Antibiotics for urethritis

Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra. Let's consider the features of its treatment with antibiotics, types of drugs and rules for their use.

Inflammation of the urethral walls occurs in both men and women. The pathological process is accompanied by pain, cutting and burning during urination, against this background, various discharges appear. If the disease worsens, the inflammation spreads to other pelvic organs. The peculiarity of this disease is that it can be contracted during unprotected sexual intercourse. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the etiology of the disorder. For this, a bacteriological examination of urine is carried out and a smear is taken from the urethra.

Consider the main symptoms of urethritis depending on the type of pathogen:

• Gonorrhea - 1-2 weeks after infection, cutting pains and urinary retention appear.
• Trichomonas - symptoms develop a couple of weeks after infection, while about 30% of cases occur without specific signs. It manifests itself as a burning sensation in the urethra and external genitalia. When the process becomes chronic, the painful symptoms disappear.
• Candidiasis - symptoms of the disorder appear 10-20 days after infection. There is a burning sensation, pain and discomfort during urination of a moderate nature. Whitish-pink discharge of a thick or viscous consistency appears from the urethra.
• Mycoplasma - proceeds subacutely, without pronounced symptoms. The patient complains of itching and pain when urinating.
• Chlamydia - characterized by an asymptomatic course in the first month after infection. The main symptoms are purulent discharge from the urethra, mild itching.
• Urogenital tuberculosis – usually develops against the background of tuberculosis of the kidneys. Accompanied by damage to the bladder and urethra.

When drawing up a treatment plan, the type of microorganism that became the pathogen is taken into account. Antibiotic therapy is combined with uroantiseptics, antihistamines and immunomodulatory drugs. Without proper and timely treatment, urethritis causes serious complications. Most often, cystitis, vaginitis, vulvovaginitis develop against its background. Serious complications from the genital area are also possible: colpitis, endometritis, adnexitis and even infertility.

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Indications antibiotics for urethritis

Antibiotics for urethritis have specific indications for use. The drugs are selected depending on the type of pathogen. Since inflammation is usually of an infectious nature, medications that affect as many microorganisms as possible, i.e. potential pathogens, are used for treatment.

Therapy is carried out using the following drugs:

• Second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
• β-lactam antibiotics (protected aminopenicillins or third-generation cephalosporins).
• Uroantiseptics.
• Imidazole derivatives (if protozoa are detected in the culture).

When choosing an antibiotic, the following factors are taken into account:

• The risk of developing antibiotic resistance, that is, the insensitivity of bacteria to drugs (most often this occurs when using fluoroquinolones).
• Polyetiology, if the disease is caused by several pathogens at the same time.
• Chronic course of urethritis, which can be hidden behind the clinical picture of a mild disorder.

The sooner the pathology is diagnosed and its pathogen is identified, the higher the chances of successful and speedy recovery. When choosing antibiotics, the presence of concomitant diseases is taken into account. This is due to the fact that urethritis very often occurs simultaneously with chlamydia, thrush, gonorrhea. Timely treatment can reduce the risk of complications.

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Release form

Today, many drugs have been developed that are prescribed for inflammation and urinary tract infections. Their form of release and composition ensure rapid recovery and convenient use.

Form of release of antibiotics for urethritis:

• Tablets, capsules and suspension for oral use.
• Intravenous and intramuscular infections.
• Rectal and vaginal suppositories.
• Solutions for instillation (infusion of medicine into the urethra using a catheter).

The choice of the drug depends on the stage of the pathological process and the individual characteristics of the patient's body. If the drug is not chosen correctly, it will not act on the pathogen, which will lead to a number of complications and side effects.

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Antibiotics for urethritis in women

Due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the urethra, urethritis in women is less pronounced than in men. But despite this, the disease is accompanied by painful sensations. Without proper and timely treatment, it can lead to the development of cystitis, various gynecological complications and inflammation of the pelvic organs.

Let's look at the main factors that contribute to the development of urethritis in women:

• Weak immune system.
• Chronic inflammatory diseases.
• Lesions of the genitourinary system.
• Injuries to the genitals.
• Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules.
• Frequent stress and psycho-emotional stress.
• Alcoholism and other bad habits.
• Hypothermia.
• Pregnancy and other hormonal changes in the body.

Various infections play a leading role in the development of the disease. Based on this, the disorder is divided into:

1. Non-infectious – may develop due to urolithiasis, when small stones passing through the urethra damage its mucous membrane. In some cases, the disease occurs against the background of malignant lesions of the genitourinary system, with injuries to the urethra, allergic and gynecological diseases, as well as during the first sexual intercourse.
2. Infectious - has two ways of infection: sexual and hematogenous. The first involves infection during unprotected sexual intercourse with a sick person. Hepatogenic - this is the entry of the pathogen with the blood or lymph flow from the site of inflammation.
   • Specific – occurs due to sexually transmitted infections. These can be gonococci, trichomonads, Candida fungi, chlamydia, mycoplasma.
   • Non-specific infectious is a purulent inflammation. Its symptoms depend on the microorganisms that caused it. Most often these are: staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli.
   • Viral infectious - develops due to the herpes virus and genital warts.

Antibiotics for urethritis in women are prescribed depending on the factor and pathogen that provoked the disease. That is, in each specific case, a specific antibiotic is prescribed. The following drugs may be prescribed for treatment:

1. Benzydamine

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Has a broad spectrum of action, antiseptic and analgesic properties. Available in the form of a spray, gel, cream, lozenges and powder for solution. The active substance of the drug is benzydamine hydrochloride, reduces capillary permeability, inhibits the process of adenosine triphosphate production and stabilizes lysosome membranes.

It has a destructive effect on the synthesis of inflammation mediators and reduces the sensitivity of pain receptors. After application, it is quickly and well absorbed through the mucous membrane, getting into the inflammation center. It has a low level of binding to blood plasma proteins. It is excreted through the intestines and kidneys, the half-life is about 13 hours.

• Indications for use: fungal and trichomonas infections, stomatitis, aphthous ulcers, gingivitis, complex treatment of tonsillectomy, calculous inflammation of the salivary glands, non-specific vaginitis, inflammation of the cervix.
• The method of application and dosage depend on the dosage form of the medication. Tablets are taken at 200 mg per day, divided into 3-4 doses. The spray and solution should be used every 1.5-3 hours. If the medication is used for vaginal douching, the procedure is performed twice a day. Up to 140 ml of the prepared solution can be used at a time. The gel for external use is applied to the affected areas 2-3 times a day, rubbing until the drug is completely absorbed.
• Contraindications: allergic reactions to the components of the drug, phenylketonuria, children under 12 years of age.
• Side effects: burning, dryness, skin rashes. In rare cases, increased weakness and drowsiness occur. No cases of overdose have been recorded.

