Symptoms and types of acute cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder is one of the most common diseases of the urinary system. The main feature of the pathology is its painful and acute symptoms:

• Frequent urge to urinate with a slight discharge of fluid.
• Cutting and burning in the process of urination.
• Pain in the pelvis, pubic area, lower abdomen, in the genitals.
• Subfebrile body temperature.
• Muddy urine with impurities of blood, pus.
• Unpleasant smell of urine.
• Sore throat in the lumbar region.
• Deterioration of general well-being.
• Nervous state.

To the above symptoms can be signs of kidney damage: pain in the lower back, high body temperature, urine with blood, nausea and vomiting.

Acute pain with cystitis

The nature of the pain and the presence of other symptoms depend on the stage of the lesion of the urinary system. Strong and acute pain persists for 5-7 days. During this period there is a restriction of activity for 2-3 days. It is very important in time to seek medical help, warning the development of complications.

• If the cystitis occurs in severe form, the pain occurs in the lower abdomen and is enhanced by palpation of the pubic region.
• Acute pain occurs when urinating in the toilet and trying to urinate.
• Discomfort affects the crotch, anus, genitals.

In order to alleviate the painful condition, it is recommended to adhere to such rules: to comply with bed rest, not to eat salty and spicy food, drink more liquids and drinks with a diuretic effect.

To relieve spasms of smooth muscles, it is recommended to use analgesics and antispasmodics: Analgin, Tempalgin, Uropyrin, Spazmalgon, No-Shpa and others. Also for treatment, antibacterial agents are needed that destroy the pathogenic flora. But they can be taken only for medical purposes.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]

Temperature for acute cystitis

The change in body temperature towards an increase in the acute inflammation of the urinary tract is associated with the immune response of the body to the action of pathogens. If the body temperature exceeds the subfebrile values, that is, more than 37 ° C, then the activity and vital activity of the bacteria is sharply reduced.

In most cases, bacterial cystitis occurs with increased temperature. This phenomenon indicates that the immune system resists infection. The degree of hyperthermia depends on the type of pathogen.

Acute hyperthermia, life-threatening, with cystitis occurs extremely rarely. If this happens, then indicates a severe form of the disease, which requires emergency medical care. In any case, the inflammatory reaction is an occasion to observe the dynamics of body temperature. This is necessary to prevent many life-threatening complications.

First signs

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder is familiar to many people, especially women. Consider the first signs of acute cystitis, which will allow to recognize it in the early stages and start treatment in time.

• Pain in the lower back.
• Frequent urge to go to the toilet.
• Burning, itching and eruptions during urination.
• After visiting the toilet, the feeling of a full bladder remains.
• Pain in the pubic area.
• Urine becomes cloudy with impurities of blood, pus.

In addition to the above symptoms, it is possible to raise the temperature to subfebrile values, nausea, general weakness.

[8], [9], [10]

Stages of

The method of treatment and the prognosis for recovery depends on the stage of the lesion of the urinary system. Cystitis has such stages:

1. Acute - characterized by a sharp onset, usually 2-4 hours after exposure to a provoking factor. Is manifested by severe pain, problems with urination, cuts and burning in the urethra. In urine there may be impurities of blood or pus, and the liquid itself is cloudy. The pathological condition is accompanied by an increased body temperature, headaches and requires bed rest. With proper treatment, the acute stage lasts for 5-7 days.
2. Chronic - in its symptoms similar to the acute stage, but it manifests less severe pain. The frequent urge to go to the toilet with a small discharge of fluid, pain in the suprapubic region and along the course of the urethra, pyuria. This stage is characterized by frequent relapses.

The peculiarity of the inflammatory process is that, without timely and proper treatment, the acute stage becomes chronic, which can cause serious complications. In order to prevent infectious bladder infection, one should observe personal hygiene, in time treat any diseases, especially the digestive tract, eat properly and strengthen the immune system.

Acute attack of cystitis

One of the features of inflammation of the urinary tract is an unexpected beginning. The disease is manifested by acute attacks, there is discomfort with urination, heaviness in the lower abdomen, burning and rubbing in the area of the urethra. The urge to go to the toilet becomes very frequent, while the amount of liquid to be separated is minimal. Urine cloudy, with impurities of blood or pus.

