Effects such as the development of thrush (candidiasis) and pseudomembranous colitis are associated with prolonged antibiotic treatment.

Interaction with other drugs. Antidiarrheal drugs reduce the effectiveness of the antibiotic and contribute to the development of pseudomembranous colitis.

When using muscle relaxants and Lincomycin at the same time, it is important to remember that the antibiotic will enhance their effect. At the same time, it can weaken the effect of some cholinomimetics.

Aminoglycosides can enhance the effect of lincosamides, but erythromycin and chloramphenicol, on the contrary, will weaken it.

Concomitant treatment with lincosamide and NSAIDs is considered undesirable, as it may provoke respiratory failure. The situation is identical with anesthetics. Incompatibility is observed with the antimicrobial agent novobiocin, the penicillin antibiotic ampicillin and the aminoglycoside kanamycin. Simultaneous therapy with lincomycin and heparin, bartiturates, theophylline cannot be carried out. Calcium gluconate and magnesium are also incompatible with the described antibiotic.

The drug of any form should be stored in a cool, dark place at room temperature. The shelf life of capsules is 4 years. Lyophysilates and ointment are stored for 1 year less. Opened vials and the prepared solution should be used immediately.

Moxifloxacin

The antibiotic is a bright representative of the quinolone group with a pronounced bactericidal effect on many bacteria. All types of opportunistic staphylococci are sensitive to it, including those strains that are capable of inactivating the active substances of other antibiotics.

An important feature of moxifloxacin is the very slow development of resistance mechanisms to it and other quinolones in bacteria. Decreased sensitivity to the drug can only be caused by multiple mutations. This drug is considered one of the most effective antibiotics against staphylococcus, which is distinguished by its amazing vitality and ability to produce enzymes that reduce the effect of other antibiotics to nothing.

Good tolerability of the drug by most patients and rare side effects are also noted. The antibacterial effect of the drug is observed for a long time, which does not require frequent administration.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug quickly penetrates into the blood, other fluids and tissues of the body with any method of administration. For example, when taking tablets orally, the maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood can be observed after 2 hours. After 3-4 days, the concentration becomes stable.

Moxifloxacin is metabolized in the liver, after which more than half of the substance and metabolites are excreted in the feces. The remaining 40% is eliminated from the body by the kidneys.

On the shelves of pharmacies, the drug can most often be found in the form of an infusion solution in 250 ml bottles. But there are other forms of the drug. These are coated tablets with a dosage of 400 mg and eye drops in dropper bottles called "Vigamox".

Any form of the drug is used once a day. Tablets can be taken at any time of the day. Food intake does not affect their effectiveness. A single, or daily, dose of the antibiotic is 1 tablet. There is no need to chew the tablets, they are swallowed whole and washed down with at least ½ a glass of water.

The infusion solution is used in pure form or mixed with various neutral infusion solutions, but it is incompatible with 10 and 20% sodium chloride solutions, as well as with sodium bicarbonate solutions with a concentration of 4.2 or 8.4%. The drug is administered slowly. 1 bottle is administered within 1 hour.

It is necessary to try to ensure that the interval between drug administrations is constant (24 hours).

Eye drops are used in the following dosage: 1 drop for each eye. Frequency of use – 3 times a day.

Moxifloxacin is a potent antibiotic that can only be prescribed to adult patients. It is clear that it is not used during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The latter contraindication for use is hypersensitivity to quinolones and moxifloxacin in particular.

Caution should be exercised when prescribing the drug to patients with mental disorders that may cause seizures, and to those taking antiarrhythmics, neuroleptics, and antidepressants. Attention should also be paid to people with heart failure, liver damage, or low potassium levels in the body (hypokalemia).

Side effects. Taking the drug may be accompanied by reactions from various organs and systems. These may include headaches, irritability, dizziness, sleep disorders, tremors of the limbs and pain in them, edema syndrome, increased heart rate and blood pressure, pain behind the breastbone. With oral administration, pain in the epigastrium, nausea, dyspepsia, stool disorders, taste changes may occur. Changes in blood composition and activity of liver enzymes, allergic reactions may also be noted. With prolonged use, vaginal candidiasis may develop. Severe reactions are possible only in isolated cases against the background of organ dysfunction.

