The defeat of ENT organs in HIV infection

HIV infection (HIV-infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection) is a slowly progressing anthropo- nous infectious disease with a contact mechanism of transmission, characterized by specific damage to the immune system with the development of severe acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS), which is manifested by opportunistic (secondary) infections, the emergence of malignant neoplasms and autoimmune processes leading to death of a person.

Epidemiology of HIV infection

The ways of HIV transmission are contact, vertical and artificial (official). The dominant mechanism of transmission of the causative agent is contact, realized (through sexual contact, which is due to the high concentration of the virus in the semen and vaginal secretion).

In the early 80's. In the 20th century, the greatest number of registered cases of HIV infection occurred in the USA and Central Africa in sub-Saharan Africa, and by the end of 2000 all continents were involved in the epidemic. In Russia, HIV infection has been registered since 1985, initially among foreigners, mostly from Africa, and since 1987 and among former Soviet citizens.

Until the mid-1990s. In Russia, the main route of HIV transmission was sexual, which determined the nature of the epidemic process. Since the second half of the 1990s, the injection route has come first - among drug addicts who practice parenteral administration of psychoactive substances. In recent years, there has been an increase in the heterosexual mechanism of HIV transmission, as evidenced not only by the increase in the number of people whose main risk factor was heterosexual contact, but also the increase in the proportion of infected women. As a consequence, the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child increases.

Causes and pathogenesis of lesions of ENT organs in HIV infection

Systematics of HIV: The Kingdom of Viridae. Family Retroviridae. Subfamily Lentiviridae. Currently, 2 serotypes of the virus are described: HIV-1. HIV-2, differing in structural and antigenic characteristics. HIV-1, which dominates the modern pandemic and is most widespread in Europe, has more epidemiological significance.

For the first time HIV was isolated in 1983 by the French scientist L. Mongagnier at the Pasteur Institute from a distant lymph node and was named LAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus). At the same time, a group of American scientists led by R. Gallo at the National Cancer Institute (USA) isolated a retrovirus called HTLV-III (Human T-lymphotropic virus type III) from the blood with AIDS. In 1986, the Committee on Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Viruses suggested giving the causative agent the name HIV (HIV - human immunodeficiency virus).

Lesion of ENT organs in HIV infection - Causes and pathogenesis

Symptoms of lesions of ENT organs in HIV infection

The variety of clinical manifestations of HIV infection is due to the inclusion of opportunistic infections, among which the most important are fungal, bacterial and viral infections. Lesions of the oral cavity and mucous membranes of the ENT organs in HIV-infected patients are one of the first clinical manifestations of the disease.

The defeat of mucous membranes and skin usually begins with the development of candidiasis. Candidiasis of the nasopharynx and esophagus is found in patients with manifestations of HIV infection in the head and neck - more than a third of infected individuals in stages 3-4B exacerbation of chronic sinusitis of fungal etiology. Candidiasis of this localization in young patients who have no other reasons for immunosuppression - an indication for a test for the presence of HIV infection, Oropharyngeal and esophagial candidiasis is often combined with an increase in cervical lymph nodes.

The defeat of ENT organs in HIV infection - Symptoms

Diagnosis of lesions of ENT organs in HIV infection

Diagnosis of HIV infection is always laboratory, not clinical. Secondary or concomitant diseases, detected clinically, allow to determine the severity of the condition and indications for hospitalization, to develop tactics of treatment.

The value has a retrospective assessment of the patient's complaints, indicating the nature of the disease, because some periods of the disease are asymptomatic.

Lesion of ENT organs in HIV infection - Diagnosis

Treatment of lesions of ENT organs in HIV infection

The modern arsenal of drugs can suppress the replication of viruses in most patients for a certain, sometimes quite a long time, to translate the disease into a chronic course. Therapy can prolong the life of the patient, but is unable to completely stop the infectious process.

In Ukraine, according to the list in the standard, the following medicines are used:

• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors:
  • abacavir;
  • zidovudine:
  • lamivudine;
  • didanosine;
  • stavudn:
  • phosphazide.

Lesion of ENT organs in HIV infection - Treatment