Effective antibiotics from staphylococcus: the names of drugs

We have discussed enough the "personality" of staphylococcus and the possibilities of combating it with the help of antibiotics, produced by the pharmacological industry in the form of tablets, ointments, powders, solutions. It's time to move from general phrases to specific drugs, with which most often the fight against staphylococcal infection is carried out.

Consider 10 effective against staphylococcus drugs from different groups of antibiotics, starting with penicillins and ending with new antimicrobial agents.

Methicillin

This antibiotic replaced penicillin in order to fight the staphylococcus strains producing penicillinase. His appearance in the middle of the twentieth century raised the fight against infection to a new level, because the effectiveness of the drug was one hundred percent. But already within the first year of using the medicine, about 4 resistant strains of staphylococci appeared, and each year their number increases. Nevertheless, the drug with a pronounced bactericidal effect and today it is often used against sensitive strains of bacteria of the golden and other types of staphylococcus, causing a large number of various purulent-inflammatory pathologies.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug with intramuscular injection is fast, which does not require a long stay of the drug in the body. After 4 hours, its concentration in the blood decreases markedly.

The preparation, like penicillin, is produced in the form of a powder, from which a solution for intramuscular injections is prepared immediately before use. To do this, 1.5 g of solvent are added to the vial of powder (1 g). As a solvent, water for injection, saline, and novocaine are used.

Dosing and Administration: Enter the finished solution of the drug only intramuscularly. Single dosage for adults - 1-2 g methicillin (but not more than 12 g per day), multiplicity - 2-4 times a day.

The drug can be used to treat newborns. Breasts up to 3 months during the day can be administered no more than 0.5 g of methicillin (vials can contain both 1 g and 0.5 g of active ingredient). A single dose for children under 12 years is calculated as 0.025 g for each kilogram of weight and is administered 2-3 times a day.

There is  no information about  an overdose of the drug, but this does not mean that the dose can be increased without the need for boundary values.

The drug relating to the penicillin group of antibiotics is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to beta-lactams and the patient's allergic mood.

Side effects. The drug has a noticeable nephrotoxicity, which means it can have a negative effect on the kidneys. In addition, like other penicillins, it can provoke allergic reactions of varying severity. Sometimes patients complain of pain at the injection site.

Storage conditions. Store the medicine in its original packaging in a cool place densely ukuporennym. If the medication gets into the vial with the drug, the medicine should be used immediately. The hermetically packed powder is stored for 2 years.

Cefuroxime

Cephalosporins are quite effective antibiotics against staphylococcus, but in this case it is more expedient to prescribe drugs of 2 and 3 generations that better cope with resistant strains. Semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic of the 2nd generation, which can be successfully used to control the golden and epidermal staphylococcus, except for strains resistant to ampicillin.

Like the previous preparation, the antibiotic is released in the form of powder, packaged in transparent bottles of 0.25, 0.75 and 1.5 g. The powder is diluted and used for intramuscular or intravenous injection.

Pharmacodynamics of the  drug is based on bactericidal action against many pathogenic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. In this case, it is considered stable against beta-lactamases, which synthesize resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics. With parenteral administration, the highest concentration in the blood reaches 20-40 minutes later. It is excreted from the body during the day, in connection with which the frequency of the introductions is minimal. The dosages necessary for irradiation of bacteria are found in various fluids and human tissues. Have a good penetrating ability, so it can penetrate the placenta and enter the breast milk.

Method of administration and dose. Powder in vials for the preparation of an intramuscular solution is mixed with a solution for injection or saline solution, for intravenous administration, a solution of glucose can also be used.

Adults usually receive 0.75 g of the drug (not more than 1.5 g at a time) at an interval of 8 hours, but in some cases the interval is reduced to 6 hours, and the daily dose is thus increased to a maximum of 6 g.

The drug is allowed to use in infants. Dosage for babies up to 3 months of age is calculated as 30-60 mg per kilogram of the baby's weight, for older children - up to 100 mg / kg. The interval between administrations is from 6 to 8 hours.

