Diseases of the nervous system (neurology)

Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis

With careful collection of anamnesis in patients who are applying for the first developed episode of the disease, one or more episodes of transient symptoms can be identified in the past in the form of mild visual impairment, numbness or tingling, unsteadiness during walking, which at the time of their occurrence could not be given much importance.

Multiple sclerosis: symptoms

Inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerves and chiasma are often observed with multiple sclerosis. In about 20% of patients, the symptoms of optic neuritis are the first manifestation of the disease, and in 70% of cases they occur at one or another stage of the disease of multiple sclerosis. A significant number of patients with optic neuritis subsequently develop multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis: causes and pathogenesis

Genetic markers of predisposition to multiple sclerosis are revealed in the study of twins and family cases of the disease. In Western countries, the nearest relatives of the patient (persons of the first degree of kinship) risk of getting sick is 20-50 times higher than the average for the population.

Multiple sclerosis: epidemiology

Since the 1920s, numerous epidemiological studies have been undertaken to determine the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis. Geographic variations and temporal variations of these indicators were noted.

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is the most common cause of the acquired demyelination of the central nervous system, which, in fact, is an inflammatory process directed against the myelin of the brain and spinal cord.

Huntington's Disease

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by a progressive cognitive impairment beginning in middle age, involuntary movements and coordination of movements. George Huntington was the first to describe this condition in 1872, after examining a familial case of the disease from residents of Long Island.

Parkinson's disease: treatment

Parkinson's disease can be treated by replacing or replacing the deficiency of dopamine in the brain. At an early stage with the regular intake of dopamine receptor agonists or dopamine precursor levodopa (L-DOPA), virtually complete elimination of symptoms is possible.

Parkinson's disease: diagnosis

In the absence of an alternative diagnosis, the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is possible in the presence of at least three of its four main manifestations: tremor of tranquility, rigidity (increased muscle resistance in the entire volume of passive movement in this or that limb joint), often as a "cogwheel", bradykinesia and postural instability.

Parkinson's disease: symptoms

Typically, Parkinson's disease initially manifests as one-sided symptoms - either an episodically emerging resting tremor in one of the extremities (most often the arm), or slow motion. The tremor amplitude can be quite high, and the frequency is about 4-6 Hz. For the first time, shaking can be seen when the patient walks or holds a book or newspaper in his hand.

Parkinson's disease: causes and pathogenesis

The pathomorphological basis of Parkinson's disease is a decrease in the number of dopamine-producing neurons of a black substance and, to a lesser extent, a ventral tire. Before these neurons die, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, called Levi bodies, are formed in them.

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