True, negative reactions to the administration of the drug occur very rarely, which puts the described drug a step above other antibiotics.

Interaction with other drugs. It is believed that antacids, zinc and iron preparations can prevent rapid absorption of the drug from the gastrointestinal tract.

It is not recommended to use moxifloxacin simultaneously with other fluoroquinolones, since this greatly increases the photosensitivity of the skin.

Caution should be exercised when taking the antibiotic simultaneously with the cardiac glycoside "Digoxin". Moxifloxacin can increase the blood concentration of the latter, which requires dose adjustment.

Storage conditions. Any form of the drug should be stored at room temperature, protected from sunlight. The infusion solution and eye drops should not be frozen or cooled too much. An opened bottle of infusion solution should be used immediately, eye drops – within a month. The shelf life of the drug is 2 years.

Gentamicin

And this well-known drug is a bright representative of the aminoglycoside group. It shows a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and an excellent bactericidal effect against penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant staphylococci.

The drug is available in the form of an ointment for topical use, eye drops and an injection solution in ampoules.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, so it is not produced in forms for oral administration. However, with intravenous (dropper) and intramuscular administration, it shows a noticeable speed of action. The drug shows the maximum concentration in the blood after 15-30 minutes after the end of the intravenous infusion. With intramuscular administration, the highest concentration can be observed after 1-1.5 hours.

The solution is able to penetrate the placenta, but has difficulty overcoming the blood-brain barrier. It is able to accumulate in the body (mainly in the kidneys and inner ear area) and have a toxic effect.

The therapeutic effect of the drug lasts for 6-8 hours. The drug is excreted by the kidneys almost unchanged. A small part is excreted with bile through the intestines.

Eye drops practically do not enter the blood, distributing in various environments of the eye. The maximum concentration is determined in them after half an hour, and the effect lasts up to 6 hours.

The antibiotic from the ointment for external use is absorbed into the blood in minute concentrations. But if the skin is damaged, absorption occurs very quickly, and the effect can last up to 12 hours.

Method of administration and dosage. The drug in ampoules is used for intramuscular injections or intravenous systems. The daily dose for adults is calculated as 3 mg (no more than 5 mg) for each kilogram of the patient's weight (plus weight adjustments for obese people). The calculated dose is divided into 2-3 equal parts and administered at intervals of 12 or 8 hours.

For newborns and infants, the daily dose is calculated as 2-5 mg per kg, for children from 1 year to 5 years old - 1.5-3 mg per kg. Children over 6 years old are given the minimum adult dose. At any age, the daily dose of the drug should not exceed 5 ml per kg.

The course of treatment with the drug in ampoules is from 1 to 1.5 weeks.

The solution is administered intravenously mixed with a five percent glucose solution or saline. The concentration of the antibiotic in the finished solution should not exceed 1 mg per milliliter. The solution should be administered slowly over 1-2 hours.

The course of IV drips is no more than 3 days, after which the medicine is administered intramuscularly for several more days.

Eye drops can be used from the age of 12. Single dose - 1-2 drops per eye. Frequency of instillation - 3-4 times a day for a course of 2 weeks.

The ointment should be applied to dry skin cleared of pus and exudate 2 or 3 times a day. The layer should be as thin as possible. It can be used with a gauze bandage as an application. Duration of treatment is 1-2 weeks.

Overdose of the drug manifests itself in the form of nausea and vomiting, muscle paresis, respiratory failure, toxic effects on the kidneys and hearing organ. Treatment is carried out with atropine, proserin, solutions of chloride and calcium gluconate.

Contraindications for the use of the solution and eye drops are as follows: hypersensitivity to the drug or its individual components, severe kidney damage with impaired urination, decreased muscle tone, Parkinson's disease, botulinum toxin poisoning. The drug is not used in patients with auditory nerve neuritis due to its ototoxicity. It is undesirable to use the antibiotic to treat the elderly. It is prohibited to use during pregnancy and lactation. The solution is administered to children under 3 years of age only in extremely severe situations.

The ointment is used to treat skin diseases and is not applied to mucous membranes. Contraindications include: hypersensitivity to gentamicin and other components of the ointment, renal insufficiency, 1st trimester of pregnancy. In pediatrics, it is used from the age of 3.