Overdose is said if the administered dose of the drug causes increased CNS excitability and the appearance of seizures. Help in this case is provided by purifying the blood with hemo- or peritoneal dialysis.

There are  very few contraindications to the use of the drug. It is not prescribed to those patients who have intolerance to penicillins and cephalosporins.

The use of the drug during pregnancy is  limited, but not prohibited. Everything depends on the balance of risk for the child and benefits for the mother. But to breastfeed during treatment with "Cefuroxime" does not mean that this does not lead to the development of a child's dysbiosis or the appearance of seizures if the dose is too great.

Side effects of the  drug occur in isolated cases, usually occur in mild form and disappear after drug withdrawal. It can be nausea and diarrhea, headaches and dizziness, hearing impairment, allergic reactions, tenderness at the site of intramuscular injections. A prolonged course of treatment can provoke the development of candidiasis.

Interaction with other drugs. Taking the drug simultaneously with NSAIDs can provoke bleeding, and with diuretics - increase the risk of developing kidney failure.

"Ceforaxime" increases the toxicity of aminoglycosides. A phenylbutazone and probenecid increase the plasma concentration of the antibiotic, which can cause an increase in side effects.

Antistaphylococcal cephalosporin is not used together with erythromycin because of the phenomenon of antagonism (mutual weakening of the antimicrobial effect).

Keep the antibiotic is recommended in their native packaging away from light and heat. The maximum permissible storage temperature is 25 degrees. Shelf life of the  antibiotic is 2 years, but the prepared solution should be used immediately.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]

Oleandomicin

The long-known antibiotic from the macrolide group, which can successfully be used to combat various types of staphylococcal infection, is effective even in septic lesions. It shows sufficient activity against penicillin-resistant strains of staphylococcus. Shows a pronounced bacteriostatic effect, inhibiting the synthesis of proteins of microorganisms.

Pharmacokinetics.  The medicine in the prerecoral administration is quickly and well absorbed in the intestine, being detected in the blood in the maximum concentration after 1-2 hours. The dose needed to effect the therapeutic effect is maintained for 4-5 hours. The subsequent administration of the drug increases the duration of the therapeutic effect by almost half. The antibiotic does not accumulate in the body. His excretion is mainly concerned with the kidneys, but some of it is found in the bile.

An antibiotic is available in the form of tablets for oral administration, which must be taken after meals to prevent irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa. A single dose of 2-4 tablets of 125 mg. Multiplicity of admission - from 4 to 6 times a day. In a day you can take no more than 2 g of the drug.

The drug can be given to small children up to 3 years. The maximum daily dose should not be higher than calculated by the ratio of 20 mg per kilogram of the weight of the baby. Children under 6 years of age can be given 250-500 mg, children 6-14 years - 500-1000 mg. The maximum dosage for adolescents over 14 is 1.5 g per day.

The drug is approved for use during pregnancy, but you should take special care. But with hypersensitivity to the drug and severe liver damage, including episodes of jaundice in the past, the drug can not be prescribed.

There are  few side effects of the antibiotic. In general, these are allergic reactions and dyspepsia.

The drug is well combined with other antibiotics, complex therapy only enhances the antimicrobial effect and prevents the development of resistance.

Store the drug in a dark place at room temperature for no more than 2 years.

"Oleandomycin" itself has recently lost some popularity, giving way to more modern drugs, for example, the combined antibiotic "Oletetrin" (oleandomycin plus tetracycline).

Lincomycin

Bacteriostatic antibiotic from the group of lincosamides with slow development of resistance. It is active against various kinds of staphylococcus aureus.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug can be administered in different ways. Upon ingestion in the digestive tract, it is rapidly absorbed and enters the blood, where it shows a maximum of concentration after 2-3 hours. It has good penetrating ability, therefore it can be found in various physiological environments of the body.

