Immunity

Learn how immunity testing is performed, how to prepare, and how to interpret results together with a clinician.

CD16 NK lymphocytes: natural killers and their role

CD16 lymphocytes are effector cells responsible for antitumor, antiviral, and transplant immunity. NK cells are a distinct lymphocyte population; they differ from T and B lymphocytes in their origin, functional properties, and surface receptors (humans have two subpopulations: CD16 and CD56).

CD8 T lymphocytes: suppressor and cytotoxic cells

Suppressor T-lymphocytes suppress the body's immune response, inhibiting the production of antibodies (of various classes) by delaying the proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes, as well as the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity. In a normal immune response to a foreign antigen, peak activation of suppressor T-lymphocytes is observed after 3-4 weeks.

CD4 T lymphocytes: helpers and immunoregulation

Helper T-lymphocytes are the inducers of the immune response. They regulate the strength of the immune response to foreign antigens and maintain the stability of the body's internal environment (antigen homeostasis). An increase in the number of helper T-lymphocytes indicates immune hyperactivity, while a decrease indicates immunological deficiency.

CD3 T lymphocytes: total T cell population

Mature T lymphocytes are responsible for cellular immune responses and perform immunological surveillance of antigen homeostasis in the body. They are formed in the bone marrow and differentiate in the thymus gland, where they are divided into effector cells (killer T lymphocytes, delayed-type hypersensitivity T lymphocytes) and regulatory cells (helper T lymphocytes, suppressor T lymphocytes).

IgG-sensing B cells: Analysis of the immune response

IgG-bearing B lymphocytes are humoral immune cells responsible for antibody synthesis. They are produced in the red bone marrow and accumulate primarily in peripheral lymphoid organs. Peripheral blood contains only 2-6% of their total number.

IgM B-lymphocytes: assessment of humoral immunity

IgM-bearing B lymphocytes are humoral immune cells responsible for antibody synthesis. They are produced in the red bone marrow and accumulate primarily in peripheral lymphoid organs. Peripheral blood contains only 3-10% of their total number.

IgA-positive B lymphocytes: immune profile and interpretation

B lymphocytes are heterogeneous within their population and perform various functions, the primary one being the secretion of Ig. Mature B lymphocytes express Ig on their cell membrane. These membrane-bound Ig proteins function as antigen-specific receptors and are the most important markers of B lymphocytes.

Activated B lymphocytes CD23: clinical significance

CD23 lymphocytes characterize the activity of the immune response to mitogens. An increase in activated B lymphocytes (CD23) in the blood may indicate the development of an autoimmune or atopic inflammatory process.

CD20 B-lymphocytes: quantitative assessment in blood

CD20 lymphocytes are humoral immune cells responsible for antibody synthesis. They are formed in the bone marrow from stem cells, where they undergo the initial stages of differentiation. According to current concepts, B-lymphocyte development proceeds in stages from stem cells to early and late progenitors and, finally, to mature cells.

Urine protein immunoelectrophoresis: diagnosis of proteinuria

In immunoglobulinopathy, an increase in the concentration of serum proteins, especially macroglobulins, or Ig, combined into immune complexes with blood clotting factors or other antigens, causes an increase in blood viscosity, which in turn leads to circulatory disorders in small vessels and damage to their walls by immune complexes.

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