Side effects. The drug has a toxic effect on the organ of hearing, so during treatment, hearing loss, vestibular disorders, tinnitus and dizziness are possible. At high doses, a negative effect on kidney function is possible. It can also cause reactions from other organs and systems: headaches, muscle and joint pain, drowsiness, weakness, convulsions, gastrointestinal damage, deficiency states (lack of potassium, magnesium, calcium), allergic and anaphylactic reactions, changes in blood composition, etc.

Eye drops can cause irritation of the mucous membrane, accompanied by burning, itching and redness of the eyes.

The ointment may also cause skin irritation and allergic reactions.

Interaction with other drugs. Gentamicin solution should not be mixed in one syringe with other medicinal solutions, except for the above-mentioned solvents. It is undesirable to use the antibiotic simultaneously with other drugs that have a toxic effect on the kidneys and hearing organ. The list of such drugs includes some antibiotics (aminoglycosides, cephaloridine, indomethacin, vancomycin, etc.), as well as the cardiac glycoside digoxin, diuretics, NSAIDs.

Muscle relaxants, drugs for inhalation anesthesia, opioid analgesics are not recommended to be taken together with gentamicin due to the risk of developing respiratory failure.

Gentamicin is incompatible with heparin and alkaline solutions. Simultaneous therapy with steroid anti-inflammatory drugs is possible.

Storage conditions. All forms of release are recommended to be stored at a temperature not exceeding 25 degrees, do not freeze. The shelf life of the injection solution is 5 years, eye drops - 2 years (an opened bottle should be used within a month), ointment - 3 years.

Nifuroxazide

This is one of the representatives of a little-known group of antibiotics - nitrofurans, which are used mainly for infectious lesions of the lower gastrointestinal tract and urinary system. Nifuroxazide itself is considered an intestinal antibiotic and can be used for intestinal toxic infections, when staphylococcus enters the body orally.

Pharmacodynamics. Depending on the dose, it can show both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects (high doses), disrupting protein synthesis in bacterial cells. No resistance to the drug is observed in bacteria, while it, like moxifloxacin, prevents the development of resistance to other antibiotics, which allows it to be safely combined with other antimicrobial agents.

It has a noticeable speed of action. In average doses, it does not have a negative effect on the beneficial intestinal microflora, which is typical for other antibiotics. While most antibiotics reduce the body's defenses, nifuroxazide, on the contrary, prevents the development of superinfections, which is very important for the implementation of complex therapy with different antibiotics.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is intended for oral administration, and any of its forms pass along the gastrointestinal tract, being absorbed only in the intestine, where there is a high concentration of the active substance, which helps destroy local pathogens. The antibiotic is excreted with feces, practically without penetrating into the blood, but acting locally, which is confirmed by laboratory studies.

The drug is available in the form of tablets and suspension for oral administration.

Tablets are used in pediatrics from the age of 6. A single dose for children and adults is 2 tablets. The interval between doses should be 6 hours. For children from 2 months to 6 years old, the medicine can be given in the form of a suspension. Up to six months, the child is given ½ teaspoon of medicine twice a day, from six months to 3 years - ½-1 teaspoon of suspension 3 times a day. Up to 14 years of age, the dose is 1 teaspoon three times a day. For older children and adults, the dose remains the same, and the frequency of administration is increased to 4 times a day.

The effectiveness of the drug is judged after 2 days of use. The course of antibiotic treatment is no more than a week.

Contraindications for use. Tablets are not prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity to nitrofurans and individual components of the drug. Contraindications to taking the suspension additionally include: diabetes mellitus, glucose metabolism disorders, fructose intolerance. The drug is not prescribed to children under 2 months.

Use during pregnancy is limited, although there is no evidence of harmful effects on the fetus. The drug is usually used only if there is an obvious danger to the life of the pregnant woman.

Side effects of the drug are extremely rare and are manifested mainly by short-term diarrhea, dyspeptic symptoms, abdominal pain. Rarely, there are also allergic reactions that require discontinuation of the drug.