Metabolism of the antibiotic is carried out in the liver, and the excretion of it and metabolites outside the body is the intestine and part of the kidneys. After 5-6 hours in the body, only half of the administered dose of the drug remains.

In pharmacies, antibiotics can be found in various forms of release: in the form of oral capsules, a formulation for the preparation of a solution that can be administered as an intramuscular or intravenous route, a powder for the preparation of an intramuscular solution, ointments for external use.

Method of administration and dose. Capsules should be taken either an hour before meals, or a couple of hours after it. Dosage for adults is 2 capsules. The drug in this dose is taken three times, and sometimes 4 times a day for 1-3 weeks.

Capsules can be given to children from 6 years of age. Until the age of 14, the infant dose is calculated as 30 mg per kilogram of the child's weight. Multiplicity of admission 3-4 times a day. In case of severe infections, the dosage can be doubled.

When parenteral administration, adult patients are injected 0.6 grams of antibiotic at a time. Multiplicity of administration - 3 times a day. In case of severe infections, the dose can be increased to 2.4 g per day.

The child's dosage depends on the weight of the child and is calculated as 10-20 mg per kilogram of the patient's body weight.

Intravenously the drug is administered only with the help of the system, dissolving the drug in saline solution. The introduction should be carried out at a rate of the order of 70 drops per minute.

The drug in the form of ointment should be applied to the affected area with a thin layer after the preliminary treatment with an antiseptic solution. Multiplicity of ointment application - 2-3 times a day.

Contraindications. The drug is not prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity to lincosamides, severe liver and kidney pathologies, in the first semester of pregnancy, during lactation. Starting from the 4th month of pregnancy, an antibiotic is prescribed, based on the complexity of the situation and the possible risk.

Parenteral administration of the drug and external treatment are allowed from the age of 1 month, oral administration - from 6 years.

Caution should be observed for patients with fungal diseases and myasthenia gravis, especially with intramuscular injection.

Side effects of the  drug depend on the mode of administration. With oral administration, most often there are reactions from the digestive tract: nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, inflammation of the esophagus, tongue and oral mucosa. The activity of liver enzymes and the level of bilirubin in the blood can increase.

Common symptoms are changes in blood composition, allergic reactions, muscle weakness, headaches, increased blood pressure. If the drug is administered intravenously, the development of phlebitis (inflammation of the vessels) is possible. If the IV administration is too fast, dizziness may appear, possibly a decrease in blood pressure and a sharp decrease in muscle tone.

With local application, there are mainly rare allergic reactions in the form of rash, skin hyperemia, itching.

Such effects as the development of thrush (candidiasis) and pseudomembranous colitis are associated with a prolonged course of antibiotic treatment.

Interaction with other drugs. Drugs for diarrhea reduce the effectiveness of the antibiotic and promote the development of pseudomembranous colitis.

Applying both muscle relaxants and "Linkomycin" you need to remember that the antibiotic will strengthen their action. At the same time, it can weaken the effect of some cholinomimetics.

Aminoglycosides can enhance the action of lincosamides, but erythromycini chloramphenicol, on the contrary, will weaken it.

Undesirable is the simultaneous treatment with lincosamide and NSAIDs, which can trigger breathing disorders. Identical situation with anesthetics. Incompatibility is observed with an antimicrobial drug novobiotsinom, an antibiotic penicillin a number of ampicillin and aminoglycoside kanamycin. It is impossible to carry out odenovremennuyu therapy with lincomycin and heparin, barbiturates, theophylline. Calcium gluconate and magnesia are also incompatible with the antibiotic described.

Keep the drug of any form of release you need in a cool dark place at room temperatures. Shelf life of  capsules is 4 years. Liofilalates and ointment are stored for 1 year less. Opened vials and ready-to-use solution should be used immediately.

Moxifloxacin

The antibiotic is a vivid representative of a group of quinolones with a pronounced bactericidal action against a variety of bacteria. All kinds of opportunistic staphylococci are sensitive to it, including those strains that are capable of inactivating the active substances of other antibiotics.

