Nervous system

The defeat of the oculomotor (III) nerve (n. Oculomotorius)

Possible causes of the defeat of the III nerve: polyneuropathy and mononeuropathy (diabetes mellitus, etc.), aneurysms, tumors, tuberculomas, cerebral infarcts, encephalitis, demyelinating diseases, meningitis, trauma, infringement of the temporal lobe in the opening of the cerebellum nodule, Tholosy-Hunt syndrome, thrombosis, carotid cavernous fistula

The defeat of the block (IV) nerve (n. Trochlearis)

Patients with damage to the nerve block complain of vertical dilation, which is most pronounced when looking down and in the opposite direction. This picture is caused by one-sided paralysis of the upper oblique muscle of the eye (m. Obliquus superior), turning the eyeball outwards and downwards.

Subcortical parts of the brain (subcortex)

The subcortical areas of the brain include the visual hillock, the basal nuclei at the base of the brain (caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus consisting of a shell, lateral and medial pallid spheres);

Limbic system of the brain

The cortical zones of the olfactory analyzer (hippocampus - gyrus hippocampi, transparent septum pellucidum, gyrus cinguli girdle, etc.), and partly the taste analyzer (circular isthmus of the islet) are now referred to the limbic region of the cerebral hemispheres.

Parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic part (pars parasympathica) of the autonomic nervous system is divided into the head and sacral divisions. The head part (pars cranialis) includes vegetative nuclei and parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor (III pair), facial (VII pair), lingopharyngeal (IX pair) and vagus (X pair) nerves, as well as ciliary, pterygoporous, submandibular, sublingual, ear and other parasympathetic nodes and their branches.

Vaginal plexus of the abdominal cavity and pelvis

In the abdominal cavity and in the pelvic cavity there are various vegetative nerve plexuses of the largest size, consisting of vegetative nodes and bundles of nerve fibers connecting them.

Sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic trunk (tnincus sympathicus) is a paired formation located on the sides of the spine. It consists of 20-25 nodes connected by interstitial branches (rr. Interganglionares).

The autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system (systema nervosum autonomicum) is a part of the nervous system that controls the functions of internal organs, glands, vessels, carries out an adaptive-trophic influence on all human organs.

Sacral plexus

The sacral plexus (plexus sacralis) is formed by a part of the anterior branch of the fourth and fifth lumbar (LIV-LV) and the first-third sacral (SI-SIII) spinal nerves.

Lumbar plexus

The lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis) is formed by the anterior branches of the three upper lumbar (LI-LIII), part of the anterior branch of the twelfth thoracic (ThXII) and part of the fibers of the anterior branch of the fourth lumbar (LIV) spinal nerves.

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