2. Dioxidine

A broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Effective against infectious diseases caused by Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Streptococcus or Staphylococcus, pathogenic anaerobes. Effective against bacterial strains that are resistant to other antibiotics and even chemotherapy drugs. The drug is available as a 1% solution in 10 ml ampoules for local and intracavitary use. There is also a 5% ointment in 25 and 50 g tubes.

• Indications for use: purulent-inflammatory diseases of various localizations, purulent pleurisy, pleural empyema, abscesses, peritonitis, cystitis, urethritis. Prescribed for wounds with deep cavities, for the prevention of infectious complications after catheterization of the bladder.
• Method of administration: the drug is prescribed only to adult patients after a preliminary tolerance test. It is injected into the inflammation cavity using a drainage tube, catheter or syringe. The maximum daily dosage is 70 ml of 1% solution. The duration of therapy depends on the severity of the disease and its effectiveness in the first days of its use.
• Side effects: when the medicine is injected into a vein or inflammatory cavity, headache, chills, a sharp increase in body temperature, various digestive disorders, and convulsions may occur. To prevent such reactions, antihistamines and calcium preparations are prescribed.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of the product, pregnancy. It is prescribed with special caution in case of impaired renal and hepatic function.

3. Urolesan

A combined herbal remedy with antibiotic and disinfectant properties. Increases urine output, increases the excretion of chlorides and urea, improves renal blood flow, increases bile secretion and bile formation. Available in 15 ml dropper bottles.

• Indications for use: various forms of gallstone and urolithiasis, acute and chronic pyelonephritis, cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, inflammation of the urethra.
• The method of application and dosage depend on the doctor's prescription. Side effects are manifested in the form of attacks of nausea and dizziness. To eliminate them, rest and plenty of hot drinks are recommended.

4. Miramistin

A medicinal product with antiseptic properties. It has a hydrophobic effect on the cytoplasmic membranes of harmful microorganisms, increasing the permeability of their cell walls. Its activity extends to gram-positive and gram-negative, aerobic, anaerobic, asporogenous and spore-forming bacteria.

The drug is effective against various pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases: trichomonas, chlamydia, gonococci, pale treponema. It is available in the form of a 0.01% solution and 0.5% ointment for local use.

• Indications for use: prevention and treatment of trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital candidiasis. It is used for mycoses, staphyloderma and streptoderma, keratomycosis, for the treatment of infected wounds in the early stages of the wound process. It is used in urological practice for acute urethritis, urethroprostatitis of specific and non-specific nature. In gynecology and obstetrics, in otolaryngology and dentistry.
• Method of administration and dosage: for the treatment of urethritis, the solution is used intraurethrally. The recommended dosage is 2-5 ml 3 times a day.
• Side effects manifest themselves in the form of a burning sensation, which goes away on its own within 10-15 seconds. The drug is contraindicated in case of individual intolerance to its components.

5. Ofloxacin

A drug from the fluoroquinolone group. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial and bactericidal action. Affects gram-negative bacteria, microorganisms resistant to most antibiotics and sulfonamides. Available in the form of oral tablets of 200 mg.

• Indications for use: infections of the respiratory tract, throat, nose, skin and soft tissues. It is used for osteomyelitis, infectious lesions of the urinary tract, prostatitis, diseases of the abdominal organs and kidneys. The drug is effective for infectious gynecological diseases, gonorrhea.
• Method of application: for diseases of the urinary system, take 200 mg twice a day. Treatment is carried out for 7-10 days, but if necessary, therapy can be extended.
• Side effects: allergic skin reactions, changes in blood count, dizziness and headaches, swelling of the face, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to quinolones, epilepsy, pregnancy, lactation, children and adolescents. It is prescribed with special caution in case of renal dysfunction.

6. Cefaclor

A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of action. Has a bactericidal effect. Contains the active substance 250 mg of cefaclor in 5 ml of suspension. Resistant to beta-lactamases.

• Indications for use: infectious and inflammatory diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug. Used for infectious lesions of the urinary tract, lesions of the skin and soft tissues, sinusitis, otitis.
• Method of administration and dosage: a suspension is prepared from the powder and used according to doctor's prescriptions. For adults and patients over 12 years of age, 5 ml of suspension (250 mg of cefaclor) is prescribed every 8 hours. The course of treatment is 7-10 days.
• Side effects: nausea and vomiting, bowel disorders, headaches and dizziness, skin allergic reactions, changes in blood count, acute renal failure, candidiasis.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components and other β-lactam antibiotics. Not prescribed for leukopenia, renal failure, hemorrhagic syndrome, pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. To eliminate painful symptoms, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are recommended.

In addition to antibiotics for urethritis, women are advised to follow a diet. It is necessary to give up fatty, sour and spicy foods, normalize the drinking regime. During therapy, hypothermia should be avoided, personal hygiene rules should be observed and sexual intercourse should be abstained until complete recovery.

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Antibiotics for urethritis in men

One of the most common diseases in men is inflammation of the urethra. It manifests itself more vividly in them than in women, so diagnostics does not take much time and is not difficult. The predisposing factor for the development of the disease is based on male physiology. The male urethra is longer than the female one, due to which bacteria remain on its mucous membrane. But the development of urethritis, as a rule, is associated with additional factors:

• Various venereal diseases and unprotected sexual intercourse.
• Kidney stones - when passing through the urethra, they injure its mucous membrane, which promotes the proliferation of harmful microorganisms.
• Injuries to the genitals and pelvic organs.
• Hypothermia and decreased immunity.
• Improper nutrition – an abundance of spicy, sour, fatty and salty foods irritates the mucous membrane and provokes the addition of infection.
• Medical procedures and allergic reactions.
• Poisoning of the body with toxins.
• Congenital or acquired defects in the structure of the genitourinary system.

Antibiotics for urethritis in men are used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Inflammation can be infectious and non-infectious in nature. This is taken into account when choosing drugs. The main pathogens of the disease:

• Pathogenic microorganisms – trichomonads, ureaplasma, herpes virus, gonococci, adenoviruses, chlamydia, mycoplasma.
• Opportunistic pathogens are microorganisms that constantly live on the mucous membrane of the urethra, but do not cause disease. These can be fungi, E. coli, Proteus, staphylococci and streptococci.

Inflammation of infectious origin can be primary and secondary. Primary inflammation is characterized by ascending urethral lesion, i.e. bacteria enter the body from the outside, for example, during unprotected sexual intercourse or poor hygiene. Secondary inflammation develops when pathogenic elements enter the genitourinary system from an inflammatory focus in the body. In both cases, painful sensations appear in the urethra, which can spread to the organs of the genitourinary system and the rectum. The patient complains of burning and stinging during urination, atypical discharge, itching, adhesion of the urethra, irritation of the head of the penis.