An important feature of moxifloxacin is the very slow development of bacteria in the mechanisms of resistance to it and other quinolones. The decrease in sensitivity to the drug may be due to only multiple mutations. This drug is considered one of the most  effective antibiotics against staphylococcus,  which has an amazing vitality and ability to produce enzymes that reduce the effect of other antibiotics to none.

Also note the good tolerability of the drug by the majority of patients and rare side effects. Antibacterial effect of the drug is observed for a long time, which does not require frequent administration.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug quickly penetrates into the blood, other fluids and tissues of the body in any way of administration. For example, with oral administration of tablets, the maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood can be observed after 2 hours. After 3-4 days, the concentration becomes stable.

Metabolism of moxifloxacin occurs in the liver, after which more than half of the substance and metabolites are excreted with feces. The remaining 40% is removed from the kidneys.

On the shelves of pharmacies most often the drug can be found in the form of an infusion solution in bottles of 250 ml. But there are other  forms of release of the  drug. This is a tablet in a 400 mg dosage coat and eye drops in the droppers called "Vigamox."

Any form of the drug is applied 1 time per day. Tablets can be taken at any time of the day. Eating does not affect their effectiveness. Once a day, a single dose of an antibiotic - 1 tablet. You do not need to chew the tablets, they swallow whole and drink at least ½ cup of water.

Solution for infusion is used in pure form or in a mixture with various neutral infusion solutions, but it is incompatible with 10 and 20 percent solutions of sodium chloride, as well as with solutions of sodium hydrogencarbonate with a concentration of 4.2 or 8.4%. Administration of the drug is slow. 1 bottle is injected for 1 hour.

We must try to ensure that the interval between the administration of the drug is constant (24 hours).

Eye drops are used in dosage: 1 drop for each eye. Multiplicity of application - 3 times a day.

Moxifloxacin is a potent antibiotic that can be prescribed only to adults. It is clear that it is not used during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The last  contraindication to use  is hypersensitivity to quinolones and moxifloxacin in particular.

Caution should be observed by prescribing the drug to patients with mental disorders, in which there is a possibility of developing convulsive syndrome, and to those who take anti-arrhythmic drugs, neuroleptics and antidepressants. Attention should also be paid to people with heart failure, liver damage or a low level of potassium in the body (hypokalemia).

Side effects. Reception of the drug may be accompanied by reactions from various organs and systems. It can be headaches, irritability, dizziness, sleep disturbances, limb tremors and pains in them, edematous syndrome, increased heart rate and blood pressure, chest pain. With oral administration, epigastric pains, nausea, dyspepsia, stool breaking, changes in taste can occur. Changes in blood composition and activity of hepatic enzymes, allergic reactions can also be noted. With prolonged admission, the development of candidiasis of the vagina is possible. Severe reactions are possible only in isolated cases against a background of organ failure.

However, negative reactions to the introduction of the drug are very rare, which puts the described drug on a step above other antibiotics.

Interaction with other drugs.  It is believed that antacids, preparations of zinc and iron can prevent rapid absorption of the drug from the digestive tract.

It is not recommended to use moxifloxacin at the same time as other fluoroquinolones, as this greatly increases the photosensitivity of the skin.

Caution should be observed when taking an antibiotic simultaneously with the cardiac glycoside "Digoxin". Moxifloxacin is able to increase the concentration to the blood of the latter, which requires dose adjustment.

Storage conditions. Any form of the drug should be stored at room temperature, protecting against sunlight. Solution for infusion and eye drops should not be frozen and strongly chilled. The opened vial of the infusion solution is used immediately, eye drops - for a month. Shelf life of the  drug is 2 years.

Gentamicin

And this known drug is a bright representative of the group of aminoglycosides. It shows a wide range of antibacterial activity and an excellent bactericidal effect against staphylococci resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins.

