Diseases of the nervous system (neurology)

Alternating syndromes: causes, symptoms, diagnosis

The nuclei of the cranial nerves and their roots, as well as long ascending and descending tracts, are closely packed in the brainstem. Therefore, lesions in the brainstem usually affect both segmental formations (cranial nerves) and long conductors, which leads to characteristic combinations of symptoms in the form of ipsilateral damage to the cranial nerve and contralateral hemisyndrome (alternating syndromes).

Wound syndrome: causes, symptoms, diagnosis

Intracranial pressure is the pressure in the cranial cavity and the ventricles of the brain, in the formation of which the membranes of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue, intracellular and extracellular fluid, and blood circulating through the cerebral vessels participate. In the horizontal position, the intracranial pressure is, on average, 150 mm of water column.

The combination of pyramidal and extrapyramidal syndromes

Some diseases of the central nervous system are manifested by a combination of pyramidal and extrapyramidal syndromes. These leading clinical syndromes may be accompanied by other manifestations (dementia, ataxia, apraxia, and others), but often this combination of syndromes is the main clinical nucleus of the disease.

Progressive myoclonus-epilepsy

Progressive myoclonus-epilepsy refers to polyethological syndromes. Currently, about 15 nosological forms have been isolated, combined with progressive myoclonus-epilepsy.

Paroxysmal dyskinesias: causes, symptoms, diagnosis

Paroxysmal dyskinesia is a polyethological disease manifested by attacks of dystonic (as well as choreic, myoclonic and ballistic) movements and pathological poses without loss of consciousness. Until now, a unified classification of these seizures has not been created.

Ballistics: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis

Ballistics is a rare type of hyperkinesia, manifested by large-scale, sharp, throwing (ballistic) movements, performed with great strength mainly proximal parts of the extremities. Gemiballism is more common, but there are cases of monoballism and paraballism (ballistics on both halves of the body).

Akinetic-rigid syndrome: causes, symptoms, diagnosis

The term "hypokinesia" (akinesia) can be used in a narrow and broader sense. In the narrow sense, hypokinesia refers to extrapyramidal disorder, in which the failure of movements manifests itself in their insufficient duration, speed, amplitude, a decrease in the number of muscles participating in them and the degree of diversity of motor acts.

Pain in the muscles (myalgic syndrome)

The pain in the muscles can be spontaneous, occur during physical exertion, either retarded or at rest. Sometimes the pain is detected only when palpation. During physical exertion, ischemic pain develops (for example, intermittent claudication or angina pectoris); retarded pain is more typical for structural changes in muscles (inflammatory changes in connective tissue).

Compaction

Fasciculations — contractions of one or several motor units (a separate motor neuron and a group of muscle fibers supplied to them) result in a rapid, visible to the eye, contraction of muscle bundles (fasciotic twitches or fasciculations). On EMG, fasciculations look like broad biphasic or multiphase action potentials.

Weakness in performing physical exertion (pathological muscle weakness)

Muscular fatigue can be caused not only by the defeat of the neuromuscular synapse (immune-dependent myasthenia gravis and myasthenic syndromes), but also by common internal diseases without direct damage to the neuromuscular system, such as chronic infections, tuberculosis, sepsis, Addison's disease or malignant diseases

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