The development of a treatment plan and the choice of the optimal antibiotic are based on blood and urine tests, and the results of smears from the urethra. Based on the results of the studies, the doctor selects an individual treatment plan. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and antihistamine drugs, vitamin complexes, and immunostimulants are used in the course of therapy.

Let's look at the most popular medications that can be prescribed for urethritis in men:

1. Hydrocortisone (not an antibiotic)

Glucocorticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and antitoxic properties. Available in vials with lyophilized powder for injections. The drug comes with 2 and 4 ml ampoules of solvent.

• Indications for use: various infectious processes in the body and allergic reactions, myocardial infarction, non-purulent thyroiditis, adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia, various rheumatological and collagen diseases, pemphigus, bullous herpetiform and exfoliative dermatitis, mycosis fungoides, polymorphic bullous erythema, increased diuresis and decreased proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome.
• Method of administration and dosage: the drug is administered intramuscularly and intravenously. The initial dose is 100 mg, every 2-6 hours. High dosages are indicated only to stabilize the patient's condition.
• Side effects: congestive heart failure, fluid retention, tissue and joint necrosis, osteoporosis, nausea and vomiting, allergic reactions, low blood pressure, changes in heart rhythm.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of the drug, hypertension, nephritis, gastric ulcer, active forms of tuberculosis, systemic fungal diseases, psychosis, recent surgeries.

2. Iodovidone (not an antibiotic)

A bactericidal agent, active against E. coli, Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Available as a 1% solution in 1L bottles. Used to treat wounds and burns of various locations and etiologies, as well as infectious lesions. The drug can be used to wash the wound cavity or simultaneously with antiseptic dressings. In case of overdose, the drug causes non-infectious inflammation of the mucous membrane. A similar reaction is possible with intolerance to iodine preparations. The main contraindication is intolerance to the active components of the drug.

3. Phytolysin (not an antibiotic)

An anti-inflammatory agent with diuretic, analgesic and bacteriostatic properties. Accelerates the process of loosening and removing urinary stones. Available in the form of a paste in 100 g tubes.

• Indications for use: inflammation of the urinary tract, bladder, renal pelvis, kidneys, loosening stones and facilitating their removal with urine.
• Directions for use: Dissolve one teaspoon of paste in 100 ml of warm sweetened water and take 3-4 times a day after meals.
• Contraindications: phosphate kidney stones, nephrosis, acute inflammatory kidney diseases.

4. Nystatin (not an antibiotic)

An antifungal agent that affects pathogenic fungi, aspergilli, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. Available in the form of tablets, suppositories and suppositories, ointments. Indications for use: treatment and prevention of various fungal diseases, candidiasis of the mucous membranes, skin and internal organs. The method of administration, dosage and form of release of Nystatin are prescribed by the attending physician, individually for each patient. The course of treatment takes 10-14 days. The drug is low-toxic, but can cause side effects. Most often, this is an increase in body temperature, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea.

5. Spectinomycin

An antibiotic of natural origin, tricyclic structure. It is produced as dihydrochloride pentahydrate: white crystalline powder. It has antibacterial, bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties. It is effective against gram-negative microorganisms: gonococci, strains resistant to penicillin.

• Indications for use: acute gonorrheal urethritis and prostatitis in men, gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in women, prophylaxis after sexual intercourse with a patient with gonorrhea. The drug is used for intramuscular injections. The dosage and duration of therapy are determined by the attending physician.
• Contraindications: intolerance to active components. If the drug is prescribed to women, it is contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation. Side effects are manifested in the form of dizziness, insomnia, various dyspeptic and allergic reactions. It is also possible to develop oliguria, decrease hemoglobin in the blood, painful sensations at the injection site.

The duration of antibiotic use for urethritis in men is about 10-14 days. Such drugs as: Hydrocortisone, Miramistin, Dioxidine, Furacilin are used for administration into the urethra. After the course of treatment, the patient should be careful, avoid hypothermia and other unfavorable factors that can provoke a relapse of the disease. Without timely and proper therapy, the pathology leads to various complications. Most often, this is a violation of sexual function, vesiculitis, Reiter's syndrome, prostatitis, infertility.

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Antibiotics for cystitis and urethritis

Very often cystitis and urethritis occur simultaneously. Both pathologies represent an inflammatory-infectious lesion of the urethra.

• Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra caused by trauma, allergic reactions, bacteria and viruses. The main symptoms of this disease are: urethral discharge, pain, burning and pain when urinating.
• Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder, which occurs due to changes in the structure of urine and disruption of the functional activity of the organ. This occurs with various sexually transmitted infections, allergic reactions, irritation, as well as with malignant processes and anatomical pathologies. Symptoms: pain when urinating, unpleasant odor and change in color of urine, pain in the lower abdomen and lower back.

Pathological processes have a certain similarity in their symptoms. Their main difference is the localization of inflammation. But in women, due to the anatomical features of the urethra structure, it is very difficult to determine where exactly the inflammation is located. Men are more susceptible to urethritis, and women are more susceptible to cystitis due to the short and wide urethra.

Both inflammations of the genitourinary system differ in test results. To differentiate them, the Nechiporenko test is performed and the values of leukocytes and erythrocytes are assessed. The norm is considered to be 2000/1 ml of leukocytes and 1000/1 ml of erythrocytes. In case of inflammation of the urethra, these figures increase up to 5 times. If higher values are detected, this indicates inflammation of the bladder.

Treatment of urethritis and cystitis is carried out with the same drugs. Since the inflammatory process is infectious, antibiotics and uroseptics are used to eliminate it. Therapy is carried out on an outpatient basis, hospitalization is possible in the presence of purulent processes. As a rule, patients are prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics: Tsifran, Biseptol, Amoxicillin, Agumentin and others. If the prescribed drug does not help, then a bacteriological urine culture is carried out. The analysis allows you to determine the sensitivity of microflora to the drug. Uroseptics are also used - these are drugs based on plant components: Urolesan, Fitolizin, Fitonefrol, Kanefron N.

Let's look at the most effective antibiotics for cystitis and urethritis:

1. Agumetin

A broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriolytic properties. It is active against a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic, gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has several forms of release: tablets and syrup for oral use, dry substance for the preparation of suspension and drops, powder for injections.

• Indications for use: bacterial infections caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug. Urogenital tract infections, cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, pelvic infections, peritonitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis. The method of administration and dosage depend on the form of the drug and doctor's recommendations.
• Side effects: digestive disorders, allergic reactions, dry mucous membranes, development of phlebitis at the injection site.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug, severe liver dysfunction, pregnancy and lactation. It is prescribed with special caution to patients with a history of allergic reactions.

2. Amoxicillin

A bactericidal antibiotic, belongs to the category of semi-synthetic penicillins. It has a broad spectrum of action: gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is available in the form of tablets and capsules for oral administration, solution and suspension, as well as dry substance for injections.