Interaction with other drugs. The manufacturer does not recommend using the antibiotic simultaneously with enterosorbent drugs, which can affect its absorption in the intestine, and drugs containing ethanol. You should also refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages, as well as herbal tinctures on alcohol, popular in folk medicine.

Storage conditions. Both tablets and suspension in a bottle are stored at room temperature, out of reach of sunlight. The shelf life of tablets is 3 years, suspension - 2 years. But it should be taken into account that an opened bottle requires different storage conditions (air temperature up to 15 degrees), in addition, it should be used within 4 weeks, no more. The suspension cannot be frozen to extend its shelf life.

Vancomycin

A new bactericidal antibiotic that is used to combat most gram-positive bacteria, including various types of staphylococci. Almost all strains of staphylococcal infection are sensitive to the drug, including those that can inactivate penicillin and methicillin. No cross-resistance to other antibacterial drugs is observed.

The drug Vancomycin is produced in the form of a powder (lyophilisate), from which a medicinal solution is prepared immediately before use for use in intravenous systems.

Pharmacokinetics. When administered intravenously, it is quickly absorbed into the blood and reaches maximum concentrations after 1.5-2 hours. The half-life of the drug is about 6 hours. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys.

Method of administration and dosage. Vials with powder contain 500 and 1000 mg of dry substance. Adults are usually prescribed 2 droppers of 1000 mg or 4 of 500 mg per day.

It is recommended that children first be given an increased dose, which is calculated as 15 mg per kilogram of the child's weight. Then the dose is reduced to 10 mg per kg and administered to newborns up to 1 week - once every 12 hours, up to 1 month - once every 8 hours, to older children - once every 6 hours.

The maximum daily dose for patients of any age is 2000 mg.

The antibiotic powder is diluted with saline or glucose solution before administration. The infusion is carried out for 1 hour.

Despite the fact that oral absorption of the drug is impaired, it is acceptable to take it orally by diluting the powder from a 500 or 1000 mg bottle in 30 or 60 ml of water. The finished solution is divided into 4 parts and taken during the day. The course of treatment is not less than 7 and not more than 10 days.

In case of overdose of the drug, its side effects increase, which requires blood purification and symptomatic treatment.

Contraindications for use. The drug is not prescribed for individual sensitivity to it. Use during pregnancy is possible only if the mother and child are in real danger. During lactation, when using antibiotics for staphylococcus, it is worth realizing that they can penetrate into breast milk. So it is better to stop breastfeeding during treatment.

Side effects. The drug should not be administered quickly, as there is a high risk of developing anaphylactic reactions and the appearance of red man syndrome, in which the patient's face and upper body turn red, fever appears, the heartbeat increases, etc.

With prolonged use, it has a toxic effect on the kidneys and ears, especially if used as part of a combination therapy with aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Possible symptoms include: nausea, hearing loss and ringing in the ears, chills, allergic reactions, pain, tissue necrosis or inflammation of blood vessels at the injection site.

Interaction with other drugs. Caution should be exercised when combining the administration of the drug with the use of local anesthetics, since in childhood this may cause facial flushing and rash, and in adults - cardiac conduction disturbances. General anesthetics may contribute to the development of neuromuscular blockade.

Vancomycin is a toxic drug that is not recommended for use simultaneously with other similar drugs (aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, etc.) and diuretics.

It is not recommended to use vancomycin with drugs containing cholestyramine due to a decrease in the effect of the antibiotic.

Incompatible with alkaline solutions. It cannot be mixed with beta-lactam drugs.

Storage conditions. The drug should be stored in a dark place at room temperature for no more than 2 years. The prepared solution is stored in the refrigerator for no more than 4 days, but it is better to use it within 24 hours.

Linezolid

An antibiotic from a new group of oxazolidones, the mechanism of action of which differs from other antimicrobial drugs, which makes it possible to avoid cross-resistance in complex therapy. The drug is active against epidermal, hemolytic and golden staphylococci.

The drug is available as an injection solution in polyethylene bottles with a dosage of 100 and 300 ml and tablets with a dosage of 600 mg.

Pharmacokinetics. The antibiotic is characterized by rapid absorption. Even with oral administration, the maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood can be observed in the first 2 hours. Metabolized in the liver, excreted by the kidneys. A small portion of metabolites is found in feces.