Another feature of the attack of cystitis is subfebrile body temperature and deterioration of overall well-being. Very often, because of severe pain in the first days of illness, the patient has to adhere to bed rest. With the progression of pathology, there is nausea and vomiting, hyperthermia, severe pain in the suprapubic region. The acute condition persists for 2-3 days, and the recovery period takes more than a week.

[11], [12], [13]

Kinds

One of the most commonly diagnosed diseases of the genitourinary system is acute cystitis. The disease causes an inflammatory lesion of the mucous membrane of the bladder, accompanied by painful symptoms. Most often it is diagnosed in women because of the anatomical features of the structure of the urethra.

Cystitis has several types, consider the main ones:

• Acute - characterized by severe symptomatology and an unexpected beginning. It occurs due to hypothermia, infection by pathogens, non-compliance with hygiene rules, frequent constipation, abuse of spicy foods and alcoholic beverages. Symptoms are so painful that the patient has to adhere to bed rest for 2-3 days. With proper treatment, the disease passes through 5-7 days.
• Chronic - has a blurred symptomatology, occurs due to incorrect or untimely treatment of acute inflammation. Recovers in the spring-autumn period.
• Bacterial (infectious) - refers to the most common. Most often occurs due to bacteria of E. Coli, chlamydia, staphylococcus, less often due to streptococci and trichomonads. The main pathogens are gram-negative enterobacteria.
• Traumatic - occurs due to damage to the mucous membrane of the bladder during surgical or diagnostic procedures.
• Hemorrhagic - has a viral nature, manifested bloody clots in urine and severe pain. Can be complicated by kidney failure.
• Hypercalcicuric - arises from metabolic disturbances, when the mucous membrane is injured by the excretion of crystals of calcium salt by the kidneys.
• Radiation is a complication of malignant neoplasms of the genital organs and bladder.
• Chemical - arises from the action of toxic substances (for example, when improperly treated or taken dangerous preparations) that penetrate the shell of the organ. It is extremely rare.
• Allergic - is caused by allergens, irritating the walls of the bladder. Among the irritants are food, drinks, medicines, cosmetics, household chemicals, underwear.
• Parasitic - is a complication of helminthic invasion, manifested by acute inflammation.
• Interstitial - inflammation of the mucous membrane, submucosal layer and muscular walls of the bladder.

For the treatment of each of the above types of disease, form a separate treatment plan, individually for each patient.

Acute hemorrhagic cystitis 

Very often with inflammation of the urinary bladder in urine there are impurities of blood. But with acute  hemorrhagic cystitis,  urine becomes red. It can contain blood clots and flakes. This condition requires emergency treatment, as there is a risk of developing kidney failure and other serious complications.

The main causes of acute cystitis with blood:

• Overcooling and reducing the protective properties of the immune system.
• Chronic STDs.
• Active intimate life and frequent change of sexual partners.
• Inflammation of the pelvic organs.
• Stasis of urine in the bladder.
• The ingress of foreign objects into the body.

Also, the age-related haemorrhagic cystitis is distinguished, which arises from a decrease in the elasticity of the walls of the bladder and worsening of local tissue immunity. On the mucous organ, cracks and ulcers are formed through which the infection penetrates.

For diagnostics, laboratory and instrumental studies are carried out. If there is an increase in ESR, elevated leukocyte count and other biochemical disorders in blood tests, this indicates that the inflammation has passed to the kidneys.

For the  treatment of acute cystitis with blood  , antibacterial, hemostatic and anti-inflammatory agents are used. To reduce pain - analgesics, to strengthen immune protection - vitamins and immunostimulants.

[14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]

Acute bacterial cystitis

The defeat of the bladder with inflammation of its mucous membrane due to the ingested organ of pathological microorganisms is bacterial cystitis. Most often this pathology is detected in women, although it affects men and children.