• Indications for use: various bacterial infections, urethritis, cystitis, gonorrhea, bronchitis, colienteritis, pneumonia. The dosage is set individually for each patient. As a rule, patients take 500 mg 3 times a day, the duration of therapy is up to 10 days.
• Side effects: skin allergic reactions, joint pain, gastrointestinal disorders, headaches and dizziness. In rare cases, superinfection may develop.
• Contraindications: infectious mononucleosis, penicillin intolerance. It is used with special caution for the treatment of pregnant women and patients prone to allergic reactions.

3. Biseptol

Bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent with a broad spectrum of action against most harmful microorganisms. Contains two active components: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Available in the form of oral tablets.

• Indications for use: respiratory and urinary tract infections (urethritis, cystitis, pyelitis, pyelonephritis), gastrointestinal infections, surgical infections, septicemia.
• Method of administration and dosage: the drug is taken 4 tablets per day. The maximum permissible daily dose is 6 tablets. The duration of treatment for acute infections is no more than 5-7 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, bowel disorders, various allergic reactions, leukopenia, agranulocytosis.
• Contraindications: intolerance to sulfonamides, diseases of the hematopoietic system, pregnancy and lactation, impaired renal and hepatic function. During the treatment period, it is necessary to monitor the blood picture.

4. Co-trimoxazole

Antibacterial, antiprotozoal agent. Active against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Tablets contain two active components: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.

• Indications for use: diseases associated with sensitive pathogenic flora. Used for laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia, pyoderma, furuncles and infected wounds. Effective in gastroenterology, acute and chronic forms of cystitis and urethritis, pyelitis, pyelonephritis, gonorrhea, inguinal granuloma. Also prescribed in surgery and other infectious lesions: septicemia, whooping cough, toxoplasmosis, inflammation of the meninges, brain abscess.
• Method of administration and dosage: take 2 tablets 1-2 times a day. During treatment, it is necessary to observe a time interval of 12 hours between taking the medication. The course of treatment is 5-7 days.
• Side effects: decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, skin allergic reactions, renal failure. If the drug causes coughing, rashes and painful sensations in the joints, then the therapy should be discontinued.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components, liver dysfunction, pregnancy and lactation, pathologies of the hematopoietic system, renal insufficiency. It is prescribed with special caution to elderly patients, those prone to allergic reactions, bronchial asthma and mild thyroid dysfunction.
• Overdose: pain in the epigastric and abdominal region, headaches, nausea and vomiting, increased drowsiness, decreased appetite, crystalluria. To eliminate these reactions, it is recommended to drink plenty of fluids, wash the stomach and further symptomatic therapy.

5. Tsifran

An antibacterial drug whose pharmacological action is due to disruption of the reproduction mechanism of harmful microorganisms. It is active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is available in the form of tablets for oral use and a solution for infusions.

• Indications for use: infections caused by sensitive microorganisms. Prescribed for pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess, bronchitis, urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, gonorrhea, pyelonephritis, epididymitis, otitis, sinusitis, infected ulcers and burns. Effective for gynecological infections: salpingitis, endometritis, inflammation of the pelvic organs. Also used for septicemia, typhoid fever, cholera, cholecystitis.
• Method of administration: the dosage is determined individually for each patient and depends on the type of pathogen. For uncomplicated urinary tract infections, take 250 mg every 12 hours, for complicated infections, take 500 mg every 12 hours. The course of treatment is 5-7 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches and dizziness, sleep disorders, skin allergic reactions. In rare cases, an increase in the level of liver transaminases and a change in the blood picture are observed.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug and fluoroquinolones, pregnancy, breastfeeding, patients under 16 years of age.

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Uroseptics:

6. Canephron N

Anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic herbal remedy. It is used in the complex treatment of genitourinary diseases: urethritis, cystitis, kidney and bladder diseases, prevention of urinary stones. The medicine is available in the form of oral tablets. The recommended dosage is 1 tablet 3 times a day. The course of treatment is determined by the doctor, individually for each patient.

It is well tolerated, side effects develop extremely rarely. When using high doses, the following symptoms may be observed: urticaria, skin itching, hyperemia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary retention. Symptomatic therapy is indicated to eliminate them. The tablets are contraindicated in case of intolerance to their components, cardiac or renal failure, and renal dysfunction.

7. Fitonefrol

Urological collection based on plant components: mint, eleutherococcus, dill, marigold, bearberry. The diuretic has diuretic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used in the complex therapy of diseases of the urinary tract and kidneys. It is not used to treat pregnant women, children and in case of intolerance to the components of the collection.

It is in powder form, so it must be brewed. To prepare the decoction, pour 2 tablespoons of the medicine into 200 ml of water and boil in a water bath over medium heat for 30 minutes. Once the remedy has cooled, it can be taken. The recommended dosage is 1/3 cup 3 times a day for 14 days. Side effects and overdose are manifested by skin allergic reactions and exacerbation of inflammatory diseases.

In addition to taking antibiotics, patients are recommended to drink plenty of fluids: tea, juices, jelly. Cranberry juice is especially useful, it acidifies urine and prevents microbes from adhering to the mucous membrane of the urinary tract.

Also, do not forget about the prevention of cystitis, urethritis and other urogenital infections. For this, it is recommended to use special products for intimate hygiene, which include lactic acid. This substance supports the natural microflora and creates a protective barrier for bacteria. It will not be superfluous to follow a diet. A balanced diet has a beneficial effect on the entire body and prevents the formation of stones.

Names

Inflammation of the urethra occurs due to pathogenic infectious agents. The main goal of its treatment is to destroy pathogenic flora and eliminate painful symptoms. For this purpose, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.

Let's look at the main names of drugs that are used depending on the type of urethritis and its pathogen:

Non-specific urethritis

1. Cefazolin

A broad-spectrum antibiotic with bactericidal properties. Active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Does not act on viruses, fungi and proteus. Available as an injection solution in vials.

• Indications for use: urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissues, musculoskeletal system. Used to treat pneumonia, pleural empyema, lung abscess.
• Method of administration: the medicine is administered intramuscularly and intravenously. The recommended daily dosage for adults is 1-4 g, in particularly severe cases the dosage may be increased. If the infection is caused by gram-positive microorganisms, then 250-500 mg is used every 8 hours.
• Side effects: various allergic reactions, transient increase in liver aminotransferase levels. Gastrointestinal disorders, dysbacteriosis, and superinfection may occur. Intramuscular administration may cause pain and provoke the development of phlebitis.
• Contraindications: intolerance to cephalosporin drugs, pregnancy and breastfeeding, treatment of newborns.
• Overdose: headaches and dizziness, paresthesia, renal failure, neurotoxic effects. Hemodialysis is recommended to eliminate side effects.