The drug is available as a topical ointment, eye drops and an injection solution in ampoules.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is poorly absorbed in the digestive tract, so it is not produced in forms for oral administration. But with intravenous (dropper) and intramuscular injection, it shows a noticeable speed. The maximum concentration in the blood shows the drug 15-30 minutes after the end of the intravenous infusion. With the / m administration, the highest concentration can be observed after 1-1.5 hours.

The solution is able to penetrate the placenta, but with the overcoming of the hemoencephalic barrier is experiencing difficulties. It is able to accumulate in the body (mainly in the kidneys and the inner ear region) and have a toxic effect.

The therapeutic effect of the drug lasts for 6-8 hours. The medicine is given up with the kidneys practically unchanged. A small part comes out with bile through the intestine.

Eye drops practically do not enter the blood, being distributed in various environments of the eye. The maximum concentration is determined in them after half an hour, and the action lasts up to 6 hours.

Antibiotic from ointment for external use is absorbed into the blood in scanty concentrations. But if the skin is damaged absorption occurs very quickly, and the effect can last up to 12 hours.

Method of administration and dose. The drug in ampoules is used for intravenous injections or intravenous systems. The daily dose for adults is calculated as 3 mg (not more than 5 mg) per kilogram of patient weight (plus weight adjustments in obese people). The calculated dose is divided into 2-3 equal parts and administered with an interval of 12 or 8 hours.

For newborns and infants, the daily dose is calculated as 2-5 mg per kg, for children from 1 to 5 years, 1.5-3 mg per kg. Children over 6 years of age are given a minimum adult dose. At any age, the daily dose of the drug should not be more than 5 ml per kg.

The course of treatment with the drug in ampoules from 1 to 1.5 weeks.

Intravenous solution is administered in a mixture with a five percent glucose solution or saline solution. The concentration of antibiotic in the finished solution should not be more than 1 mg per milliliter. Enter the solution slowly for 1-2 hours.

The course of IVs is no more than 3 days, after which the drug is administered intramuscularly for a few more days.

Eye drops are allowed to be used from the age of 12 years. Single dose - 1-2 drops per eye. Multiplicity instillation - 3-4 times a day course in 2 weeks.

Ointment should be applied to a dry, cleansed from pus and exudate skin 2 or 3 times a day. The layer should be as thin as possible. It is allowed to use the gauze dressing as an application. Duration of treatment is 1-2 weeks.

An overdose of the  drug manifests itself in the form of nausea and vomiting, muscle paresis, respiratory failure, toxic effects on the kidneys and the organ of hearing. Treatment is carried out by atropine, proserin, solutions of chloride and calcium gluconate.

Contraindications to the use of  solution and eye drops are: hypersensitivity to the drug or its individual components, severe kidney damage with urinary disorders, decreased muscle tone, Parkinson's disease, poisoning with botulinum toxins. Do not use the drug in patients with neuritis of the auditory nerve due to its ototoxicity. It is undesirable to use an antibiotic to treat older people. It is forbidden to use during pregnancy and lactation. Children up to 3 years of age, the solution is administered only in extremely difficult situations.

Ointment is used to treat skin diseases and do not apply to mucous membranes. Contraindications are: increased sensitivity to gentamicin and other components of the ointment, failure of kidney function, 1 trimester of pregnancy. In pediatrics apply from the age of 3.

Side effects. The drug has a toxic effect on the hearing organ, so during the treatment may worsen hearing, vestibular disorders, the appearance of noise in the ears and dizziness. At elevated doses, a negative effect on kidney function is possible. May cause reactions from other organs and systems: headaches, muscle and joint pains, drowsiness, weakness, convulsions, gastrointestinal damage, deficient conditions (lack of potassium, magnesium, calcium), allergic and anaphylactic reactions, changes in blood composition, e.

Eye drops can cause irritation of the mucosa, accompanied by burning, itching and red eyes.

Ointment can also cause skin irritation and allergic reactions.

