Diseases of the liver and biliary tract

Acute cholecystitis

Acute cholecystitis is an acute inflammation of the gallbladder wall. In the overwhelming majority of cases, acute cholecystitis develops when the bladder duct becomes obstructed with a stone, which provokes an increase in intravesical pressure. Thus, acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of cholelithiasis.

Portal hypertension: symptoms

Cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension. In patients with cirrhosis of the liver, it is necessary to find out all possible causes of it, including an indication of alcoholism or hepatitis in an anamnesis.

Portal hypertension

Portal hypertension - increased pressure in the portal portal vein, caused by blood flow disorders of various origins and localization - in portal vessels, hepatic veins and inferior vena cava.

Cholestasis: treatment

Indications for surgical or conservative treatment are determined by the cause of obstruction and the condition of the patient. With choledocholithiasis resort to endoscopic papillosphincterotomy and removal of the stone. When obstructing the biliary tract with a malignant tumor, operative patients are judged to be resectable.

Cholestasis: diagnosis

The content of bilirubin in the blood progressively increases usually during the first 3 weeks of cholestasis, mainly due to the conjugated fraction. With a decrease in the severity of cholestasis, the level of bilirubin in the blood begins to decrease quite slowly due to the fact that during the existence of cholestasis, bilialbumin (bilirubin bound to albumin) is formed in the blood.

Cholestasis: symptoms

Leading symptoms of cholestasis (both acute and chronic) are skin itching and impaired absorption. In chronic cholestasis, bone damage (hepatic osteodystrophy), cholesterol deposition (xanthoma, xanthelasma) and skin pigmentation due to melanin accumulation are observed.

Cholestasis: pathogenesis

Changes in bile flow are observed in the defeat of ducts caused by inflammation, destruction of the epithelium, but these changes are secondary rather than primary. The role of disorders of the regulator of transmembrane conduction of ductal epithelial cells in cystic fibrosis requires further study.

Cholestasis: causes

Extrahepatic cholestasis develops with mechanical obstruction of the main extrahepatic or major intrahepatic ducts.

Cholestasis: classification

Cholestasis is divided into extra- and intrahepatic, as well as acute and chronic. Extrahepatic cholestasis develops with mechanical obstruction of the bile ducts, usually outside the liver; at the same time, obstruction in the cholangiocarcinoma of the liver gates that germinate the main intrahepatic ducts can also be attributed to this group.

Bile production

In the construction of microfilaments involved interacting polymerized (F) and free (G) actin. Microfilaments, concentrating around the tubular membrane, determine the contractility and motility of the tubules. Phalloidin, enhancing the polymerization of actin, and cytochalasin B, which weaken it, inhibit the motility of the tubules and cause cholestasis.

Health