2. Ceftriaxone

An antibiotic from the third-generation cephalosporin group. It has bactericidal properties and a broad spectrum of action. It is active against many harmful microorganisms. The medicine is available in the form of a powder for the preparation of an injection solution. The drug is administered intramuscularly and intravenously. The active substance is quickly absorbed, bioavailability is 100%. Easily penetrates into all fluids and tissues of the body, excreted by the kidneys.

• Indications for use: infections of the ENT organs, upper and lower respiratory tract, infectious diseases of the genitourinary system, abdominal organs. Sepsis, bacterial septicemia, bacterial meningitis, bone and joint infections, prevention of purulent-septic complications after surgery.
• Method of application: only freshly prepared solutions should be used for injections. The recommended dosage is no more than 1 g per injection. The duration of treatment is determined by the attending physician.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis, skin allergic reactions, pain at the injection site, interstitial nephritis, candidiasis.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillins and cephalosporins, first trimester of pregnancy, lactation, renal and hepatic insufficiency.
• Overdose: changes in the blood picture. Symptomatic therapy and hemodialysis are indicated for treatment.

3. Erythromycin

An antimicrobial agent, close to penicillins in its spectrum of action. It is active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is better tolerated than penicillins, so it can be used in case of allergy to these substances. Therapeutic doses of erythromycin have a bacteriostatic effect. The drug is available in the form of 1% ointment and enteric-coated tablets.

• Indications for use: urethritis, cystitis, purulent otitis, pneumonia, pneumopleurisy, bronchiectasis, various septic conditions, erysipelas, mastitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, purulent-inflammatory processes in the body.
• Method of administration: single dose for adults is 250 mg, in severe conditions 500 mg is prescribed every 4-6 hours. The course of treatment is 10-14 days.
• Side effects: attacks of nausea and vomiting, bowel disturbances, jaundice, allergic reactions.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, severe liver dysfunction. It is prescribed with special caution in case of allergic reactions in the anamnesis.

Gonorrheal urethritis

1. Tienam

A combination drug with two active substances: imipenem and cilastatin sodium. Imipenem is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic, cilastatin sodium is a specific inhibitor of the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of imipenem in the kidneys and urinary tract. It is available as an injection solution.

• Indications for use: infections of the genitourinary system, skin and soft tissues, bones, joints. Septicemia, infections of the abdominal cavity and lower respiratory tract and other diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to imipenem.
• Method of administration and dosage: before use, it is necessary to determine the sensitivity of the microflora. The drug is administered intravenously and intramuscularly. The recommended daily dosage is 1-2 g in 3-4 doses. In severe infections, the dose can be increased to 4 g per day. During treatment, it is necessary to take into account that the solution cannot be mixed with solutions of other antibiotics.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, skin allergic reactions, dizziness and headaches, changes in the blood picture. Symptomatic therapy is indicated for treatment.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to components, cephalosporin and penicillin antibiotics. With special caution it is prescribed for patients with a history of allergic reactions.

2. Spiramycin

An antibiotic macrolide with bacteriostatic properties. It has a broad spectrum of action against most pathogenic microorganisms. It is available in tablet form.

• Indications for use: infectious and inflammatory diseases. Pharyngitis, atypical pneumonia, urethritis, bronchitis, osteomyelitis, toxoplasmosis, prostatitis, skin infections, sinusitis, gynecological pathologies, otitis, various ENT infections, prevention of meningococcal meningitis.
• Method of administration: orally 3 tablets per day. The course of treatment is 3-5 days. Side effects and signs of overdose have similar symptoms: skin rashes, itching, epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, paresthesia, ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa, anaphylaxis, changes in the blood picture.
• Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation, intolerance to spiramycin, allergic reactions to auxiliary components of the drug, pediatrics.

3. Rifampicin

A broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is active against mycobacteria of leprosy and tuberculosis, affects gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is available in tablet form and ampoules for intravenous and intramuscular administration. Resistance to the drug develops quickly, but cross-resistance with other antibiotics is not observed.

• Indications for use: urinary and biliary tract infections, tuberculosis of the lungs and other organs, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, gonorrhea, bronchitis. The method of administration and dosage depend on the severity of the disease and the doctor's instructions.
• Side effects: skin allergic reactions, digestive disorders, dysfunction of the pancreas and liver, phlebitis.
• Contraindications: infants, pregnant women, jaundice, kidney disease, hepatitis, hypersensitivity to the drug. Injections are not performed in cases of pulmonary heart failure and phlebitis.

In addition to the above antibiotics, the patient may be prescribed the following antibiotics: Oletetrin, Metacycline hydrochloride, Fusidin sodium, Cefixime, Cefodizim, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime and others.

Trichomonas urethritis

1. Nitasol

A medicinal product with antiprotozoal action on trichomonads and lamblia. Tablets, solution, suspension and suppositories are prescribed for trichomonad lesions of the genitourinary system and diseases of the small intestine caused by lamblia.

The drug should be used by women after the next menstruation. To do this, the genitals and vagina are cleaned with a tampon soaked in a 1% solution of sodium bicarbonate or by douching with this substance. After this, a suppository with nitazole is inserted. The procedure is carried out every 8-12 hours, simultaneously with taking 1 tablet 3 times a day. For the treatment of men, oral forms of medication are prescribed.

Nitasol can cause side effects, usually headaches and nausea, dry mucous membranes. The main contraindication for use is intolerance to its components.

2. Tinidazole

Suppresses the development of Trichomonas vaginalis, parasitizing in the genitourinary system, as well as Entamoebahistolitica and lamblia. After oral administration, the tablets are quickly absorbed, and the active components easily penetrate the bacterial cells. The medicine accumulates in the blood and is slowly excreted from the body.

Indications for use: trichomonas urethritis, acute and chronic trichomoniasis in men and women, giardiasis. Tablets are taken orally at 200-500 mg 1-2 times a day for 5-7 days. Side effects are manifested in the form of moderate leukopenia, headaches and dizziness, impaired coordination of movements, allergic reactions. Tinidazole is contraindicated in case of hematopoiesis disorders, diseases of the central nervous system in the active phase, in the first trimester of pregnancy and during lactation. It is forbidden to drink alcohol during treatment.

3. Trichomonacid

A pharmaceutical product with antiprotozoal action against trichomonads. It is used for urogenital diseases in men and women caused by trichomonads. It is used internally and locally. It is available in the form of powder, tablets and vaginal suppositories. The dosage and method of administration are determined by the attending physician. Side effects are manifested in the form of irritation of the mucous membrane and the appearance of profuse discharge from the urethra.

Candidal urethritis is treated with antifungal agents

1. Amphoglucamine

An antifungal agent active against yeast-like fungi and pathogens of systemic mycoses. The tablets are used for fungal diseases of the genitourinary system, gastrointestinal tract and internal organs. The medicine is taken twice a day at 200-500 mg for 10-14 days. Contraindicated in case of intolerance to its components, in case of impaired renal function and in case of allergic reactions in the anamnesis. Side effects manifest as impaired renal function.

