Breast dysplasia

Benign breast dysplasia

If the proliferative changes in connective, epithelial tissues (their abnormal ratio) begin to flow in the chest area, which are regressive in nature, then the formation of fibro - matic - cystic lesions proceeds, the doctors diagnose benign breast dysplasia (DDM). Diseases of this group dominate among all the pathological changes taking place in the mammary gland.

This category includes mastopathy and fibrocystic breast disease. According to unverified data, this type of disease occurs from 60 to 90 percent of women. Such figures are based on histological studies of the mammary glands of women who have died from various causes.

Benign dysplasia of the breast is divided into two categories:

• The proliferative variety of benign dysplasia is the predominant division of myoepithelium and the epithelium of ducts or lobes. Less often, it occurs when connective tissues are involved in this process. In the case of proliferative processes in the breast, the probability of degeneration into cancer cells increases two to five times, and in particularly difficult cases and in 14.
• In the case of non-proliferative varieties of benign dysplasia, the proliferation mainly affects the fibrotic cells, and the ducts increase according to the cystic variant. In this case, one node or conglomerate of nodules is formed, mainly this process takes place in one gland. There are fewer cases when the neoplasm developed from a hyalineized (fiber thickened) cicatrical connective matter, which is localized around the atrophic lobes. In this case, the risk of developing cancers is small enough.

A benign seal consisting of proliferating connective and glandular matter (fibroadenoma) is represented by a capsule of fibrous invoice and is considered as the proliferation of the epithelial layer of the alveoli, connective cells and the duct of the intralobular zone. According to statistics, fibroadenoma degenerates into cancer according to different data from 20 to 50% of cases. Although there are also such experimenters who categorically deny any risk of malignancy of the neoplasm of this category.

Another benign neoplasm is the intraprostatic papilloma. It is diagnosed as having papillary formations, formed from the epithelium of the protocol. There are fewer cases when this symptomatology is accompanied by a cystic enlargement of the ducts themselves. If the papilloma is one, it is not susceptible to malignancy, in the case of multiple neoplasms, the possibility of degeneration into cancer increases four to six times.

Dyshormonal dysplasia of mammary glands

Mastopathy of the breast includes a wide list of heterogeneous diseases that differ from each other both in etiological and morphological characteristics, are represented by different clinical pictures, but all of them are associated with disorders occurring in the structural structure of various breast cells.

Dyshormonal dysplasia of the mammary glands (or as it is called, mastopathy) is a fibro-cystic disease, defined as a failure in the proportionality of the fusion of the connective and epithelial cells, burdened with all sorts of proliferative regressive processes that radically alter the tissue component of the breast.

Representatives of medicine distinguish several types of dyshormonal dysplasia.

1. Primarily it is necessary to stop at the nodal mastopathy, the parameters of which are single or multiple neoplasms of the nodular type. They, in case of diagnosis, are defined as local fibrosis, fibromatosis, adenosis, fibroadenomas, cysts and adenofibromas.

This type of pathology is difficult to diagnose, because very often the clinical picture of the disease is similar to both benign and cancerous pathologies. Definitely put the diagnosis, sometimes even cytology, x-ray study, sonography does not help. Having received ambiguous results of the examination, the doctor has clear indicators, which determine his further actions. The doctor, using relative and absolute indicators, accepts or rejects the decision about a surgical intervention, forms a protocol of treatment.

2. The second type of pathology can be called diffuse mastopathy, which has its own subspecies.

• Adenosis is diffuse mastopathy with a predominant glandular component. This disease is more common in women of childbearing age, but not yet become mothers (that is, nulliparous). Symptoms of the pathology - pain in the area of the mammary glands, arising when pressing on the chest. At the end of the menstrual period, the pain symptomatology somewhat stops or completely ceases to disturb. Radiography shows a high contrast of formations, heterogeneity of the structure of glandular tissues. There are small seals with blurred edges with a diameter not exceeding one and a half centimeters.
• Fibroadenomatosis - diffuse mastopathy with an advantageous fibrous component. Pain symptomatology is quite moderate. When palpation of the breast tissues, fibrotic seals, differentiated on the roentgenogram by uniform darkened areas, are differentiated.
• Diffuse mastopathy with an advantageous cystic component. The clinical picture of the disease is represented by bursting pains in the region of the mammary glands. With pressure, numerous lumps of elastic texture with clearly defined boundaries are probed. Cysts of large sizes are well seen on the roentgenogram - areas of oval or round form of uniform texture, multiple small - polycystosis - on mammograms are almost indistinguishable. To confirm or refute the diagnosis of pathology of this type will help ultrasound examination of the mammary glands (ultrasound MF). It is this examination that gives the doctor the opportunity to specify the problem.
• Fibrous-cystic mastopathy is a mixed form of this pathology, most often diagnosed by mammologists, especially the high percentage of lesions are given by the fair-sex representatives aged 35 to 40 years. The disease is capable of capturing both one and both breasts. On the roentgenogram it is represented by a pattern in the form of mixing of large loops with compact spots with a diffuse contour. In addition to pain symptoms, there may be minor discharge from some ducts, regressive changes are seen in the structure of the gland. The doctor assigns a pictogram, which shows the changes in the milky ducts and the size of the cysts formed. Quite often in the subareolar milk ducts, one can observe an inflammatory process that leads to an expansion of the ducts.