Interaction with other drugs. A solution of gentamicin can not be mixed in the same syringe with other medicinal solutions, except for the above solvents. It is undesirable to use the antibiotic concomitantly with other medicines that are toxic to the kidneys and the hearing organ. The list of these drugs includes some antibiotics (aminoglycosides, cephaloridine, indomethacin, vancomycin, etc.), as well as cardiac glycoside digoxin, diuretics, NSAIDs.

Miorelaxants, drugs for inhalation anesthesia, opioid analgesics, it is undesirable to take together with gentamycin or ill-risk of developing respiratory failure.

Gentamicin is incompatible with heparin and alkaline solutions. Possible simultaneous therapy with steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Storage conditions. It is recommended to store all forms of release at a temperature not exceeding 25 degrees, do not freeze. Shelf life of the  injection solution is 5 years, eye drops are 2 years (the vial should be used within a month), ointments - 3 years.

Nifuroxacase

This is one of the representatives of a little-known group of antibiotics - nitrofurans, which are used mainly for infectious lesions of the lower gastrointestinal tract and urinary system. Nifuroxazide itself is considered to be an intestinal antibiotic and can be used for intestinal toxic infections when staphylococcus enters the body by oral route.

Pharmacodynamics.  Depending on the dose, it can show both a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect (high dosages), disrupting protein synthesis in bacterial cells. It is not observed in bacteria and resistance to the drug, while it, like moxifloxacin, prevents the development of resistance to other antibiotics, which allows you to combine it with other antimicrobial agents without fear.

Has a noticeable speed. In medium doses it does not adversely affect the beneficial microflora of the intestine, which is characteristic of other antibiotics. While most antibiotics reduce the defenses of the body, nifuroxazide, on the contrary, prevents the development of superinfections, which is very important for the implementation of complex therapy with different antibiotics.

Pharmacokinetics. The drug is intended for oral administration, and any of its forms pass along the gastrointestinal tract, being absorbed only in the intestine, where a high concentration of active substance is observed, which contributes to the destruction of local pathogens. The antibiotic is excreted along with the feces, practically not penetrating into the blood, but acting locally, as evidenced by laboratory tests.

The preparation is produced in the form of tablets and suspensions for oral administration.

Tablets in pediatrics are used from the age of 6. A single dose for children and adults is equal to 2 tablets. The interval between doses should be 6 hours. Babies from 2 months to 6 years of age can be given a drug in the form of a suspension. Up to six months the child is given ½ tsp. Drugs twice a day, from six months to 3 years - ½-1 tsp. Suspension already 3 times a day. Until the age of 14, the dose is 1 tsp. Three times a day. For older children and adults, the dose is kept the same, and the frequency of administration is increased up to 4 times a day.

The effectiveness of the drug is judged after 2 days after the application. The course of antibiotic treatment is not more than a week.

Contraindications. Tablets are not prescribed to patients in increased sensitivity to nitrofurans and individual components of the drug. Contraindications to the reception of the suspension are in addition: diabetes, metabolic disorders of glucose, fructose intolerance. The drug is not prescribed for children under 2 months.

Use during pregnancy is  limited, although there is no information on the harmful effects of the drug on the fetus. The drug is usually used only if there is a clear danger to the life of a pregnant woman.

Side effects of the  drug are extremely rare and manifest mainly non-durable diarrhea, dyspepsia, pain in the abdomen. Rarely are allergic reactions that require the withdrawal of the medicine.

Interaction with other drugs. The manufacturer does not recommend the use of an antibiotic concomitantly with enterosorbant preparations, which may affect its absorption in the intestine, and drugs containing ethanol. It is necessary to refrain from drinking alcohol, as well as herbal tinctures on alcohol, popular in alternative treatment.

Storage conditions. Both the tablets and the suspension in the vial are stored at room temperatures out of reach of the sun's rays. The shelf life of the tablets is 3 years, the suspension is 2 years. But you need to take into account that the opened bottle requires other storage conditions (air temperature up to 15 degrees), in addition, it should be used within 4 weeks, no more. It is impossible to freeze the suspension to prolong its shelf life.