2. Amphotericin B

A medication produced in the form of an ointment in tubes and vials with a 5% glucose solution for intravenous administration. It is active against yeast-like fungi and many pathogens of systemic mycoses. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is non-toxic when administered orally. It is used for fungal diseases that do not respond to treatment with other drugs. For urethritis, it is used in combination with antibiotics and other medications. The dosage and duration of therapy are determined by the attending physician, for each patient individually.

Amphotericin B may cause the following side effects: fever, nausea and vomiting, decreased blood pressure, decreased appetite. The drug is contraindicated in case of intolerance to its components, kidney and liver disease, allergic reactions in the anamnesis.

In addition to the above-described drugs, Clotrimazole, Levorin, Natamycin, Fluconazole and other drugs may be prescribed for candidal urethritis.

[ 16 ], [ 17 ]

Mycoplasma urethritis

1. Doxycycline

A semi-synthetic antibiotic from the tetracycline group. It has bacteriostatic properties and is active against many gram-positive microorganisms. It is available in capsules for oral administration. After oral administration, doxycycline is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, food does not affect the absorption process. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is observed after 2 hours, binding to blood proteins is about 95%.

• Indications for use: urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, ENT and gastrointestinal infections, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs in women, prostatitis, epididymitis, purulent soft tissue infections, prevention of surgical infections and malaria, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia and other infections. The drug is taken twice a day, 100 mg, the course of treatment is 10-14 days.

• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, allergic reactions, sweating, headaches and dizziness. The drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to its components, during pregnancy and lactation, porphyria, leukopenia, severe liver failure.

2. Tetracycline

A medication for internal and external use. It is prescribed for urethritis and urinary tract infections, bronchitis, pleurisy, tonsillitis, gallbladder inflammation and other diseases caused by antibiotic-sensitive microorganisms. It is available in capsules with an enteric coating, as a suspension and granules for solution. It is taken 250 mg every 6 hours, the course of treatment is determined by the doctor.

Side effects of Tetracycline are manifested by the following symptoms: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, changes in the mucous membranes, skin allergic reactions. The drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to its components, fungal diseases and kidney diseases, leukopenia.

Chlamydial urethritis

1. Azithromycin

A broad-spectrum antibiotic from the macrolide group. Penetrating into the inflammation site, it creates high concentrations, providing a bactericidal effect. Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacteria, and some anaerobic microorganisms are sensitive to the drug. The medicine is available in the form of tablets and syrup for oral administration.

• Indications for use: infections of the genitourinary system, upper and lower respiratory tract, ENT organs, skin, soft tissues, joints. Secondarily infected dermatoses, Lyme disease.
• Method of administration: the medicine is taken one hour before meals once a day. The recommended dosage is 500 mg on the first day of therapy and 250 mg on days 2-5 of treatment or 500 mg for three days. In case of overdose, side effects may develop: nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, increased activity of liver enzymes, skin rashes.
• Contraindications: intolerance to macrolide antibiotics, severe renal and hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy and lactation. It is prescribed with special caution to patients with a history of allergic reactions.

2. Clarithromycin

Antibacterial agent, macrolide. The active substance is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It changes the molecules of the substance and improves bioavailability, this expands the spectrum of the antibacterial effect and increases the content of clarithromycin in tissues. It has a tablet form of release - tablets with an enteric coating of 250 and 500 mg.

• Indications for use: treatment and prevention of various infectious processes caused by flora sensitive to the drug. Prescribed for urethritis, cystitis, pyelitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, folliculitis, erysipelas, bronchitis, infections of the dental and jaw system, HIV infection, as well as in complex therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter infection.
• Method of administration: orally, regardless of food intake. Tablets should be taken at the same time, in case of a missed dose, the dosage is not increased. As a rule, the doctor prescribes 250-500 mg 2 times a day. Duration of treatment is 5-14 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, taste changes, epigastric pain, headaches and dizziness, increased anxiety, disorientation, tachycardia, changes in blood count, allergic reactions.
• Contraindications: patients under 12 years of age, allergic reactions to the components of the drug.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. To eliminate them, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are indicated. Hemodialysis is ineffective.

3. Levomycetin

An antimicrobial drug with pronounced bacteriostatic properties. It has a broad spectrum of activity, and its mechanism of action is based on the ability to inhibit protein synthesis in bacterial cells. A significant advantage of the drug is that harmful microorganisms develop resistance to it slowly. Levomycetin is available in the form of tablets and powder for the preparation of an injection solution.

• Indications for use: infections of the genitourinary system, abdominal organs, respiratory tract, meningitis, chlamydia, trachoma, tularemia. Prescribed when other medications cannot be used or are ineffective.
• Method of administration: tablets are taken orally 30 minutes before meals or 1 hour after. The recommended dosage is 250-500 mg 3-4 times a day. The course of treatment is 7-12 days. The solution is used for intramuscular and intravenous administration. The dosage and duration of therapy is determined by the attending physician, individually for each patient.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, digestive and stool disorders, intestinal microflora disorders, leukopenia, changes in blood pressure, headache and dizziness, allergic skin reactions.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the product, impaired hematopoiesis, severe kidney and liver pathologies, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, fungal skin lesions, acute respiratory diseases, prevention of infection during surgical interventions.

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Herpetic urethritis

1. Acyclovir

An antiviral drug, effective against herpes simplex and herpes zoster viruses. Its active component is an analogue of the purine nucleoside deoxyguanidine, i.e. a DNA component. Due to this similarity, the active substance interacts with viral enzymes, stopping their reproduction. It is available in the form of tablets, injection solution, ointment and cream.

• Indications for use: treatment of herpes skin eruptions and prevention of new ones, visceral complications, infectious diseases caused by the herpes simplex or herpes zoster virus, including lesions of internal organs.
• Method of administration: tablets are taken 250 mg 5 times a day, for intravenous administration the dosage is 5 mg/kg 3 times a day. Duration of treatment is 5-10 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, headaches, increased fatigue, increased activity of liver enzymes. Similar reactions are also observed in case of overdose. To eliminate them, it is necessary to stop using the drug and conduct symptomatic therapy.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the product, pregnancy and lactation.

2. Ganciclovir

An antiviral agent similar in structure to acyclovir. It affects not only the herpes virus in the body, but also the cytomegalovirus. It is used for herpes, immunodeficiency conditions and complications with the addition of a viral infection. The dosage and duration of therapy are determined by the attending physician.

Side effects include neutropenia, various gastrointestinal disorders, and allergic reactions. Ganciclovir is contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation, and hypersensitivity to the drug. It is prescribed with special caution to patients with impaired renal function.

