Diaphyseal fractures of the forearm include fractures of both bones or isolated injuries to the ulna and radius. According to the level of integrity violation, fractures of the upper, middle and lower thirds of the forearm bones are distinguished.
There are two types of fracture-dislocations of the forearm bones: Monteggia and Galeazzi. In the first case, there is a fracture of the ulna in the upper third with a dislocation of the head of the radius. In the second case, there is a fracture of the radius in the lower third with a dislocation of the head of the ulna.
A fracture of the olecranon process most often occurs as a result of a direct mechanism of injury (for example, a fall on the elbow), but can also occur with indirect violence - an avulsion fracture from a sharp contraction of the triceps muscle or from a fall on the hand with the arm extended at the elbow joint.
Metacarpal bone fractures account for 2.5% of all skeletal bone injuries. It should be noted that the mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, and type of displacement of the first metacarpal bone injuries differ from fractures of the second to fifth metacarpal bones, so there is a need to consider these nosological forms separately.
An isolated fracture of the lunate bone is extremely rare. A fracture of the lunate bone occurs as a result of a fall on the hand abducted to the ulnar side.
Fractures of the scaphoid bone usually occur when falling on an outstretched arm, with support on the hand. Usually the bone breaks into two parts of approximately the same size, only when the tubercle is fractured does a significantly smaller fragment break off.