Vancomycin

A new bactericidal antibiotic, which is used to control most Gram-positive bacteria, including staphylococcus a variety of species. Virtually all strains of staphylococcal infection are sensitive to the drug, including those that are able to inactivate penicillin and methicillin. There is no cross-resistance in other antibacterial drugs.

Vancomycin is produced as a powder (lyophilate), from which a medicinal solution is prepared immediately before use for use in intravenous systems.

Pharmacokinetics. At intravenous introduction it is quickly absorbed in blood and reaches the maximum concentration already after 1,5-2 hours. The half-life of the drug is about 6 hours. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys.

Method of administration and dose. Flasks with powder contain 500 and 1000 mg of dry matter. Adults usually have 2 drops of 1000 mg or 4 to 500 mg per day.

Children are advised to first introduce an increased dose, which is calculated as 15 mg per kilogram of the child's weight. Then the dose is reduced to 10 mg per kg and injected to the newborn until 1 week - 1 time in 12 hours, up to 1 month - 1 time in 8 hours, older children - 1 time in 6 hours.

The maximum daily dose for patients of any age is 2000 mg.

Powder with an antibiotic is diluted with saline or glucose solution before administration. Infusion is carried out for 1 hour.

Despite the fact that with oral administration the absorption of the drug worsens, it is acceptable to take it inside by diluting the powder from a vial of 500 or 1000 mg in 30 or 60 ml of water. The finished solution is divided into 4 parts and taken during the day. The course of treatment is not less than 7 and not more than 10 days.

When  an overdose of the  drug increases its side effects, which requires blood cleansing and symptomatic treatment.

Contraindications. The drug is not prescribed with individual sensitivity to it. Use during pregnancy is  possible only if the mother and child are at real risk. When lactating, applying  antibiotics from staphylococcus, it is worthwhile to realize that they can penetrate into breast milk. So at the time of treatment it is better to give up breastfeeding.

Side effects.  The drug should not be administered quickly, because the risk of developing anaphylactic reactions and the appearance of red man syndrome, in which the face and upper body of the patient turns red, fever, heart palpitations, etc., is high.

With long-term use it has a toxic effect on the kidneys and ears, especially if it is used as part of complex therapy with aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Among the possible symptoms are: nausea, hearing loss and ringing in the ears, chills, allergic reactions, pain, tissue necrosis or inflammation of the vessels at the injection site.

Interaction with other drugs. Caution should be observed, combining the administration of the drug with the use of local anesthetics, because in childhood it can cause reddening of the face and the appearance of rashes on it, and in adult - a violation of cardiac conduction. General anesthetics can promote the development of neuromuscular blockade.

Vancomocin is a toxic drug that is not recommended to be used simultaneously with other similar drugs (aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, etc.) and diuretics.

It is not recommended to use vancomycin with preparations containing colestyramine because of the decrease in the action of the antibiotic.

Incompatible with alkaline solutions. Do not mix it with beta-lactam drugs.

Storage conditions. The drug should be stored in a dark place at room temperature for no more than 2 years. The finished solution is stored in the refrigerator for no more than 4 days, but it is better to use it within a day.

Linearid

Antibiotic from a new group of oxazolidones, the mechanism of action of which is different from other antimicrobial agents, which makes it possible to avoid cross-resistance in complex therapy. The drug is active against epidermal, hemolytic and golden staphylococci.

The drug is available as an injection solution in polyethylene bottles with a dosage of 100 and 300 ml and tablets with a dosage of 600 mg.

Pharmacokinetics. Antibiotic is characterized by rapid absorption. Even with oral administration, the maximum concentration of active substance in the blood can be observed in the first 2 hours. Metabolized in the liver, excreted by the kidneys. A small part of the metabolites is found in feces.

Method of administration and dose. The solution is used for intravenous systems. The duration of the infusion is from 0.5 to 2 hours. A single dose for adults is 300 mg (600 mg of linezolid). Multiplicity of administration - 2 times a day with an interval of 12 hours.