In addition to the above-mentioned drugs, for urethritis caused by herpes infection, the following medications may be prescribed: Penciclovir, Pharmaciclovir, Valaciclovir.

Gonococcal urethritis

1. Metronidazole

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal agent. The mechanism of action is based on the biochemical reduction of the 5-nitro group of metronidazole by intracellular transport proteins of anaerobic microorganisms and protozoa, which leads to the death of pathogens. It is active against a wide range of viruses and bacteria. Available in the form of suppositories, cream and gel for external use, vaginal gel, powder for the preparation of a solution for intravenous administration, suspension, tablets and a solution for infusions.

• Indications for use: urethritis, giardiasis, pneumonia, sepsis, bone and joint infections, CNS infections, trichomonas vaginitis, pelvic infections, pseudomembranous colitis, prevention of postoperative complications. The dosage and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the disease and the form of release of the drug, therefore, are determined by the attending physician.
• Side effects: diarrhea, loss of appetite, intestinal colic, nausea and vomiting, headaches, dizziness, impaired coordination of movements, increased weakness, skin allergic reactions, candidiasis, leukopenia.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the product, leukopenia, liver failure, pregnancy and breastfeeding, organic lesions of the central nervous system.

2. Ciprofloxacin

An antibacterial agent from the fluoroquinolone group. It is available in the form of tablets and infusion solution. Its effectiveness remains high regardless of the form of release. After entering the body, it penetrates well into all organs and tissues. It binds little to blood plasma proteins and is excreted unchanged in the urine.

• Indications for use: infections of the genitourinary system, bones, joints, soft tissues, gastrointestinal tract. Various gonococcal infections, postoperative complications, sepsis, meningitis, purulent-inflammatory processes in the body.
• Method of administration: for uncomplicated urinary tract infections, the drug is taken at 250-500 mg 2 times a day. In more severe cases, the dosage can be increased to 750 mg 2 times a day. The course of treatment is 5-15 days. Intravenous dosages are determined by the doctor.
• Side effects: allergic reactions, swelling of the face and vocal cords, changes in the blood picture, headaches and dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, increased fatigue, impaired perception of taste and smell.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to quinolones, epilepsy, pregnancy and lactation, patients under 15 years of age, impaired renal function.

If it is found that urethritis is caused by several pathogens, the following drugs will be effective: Josamycin, Ornidazole, Secnidazole, Fluconazole. If it was not possible to find out the reason for urethritis, it is advisable to use Nimorazole or Secnidazole for treatment. During the treatment, the patient may be prescribed immunostimulants: Anaferon, Gelon, Interferon, Ribomunil, Timalin. There are also homeopathic remedies for the treatment of urethritis: Cantharis, Copaiva and herbal remedies: artichoke, Gentos, Canephron.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacological properties of the drug, i.e. its pharmacodynamics, allow us to learn about the mechanism of action of the active components. Let's consider this using the example of antibiotics for urethritis:

• Fluoroquinolones (II generation)

Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Similar to other fluoroquinolones, but has a relatively high activity. Effective in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases of the body, especially infections of the genitourinary and respiratory systems, gastrointestinal tract.

• Β-lactam antibiotics

Amoxiclav is a combined antibacterial agent. Contains two active ingredients: amoxicillin (broad-spectrum penicillin) and clavulanic acid (inhibitor of microorganism beta-lactamases). Effective in the fight against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes.

• Cephalosporins (III generation)

Loprax is an antimicrobial drug. It contains cefixime, this active component belongs to third-generation cephalosporins and has a broad spectrum of action. The drug is prescribed for systemic use. Its mechanism of action is based on the destruction of the synthesis of structural elements of the membrane of microorganisms, which leads to the death of bacteria.

[ 23 ], [ 24 ], [ 25 ], [ 26 ], [ 27 ], [ 28 ], [ 29 ]

Pharmacokinetics

The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs are pharmacokinetics. It unites all biochemical processes that occur with the drug after its use. Let's consider this using the example of antibiotics prescribed for inflammation of the urethra:

• Fluoroquinolones (II generation)

Ciprofloxacin is rapidly absorbed after oral and parenteral administration. The maximum concentration in the blood plasma develops in 1-2 hours after oral administration and in 30 minutes after intravenous administration. The half-life depends on the dosage, as a rule, it takes 4 hours. Binding to plasma proteins is low. It penetrates well into tissues and organs, passes through the blood-brain barrier. It is completely eliminated from the body within 24 hours, about 40% in the urine unchanged.

• Β-lactam antibiotics

Amoxiclav is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Maximum plasma concentration is observed after 60 minutes. The half-life is 70-80 minutes. Both active substances penetrate into all tissues and fluids of the body, accumulate in the lungs, peritoneal and pleural fluids, and the secretion of the maxillary sinuses. Metabolizes in the kidneys and is excreted unchanged in the urine.

• Cephalosporins (III generation)

Loprax - when taken orally, about 60% of the dose is absorbed. Plasma protein binding is high, 70%. The half-life is 2.5-4 hours. It is excreted by the kidneys as metabolites.

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Dosing and administration

The success of urethritis treatment depends on the correct choice of drug. The method of administration and dosage of the drug is determined by the attending physician, individually for each patient.

• Second generation fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin is taken at 0.125-0.5 g 2 times a day, if urinary tract infections are complicated, the dosage can be increased to 0.75 g 2 times a day. The duration of treatment is usually 5-15 days. Short-term infusions are recommended for intravenous administration. The prepared solution can be used without dilution, diluted with isotonic sodium chloride solution or 5% glucose solution. For urethritis and cystitis, 0.25 g is prescribed intravenously. If the patient's condition improves, then they switch to the oral form of the drug.

• Β-lactam antibiotics

Amoxiclav tablets are taken whole, without chewing and with water. The recommended dosage for mild to moderate illnesses is 250+125 mg 3 times a day, i.e. every 8 hours, or 500+125 mg 2 times a day. If the illness is severe, take 500+125 mg 2 times a day or 875+125 mg every 12 hours.

• Third generation cephalosporins

Loprax is available in tablet form with an enteric coating. Tablets must not be crushed or chewed during administration. The daily dose can be taken at one time or divided into two doses 12 hours apart. For lesions of the genitourinary system, 400 mg is prescribed, the course of treatment is 3-14 days.

[ 44 ], [ 45 ], [ 46 ], [ 47 ], [ 48 ]

Use antibiotics for urethritis during pregnancy

Inflammation of the urethra during pregnancy is a fairly common problem. Without timely and proper treatment, urethritis can negatively affect the process of bearing a child and cause a number of pathologies in the development of the fetus. The most dangerous are chlamydial, ureaplasmosis and gonococcal infections. These infections have a pathological effect on the fetus, and gonococci can provoke premature birth or miscarriage.

