Diseases of the liver and biliary tract

Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity

Carbon tetrachloride can enter the body by accident or as a result of admission with a suicidal purpose. In this case, it can be gaseous (for example, during dry cleaning or when filling a fire extinguisher) or mixed with drinks.

List of hepatotoxic drugs

Drinking alcohol significantly increases the toxicity of paracetamol: significant damage to the liver is possible with only 4-8 g of the drug. Obviously, the reason for this is the induction of alcohol P450-3a (P450-II-E1), which plays an important role in the formation of toxic metabolites. In addition, it is involved in the oxidation of nitrosamines in the position of alpha.

Diagnosis of medicinal lesions of the liver

Medicinal liver damage is most often caused by antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cardiovascular and neuro- and psychotropic drugs, i.e. In fact, all modern medicines. It should be assumed that damage to the liver can cause any medicine, and if necessary, contact the manufacturers and the organizations responsible for the safety of the drugs used.

Risk factors for liver damage

Disturbance of the metabolism of drugs is dependent on the degree of hepatic-cell insufficiency; it is most pronounced in cirrhosis. T1 / 2 drug correlates with prothrombin time, serum albumin level, hepatic encephalopathy and ascites.

Metabolism of drugs in the liver

The main system that metabolizes drugs is located in the microsomal fraction of hepatocytes (in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum). It includes monooxygenases with a mixed function, cytochrome C-reductase and cytochrome P450. The cofactor is the reduced NADPH in the cytosol. The drugs are subjected to hydroxylation or oxidation, which provide an increase in their polarization. An alternative reaction of phase 1 is the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde using alcohol dehydrogenases, which are detected mainly in the cytosol.

Chronic drug hepatitis

Symptoms of chronic active hepatitis can cause medications. Such drugs include oxyphenysatin, methyldopa, isoniazid, ketoconazole and nitrofurantoin. The most common are elderly women.

Chronic hepatitis C: treatment

Chronic hepatitis C treatment involves a complex. The therapy of this disease includes etiological, pathogenetic and symptomatic treatment.

Chronic hepatitis C: diagnosis

Diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C is based on laboratory tests, instrumental methods and differential diagnosis.

Chronic hepatitis C: symptoms

Chronic hepatitis C symptoms are lethargic. These signs last for many years. Acute attack usually remains unrecognized and proceeds without clinical symptoms, according to which it would be possible to predict chronicization. Nevertheless, 80% of patients develop chronic hepatitis and 20% have liver cirrhosis.

Chronic hepatitis C: causes

The cause of chronic hepatitis C is the hepatitis C virus, which was identified in 1989. Houghton et al. The hepatitis C virus often leads to the development of chronic hepatitis, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The transition of acute viral hepatitis C into chronic is observed in 50-80%.

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