Method of administration and dosage. The solution is used for intravenous systems. The duration of infusion is from 0.5 to 2 hours. A single dose for adults is 300 mg (600 mg linezolid). The frequency of administration is 2 times a day with an interval of 12 hours.

For children under 12 years of age, the drug is administered in doses calculated according to the formula of 10 mg of linezolid per kilogram of the child's weight. The interval between droppers is 8 hours.

Take 1 tablet per dose. The interval between tablet intakes is 12 hours.

The course of treatment usually lasts no more than 2 weeks.

Contraindications for use. The drug is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to its components. The solution is allowed to be administered to children from 5 years of age. The tablets are intended for the treatment of patients over 12 years of age.

Use during pregnancy is possible only with the permission of the attending physician. No studies have been conducted regarding the safety of the antibiotic during this period.

Side effects. The most common unpleasant symptoms that may arise as a result of taking an antibiotic are: headaches, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased levels of liver enzymes and urea in the blood, hypo- or hyperkalemia, changes in blood composition, and the development of candidiasis.

Less common are sleep disturbances, dizziness, deterioration of vision and hearing, increased blood pressure, abdominal pain, and the development of phlebitis.

Interaction with other drugs. The antibiotic solution is compatible with dextrose solution, Ringer's solution and saline solution used as a solvent for injection formulations. Other medicinal solutions cannot be added to the linezolid solution.

The antibiotic is incompatible with amphotericin, chlorpromazine, diazepam, pentamidine, phenytoin, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone.

Storage conditions. Both forms of antibiotic release are stored at room temperature, protecting from sunlight. The shelf life is the same - 2 years.

Fusidin

A bacteriostatic antibiotic that is actively used to combat staphylococci that are resistant to other types of antibacterial agents. The drug is considered to be low-toxic.

The drug can be found on sale in the form of tablets, granulated suspension, powder for the preparation of injection solution, cream and ointment.

Pharmacokinetics. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, maintains therapeutic concentrations for a long time, which provides a long-lasting antibacterial effect. It easily penetrates into various tissues. It is excreted through the intestines.

Cream and ointment with antibiotics have weak transdermal absorption, so the active substance of the drug does not enter the blood.

Method of administration and dosage. The tablets are intended for the treatment of adult patients. They are prescribed in a dosage of 500-1000 mg three times a day. The medicine is taken with food or milk.

For children, a suspension is prepared from granules. For babies under one year, granules are dissolved in sugar syrup; for older children, they can be mixed with water. The child's dose is calculated as 20-80 mg per kilogram of the child's weight per day.

The powder is sold together with a buffer solution. They need to be mixed before use, and then introduced into a solvent (saline, dextrose solution, Ringer's solution and some others). The solvent is taken in a volume of 0.5 l.

The medicine is administered by infusion for a long time (at least 2 hours). The dose for adults is 1.5 g per day. For patients weighing up to 50 kg, the dose is calculated using the formula: 18-21 mg per kg. The specified dose is divided into equal parts and administered 3 times a day.

External agents are applied to the affected area 3-4 times a day in a thin layer. If you use an ointment or cream with a bandage, the procedure can be performed 1-2 times a day.

The duration of treatment with the drug is usually 1-2 weeks.

Contraindications for use. The drug is not recommended for use in liver diseases and hypersensitivity to its components. The drug does not have a negative effect on the fetus, however, during pregnancy it is prescribed in the absence of safe analogues.

Use with caution when treating children.

Side effects. Taking the medicine may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, allergic reactions. Other symptoms include anemia, abdominal pain, jaundice, asthenic syndrome, thrombophlebitis and some others.

The use of local remedies may be accompanied by skin irritation and allergic reactions in the form of itching, rash, and swelling.

Interaction with other drugs. Statins can increase the concentration of the antibiotic in the blood. At the same time, fusidin increases the plasma concentrations of coumarin, cyclosporine, ritonavir, saquinavir and their derivatives.

It is not advisable to take it simultaneously with drugs based on lincomycin and rifampicin.

Storage conditions. Any of the fusidin-based preparations are stored at room temperature for 3 years.