The use of antibiotics during pregnancy to treat urethritis is possible only with a doctor's prescription. This is due to the fact that almost all antibiotic drugs can lead to various complications for both the expectant mother and the baby. The main factor that is guided by the choice of drugs is not to harm the future child. Antibiotics are used only when the potential benefit to the woman is higher than the risk to the fetus. Medicines of this pharmacological category are not recommended during lactation. When using them, it is necessary to stop breastfeeding.

Most often, topical medications are used for treatment, i.e. creams, gels, ointments. It is also possible to use traditional medicine methods, i.e. herbal medicines. Such therapy is combined with a special diet, which is necessary to maintain or restore immunity. Particular attention is paid to restoring the vaginal microflora. In particularly advanced cases, they resort to cauterization of the urethra. This method involves cauterizing the mucous membrane with special substances. As a result of the procedure, a scab appears, and healthy tissue underneath. This helps stop irreversible changes in the mucous membrane.

Contraindications

Antibiotics for urethritis have certain contraindications for use, let's consider them:

• Hypersensitivity to the active substance and auxiliary components of the drug.
• Impaired kidney and liver function.
• Pregnancy and lactation.
• Blood picture abnormality.
• History of allergic reactions to the components of the product.

With special caution, medications are prescribed to adolescent patients with incomplete skeletal formation.

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Side effects antibiotics for urethritis

If you follow the doctor's recommendations for using medications, side effects are extremely rare. Let's look at the most common adverse reactions from antibiotics prescribed for the treatment of inflammation of the urethra:

• Various allergic reactions.
• Headaches and dizziness.
• Changes in blood picture.
• Impaired perception of taste and smell.
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
• Stomatitis and change in urine color.
• Increased anxiety.
• Impaired liver function.
• Hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice.
• Hematuria and interstitial nephritis.

If the above reactions occur, you should reduce the dosage or stop taking the drug and seek medical attention.

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Overdose

Violation of the rules for using the drug, i.e. using increased dosages or exceeding the prescribed course of therapy, causes various adverse reactions. Overdose is most often manifested by the following symptoms:

• Various gastrointestinal disorders: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
• Allergic reactions.
• Changes in blood picture.
• Blood pressure disorder.
• Headaches and dizziness.

Symptomatic therapy is recommended to relieve overdose symptoms. Hemodialysis, gastric lavage, and enterosorbents may also be prescribed.

[ 49 ], [ 50 ], [ 51 ], [ 52 ], [ 53 ]

Interactions with other drugs

For effective treatment of urethritis, complex therapy may be prescribed. All interactions with other drugs should be monitored by the attending physician to avoid the development of side effects.

Intravenous Β-lactam antibiotics are not recommended for use with glucose solutions and mixed with other parenteral medications in the same volume. Third-generation cephalosporins should not be taken simultaneously with other potentially nephrotoxic drugs. This is due to the risk of adverse effects on the kidneys.

[ 54 ], [ 55 ], [ 56 ], [ 57 ]

Storage conditions

Different forms of the drug have different storage conditions. Thus, tablet forms must be kept in the original packaging, protected from sunlight, moisture and out of reach of children. The storage temperature should not exceed 25 °C. Suspension and injection solution must be stored at a temperature of 2-8 °C.

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Shelf life

All medicines have a certain shelf life, which depends on their form of release and is indicated on the drug packaging. Many tablet and injection antibiotics, if stored under proper conditions, have a shelf life of 24-36 months. Ready-to-use oral suspensions can be stored for no longer than 7 days at 25 °C and no more than 14 days at 2-8 °C. Diluted injection solutions must be used within 6-8 hours and must not be frozen.

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The best antibiotic for urethritis

Today, the pharmaceutical market offers a variety of antibacterial drugs that are highly effective in combating various infections, especially urogenital ones. But the best antibiotic for urethritis can only be selected after a comprehensive laboratory diagnosis and determination of the sensitivity of harmful microorganisms to the active substances of the drugs.

It is necessary to take medications strictly according to the doctor's prescription. Self-medication in most cases is ineffective and dangerous, as there is a risk of developing side effects and the transition of the disease into a chronic form.

Let's look at the best antibiotics for treating inflammation of the urethra:

• Most often, patients are prescribed Amoxiclav, Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin. These drugs belong to the first generation of fluoroquinolones. They are most effective against gram-negative bacteria. They penetrate well into all organs and tissues, which allows you to quickly eliminate inflammation. But when using them, it is necessary to take into account that fluoroquinolones have a negative effect on growing cartilaginous tissue. Therefore, such drugs are not prescribed for the treatment of pregnant women and children.
• In gonococcal urethritis, third-generation cephalosporins are most often used: Ceftriaxone and Cefixime. Penicillin antibiotics and fluoroquinolones are not used, since gonococci are not susceptible to them.
• In case of non-gonococcal urethritis, treatment is more complicated. Patients are prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics, for example, Azithromycin. Such drugs as Levofloxacin, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, Josamycin may also be prescribed. The course of treatment lasts 7-14 days.
• Antiprotozoal agents are used to treat trichomonas urethritis: Metronidazole and Secnidazole. In most cases, they are prescribed in combination with medications used for non-gonococcal urethritis. This is due to a latent mixed infection.

Additional laboratory diagnostics are performed to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Urine tests are taken after 2-3 weeks. If the treatment was successful, all microbiological indicators return to normal.

Urethritis after taking antibiotics

In some cases, patients face such a problem as urethritis after taking antibiotics. Most often, this occurs due to a violation of the microflora during the intake of antibacterial drugs prescribed for the treatment of any disease. The risk of developing pathology increases significantly if the dosage prescribed by the doctor is not followed or the duration of therapy is exceeded.

The disorder has characteristic signs that depend on what group of drugs affected the body. Let's consider this using the example of antibiotics that are prescribed most often:

• Tetracyclines - urethritis is accompanied by dysbiosis. Pathogenic microflora actively multiplies, the number of Candida, staphylococci, clostriae increases. Unpleasant discharge from the urethra may appear.
• Fungicides cause increased growth of Escherichia and Proteus bacteria.
• Aminopenicillins - incorrect use of antibiotics from this group causes active reproduction of gram-positive microorganisms, in particular streptococci and staphylococci.
• Aminoglycosides – both natural and synthetic agents can disrupt the growth of normal microflora. This leads to infectious and inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system and gastrointestinal tract.

The painful condition is accompanied by stool disorders, increased gas formation and flatulence. Severe abdominal pain, changes in urine color, fever, nausea and weakness are also possible. To eliminate this condition, immunomodulators and drugs that restore healthy microflora are used.

Antibiotics for urethritis allow you to quickly eliminate the disorder and its painful symptoms. But this is possible if you follow all the doctor's recommendations for using medications. If the signs of inflammation do not go away within 14 days from the start of therapy, you should consult a doctor. Since this condition most likely indicates a re-infection or incorrectly selected drugs.