• The main cause of bacterial inflammation is the proximity of the external opening of the urethra to the anus. Because of this, the main causative agent of the disease is the E. Coli. In women, infection is possible with a pathogenic flora from the vagina.
• The disease is manifested by frequent urge to urinate with a small separation of urine, lower abdominal pains, impurities of blood in urine, deterioration in overall health.
• To identify the causative agent of the disease, a bacteriological analysis of urine is performed to determine the sensitivity of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics.

The treatment is complex, consists of antimicrobial therapy, analgesics and immunostimulating drugs. Physiotherapeutic methods, a special therapeutic diet, and in some cases also alternative methods are also used.

[20], [21], [22], [23]

Acute uncomplicated cystitis

A purulent-inflammatory lesion of the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder is an acute uncomplicated cystitis. It is one of the most common infections of the urinary system. Most often occurs due to the action of enterobacteria and coagulase-negative staphylococci. In most cases, it is diagnosed in women. Without timely and correct treatment passes into a chronic form.

The main risk factors for uncomplicated inflammation of the urinary system include:

• Physiological features of the body. In women, the urethra is short and wide, located near the anus and vagina, that is, sources of infection.
• Weakened immune systems, hypothermia.
• Incorrect nutrition, allergic reactions.
• Frequent change of sexual partners.
• Gynecological diseases.
• Hormonal disorders.
• Kidney diseases.

To diagnose, urine and blood are analyzed, instrumental studies. Particular attention is paid to the clinical signs of infection: acute pain in the abdomen, frequent urge to urinate, discomfort when urinating, turbidity of urine, subfebrile body temperature.

Treatment consists of antibacterial therapy, analgesics, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agents. With properly formulated therapy, the inflammation recedes after 5-7 days.

[24], [25]

Acute cystitis in men

Inflammation of the urinary tract and mucous membrane of the urinary bladder in men is rare. Most often, the disease is detected in patients older than 40 years. Untypicality of acute cystitis in men is explained by the features of their urethra: long and narrow. Since the urethra is curved, it delays the ascent of the infection into the bladder and kidneys.

If a man has a bacterial cystitis, then most often he appears against a background of urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, vesiculitis. The main causative agent of the infection are nonspecific bacteria of the intestinal and pseudomonas aeruginosa, yeast-like Candida fungi and others. Specific inflammation develops against the background of trichomonads, mycobacteria tuberculosis, gonococci, chlamydia.

The development of the disease, as a rule, is due to the sub-tubular compression of the urinary tract, which prevents free flow of urine. The causes of inflammation include:

• Urological diseases.
• Mechanical obstruction for urine outflow: concrements, tumors, foreign bodies, diverticula, urethral strictures, prostate adenoma.
• Phimosis is a narrowing of the foreskin.
• Neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder.

Also, factors that increase the risk of developing the disease include diabetes, spine trauma, hypothermia, abuse of spicy food and alcohol, transurethral surgery.

The main symptoms of the disease include: frequent urge to go to the toilet, clouding of urine, strangury, terminal hematuria, deterioration of overall well-being, decreased ability to work.

For diagnostics, a complex of laboratory and instrumental studies is carried out, special attention is paid to the differentiation of the bladder lesion with other pathologies similar in symptomatology. Treatment consists of bed rest, medication, abundant drinking and diet.

[26], [27], [28], [29]

Acute cystitis in children

Infection of the urinary bladder in children often occurs. At the initial stage, the disease does not cause acute symptoms, but is manifested by frequent urination of the baby. As the disease progresses, the pathological symptomatology grows:

• Painful urination with a small volume of fluid.
• Burning, cutting pains and itching over the pubis.
• Urine turbidity and change in its odor.
• Increased body temperature.
• Deterioration of overall well-being: poor sleep, loss of appetite, frequent crying.

As in adults, children are more likely to experience cystitis with girls, which is related to their physiological characteristics. Another reason for the unpleasant state of children is the habit of writing on a pot, leaning heavily forward. In this position, the bladder is not completely emptied, which creates ideal conditions for the development of infection.

Treatment of children is no different from adults. Babies are prescribed antibiotics, painkillers, diuretics, vitamins. Particular attention should be paid to feeding the baby. It is necessary to provide frequent drinking for the speedy washing out of pathogenic flora from the body.

[30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36]