Children up to 12 years of age, the drug is administered in doses calculated according to the formula 10 mg of linezolid per kilogram of the child's weight. The interval between droppers is 8 hours.

Tablets take 1 pc. For the reception. The interval between taking the tablets is 12 hours.

The course of treatment usually lasts no more than 2 weeks.

Contraindications.   The drug is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to its components. The solution is allowed to enter children from 5 years of age. The tablets are designed to treat patients older than 12 years.

Use during pregnancy is  possible only with the permission of the attending physician. Studies on the safety of the antibiotic in this period were not conducted.

Side effects. The most frequent unpleasant symptoms that can arise from taking an antibiotic are: headaches, the appearance of metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased levels of hepatic enzymes and urea in the blood, hypo- or hyperkalemia, changes in blood composition, development of candidiasis .

Less common are sleep disorders, dizziness, visual and hearing impairment, increased pressure, abdominal pain, development of phlebitis.

Interaction with other drugs. The solution of the antibiotic is compatible with the solution of dextrose, Ringer's solution and saline solution, used as a solvent for injectable formulations. Do not add other medicinal solutions to the linezolid solution.

The antibiotic is incompatible with amphotericin, chlorpromazine, diazepam, pentamidine, phenytoin, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone.

Storage conditions. Both forms of antibiotic release are stored at room temperature, protecting the bulk of sunlight. Shelf life is the  same - 2 years.

Fuzi

Bacteriostatic antibiotic, which is actively used to combat staphylococci, resistant to other types of antibacterial agents. The drug is considered to be of low toxicity.

On sale the preparation can be found in the form of tablets, granulated suspension, powder for the preparation of an injection solution, cream and ointment.

Pharmacokinetics. Quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, it retains therapeutic concentrations for a long time, which gives a long antibacterial effect. Easily penetrates into various tissues. It is excreted through the intestine.

The cream and ointment with the antibiotic have a weak percutaneous absorption, so the active substance of the drug does not enter the blood.

Method of administration and dose.  The tablets are intended for the treatment of adult patients. They are prescribed in a dosage of 500-1000 mg three times a day. Use the medicine together with food or milk.

For children from the granules, a suspension is prepared. For babies up to a year the granules are dissolved in sugar syrup, the older children can be mixed with water. The pediatric dose is calculated as 20-80 mg per kilogram of child weight per day.

The powder is sold together with a buffer solution. They must be mixed before use, and then introduced into a solvent (saline solution, r-dextrose, Ringer's and some others). The solvent is taken in the volume of 0.5 liters.

The medicine is injected infusively for a long time (at least 2 hours). The dose for adults is 1.5 g per day. For patients weighing up to 50 kg, calculate the dose according to the formula: 18-21 mg per kg. This dose is divided into equal parts and administered 3 times a day.

External means are applied to the lesion zone 3-4 times a day with a thin layer. If you use an ointment or a cream with a bandage, the procedure can be carried out 1-2 times a day.

The duration of treatment with the drug is usually 1-2 weeks.

Contraindications. The drug is not recommended for liver diseases and hypersensitivity to its components. The drug does not have a negative effect on the fetus, nevertheless during pregnancy it is prescribed in the absence of safe analogues.

Use with caution for the treatment of children.

Side effects. Taking medication can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, the appearance of allergic reactions. Other symptoms are anemia, abdominal pain, jaundice, asthenic syndrome, thrombophlebitis and some others.

The use of local remedies can be accompanied by irritation of the skin and allergic manifestations in the form of itching, rash, edema.

Interaction with other drugs. Statins can increase the concentration of antibiotic in the blood. At one time, fusidine increases the plasma concentrations of coumarin, cyclosporine, ritonavir, saquinavir and their derivatives.

It is undesirable to take concurrently with drugs based on lincomycin and rifampicin.

Storage conditions. Any of the fusidine-based drugs are stored at room temperature for 3 years.