3. Other benign neoplasms:

• Papilloma inside the ductal zone.
• Cyst.
• There are also special types of benign tumors - phyloid or leaflike neoplasms.

The main reason for the transformations taking place in the gland is the reaction of the epithelial cells and the stroma that has arisen in the woman's body against the background of hormonal imbalance.

Severe dysplasia of the breast

Pre-cancerous condition is a congenital or acquired in the process of life-drunk deforming of tissue layers, which later becomes the basis for transformation into cancerous tumors.

Severe mammary dysplasia is stage III dysplasia, when atypism of the epithelial layer captures 2/3 or more epithelial cells. In their multilayered appearance, foci of growth with a heterogeneous structure arise. Proliferation affects the entire cell: hyperchromatosis of the cell nuclei and growth of its size, polymorphism and basal cell hyperplasia are observed.

In the layers of glandular epithelium, the severity of dysplasia is determined in the disorganization of the structural features of these neoplasms. The glands are located chaotically or take a branched character, while they differ in atypical characteristics. There is a glitch in the secretion. You can diagnose both the increase and the weakening of this function.

In most cases, severe mammary dysplasia is malignant in malignant tumors. At the same time, the reasons that become the catalyst for transformation are still completely unclear.

The mild and middle stage of dysplasia is partially or completely reversible in its morphology, with a severe degree of pathology tissue regeneration is no longer possible and the only treatment is complex therapy combining surgical intervention with medication support. Primarily pathological changes begin to capture the cambial regions, subsequently dispersing along the line of maturation of the same tissues.

The severe stage of dysplasia is considered by some to be an "imperfect cancer." In the chain of progressive development of the disease, malignancy is the final stage in cancer degeneration.There is a term such as carcinoma in situ that determines the condition of cancer tumors that are devoid of infiltrates, epithelial cells replaced by atypical ones the basal membrane is differentiated and the mag- alized cells do not penetrate into the underlying tissue layers.

Proceeding from the foregoing, severe dysplasia of the breast is a dangerous enough pathology capable of transforming into cancer, while the causes of degeneration and the catalyst of the process are unknown. Therefore, timely access to a specialist and the establishment of a diagnosis at an early stage becomes very important.

Fibrous dysplasia of the breast

Fibrosis is the proliferation of connective tissue, accompanied by the development of scarring, due to chronic inflammation. Any disease of this localization is very dangerous, because, for unknown reasons, it can degenerate into a cancerous tumor. Fibrous dysplasia of the breast mainly develops against the background of imbalance of hormones: there is a deficit of progesterone and excessive production of estrogens. This condition of the body occurs in almost half of women.

At an early stage of the pathology, it is impossible to recognize the disease, since it passes almost asymptomatically. It can only be diagnosed by accident during a preventive examination. Over time, the symptoms begin to manifest more clearly.

• During the period of the monthly breast "poured" and becomes painful when touched.
• A woman feels an uncomfortable condition in her chest, she is simply "bursting" from the inside.
• The symptoms of premenstrual syndrome become more pronounced.
• As the pathology worsens, the manifestations of fibrous dysplasia of the breast become more vivid.
• Pain loses its connection with the menstrual cycle and becomes more intense and permanent.
• When palpating, the painful seals are already clearly identified. Pain symptomatology increases with pressure on the mammary gland.
• From the nipple, serous discharge is observed.

If a woman observes a similar symptomatology, she should not postpone the trip to the doctor - a mammalogist or gynecologist - this is fraught with aggravation of the situation and an increase in the probability of degeneration into cancer.